scholarly journals Production of Six Woody Landscape Plants in Copper-coated and Styrene-lined Containers

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-76
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Brass ◽  
Gary J. Keever ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
D. Joseph Eakes ◽  
Charles P. Hesselein
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Root Coverage ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Root Regeneration ◽  
Landscape Establishment

Abstract Growth of Rhododendron L. ‘Hershey's Red’ (azalea), Magnolia grandiflora L. (magnolia), Ilex × meserveae S.Y. Hu. ‘Blue Princess’ (holly), Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Ait. (pittosporum), Gardenia jasminoides Ellis ‘August Beauty’ (gardenia), and Nerium oleander L. (oleander) were evaluated for 8 months in 3.8 liter (#1) containers treated with (+) or without (−) copper hydroxide (Cu) and with (+) or without (−) a styrene lining. Plants were then repotted into 10.3 liter (#3) untreated containers to determine treatment effects on root regeneration and shoot growth. In addition, azalea, gardenia, and holly were planted in the ground to evaluate root regeneration and shoot growth during landscape establishment. All species tested had less root growth at the substrate-container interface at the end of the first growing season when grown in Cu-treated containers. Other growth parameters measured (height, trunk diameter, growth index) varied among species in response to Cu treatment. One growing season (11 months) after repotting into 10.3 liter (#3) containers, all species had less surface root coverage when the original 3.8 liter (#1) container was Cu-treated. Dry weights of newly generated roots outside the original rootball of repotted or transplanted plants were not affected by Cu or styrene treatment, except for a lower root dry weight of holly when previously grown in +Cu containers. After repotting into larger containers, shoot growth in response to Cu was species-dependent. Transplanted azaleas had a lower growth index after transplanting from +Cu containers than from −Cu containers. Growth index of gardenia was increased after repotting into 10.3 liter (#3) containers from 3.8 liter (#1), styrene-lined containers; surface root coverage 5 months after repotting also was increased when plants were previously grown in styrene-lined containers. Oleander, holly, and magnolia previously grown for 8 months in 3.8 liter (#1), styrene-lined containers without Cu all had more surface root coverage after being grown for 11 months in 10.3 liter (#3) containers compared to plants grown in unlined containers.

scholarly journals Styrene-lined and Copper-coated Containers Affect Production and Landscape Establishment of Red Maple

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Brass ◽  
Gary J. Keever ◽  
D. Joseph Eakes ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Copper Hydroxide ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Root Regeneration ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Landscape Establishment

Growth response of two red maple cultivars (Acer rubrum L. `October Glory' and `Northwood') to styrene lining or copper hydroxide coating of 23.3-liter black plastic containers was evaluated. After the first growing season, plants were left in their original container, repotted into 51.2-liter nontreated containers, or transplanted into the landscape. Copper hydroxide effectively reduced circling of roots of both cultivars at the medium–container interface during the first year of production, but was less effective during the second growing season. Repotting from copper-treated containers into 51.2-liter containers or transplanting into the landscape resulted in more fibrous root development and enhanced root regeneration outside the original rootball relative to transplanting from nontreated containers. However, when copper hydroxide was applied to styrene lining, root regeneration after transplanting was reduced. Roots of plants grown in styrene-lined containers covered the medium–container interface more thoroughly than those in nonlined containers, but height, trunk diameter, and root regeneration were similar. `October Glory' had a larger trunk diameter, more branching, and better root regeneration than `Northwood'.

scholarly journals Determining Water Use and Crop Coefficients of Five Woody Landscape Plants

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Niu ◽  
D.S. Rodriguez ◽  
R. Cabrera ◽  
C. McKenney ◽  
W. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Culture Systems ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Crop Coefficients

Abstract The water use and crop coefficient of five woody landscape species were determined by growing the shrubs both in 56-liter (15 gal) drainage lysimeters and in above-ground 10-liter containers (#3). Water use per plant, crop coefficient and overall growth parameters differed by species and culture system. Of the five species tested, Buddleia davidii ‘Burgundy’ and Nerium oleander ‘Hardy Pink’ had higher water use per plant in the lysimeters than in the containers. Water use per plant for Abelia grandiflora ‘Edward Goucher’, Euonymus japonica and Ilex vomitoria ‘Pride of Houston’ was the same for the two culture systems. Crop coefficient and growth index of A. grandiflora, E. japonica, and I. vomitoria was similar between the two systems. The growth index of B. davidii and N. oleander was much higher in the lysimeters than in the containers. Abelia grandiflora and E. japonica had more growth in the containers than in the lysimeters while I. vomitoria had slightly larger leaf area in the lysimeters than in the containers. The culture system did not affect the water use per unit leaf area of all species. Therefore, our results indicated that by quantifying the leaf area, the plant water use in the two culture systems is exchangeable.

scholarly journals Styrene-Lined and Copper-Coated Containers Affect Production of Cornus florida

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-134
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Brass ◽  
Gary J. Keever ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
D. Joseph Eakes
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Cornus Florida ◽  
Copper Hydroxide ◽  
Root Coverage ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Height Increase ◽  
Plastic Containers

Abstract Response of dogwood cultivars (Cornus florida ‘Barton's White’ and ‘Weaver's White’) to styrene lining and copper hydroxide coating of 10.3 liter (#3) black plastic containers was evaluated in 1993 and 1994. After the first growing season, dogwoods were either left in their original containers or repotted into untreated 23.3 liter (#7) containers. Copper hydroxide reduced root circling of both cultivars in containers; however, root dry weight of plants grown in copper-treated containers was reduced during the first season. Copper-treated containers resulted in less growth in height when plants were left in their original container during the second growing season and less trunk diameter growth of plants repotted into 23.3 liter (#7) containers. In the absence of copper, more surface root coverage and less surface root dieback occurred with plants grown in styrene-lined containers. Both cultivars grown the second season in their original styrene-lined containers had greater height increase than those in unlined containers. After being repotted into 23.3 liter (#7) containers, both cultivars originally grown in styrene-lined containers had greater trunk diameter growth than those in unlined containers.

scholarly journals Differential Environments Influence Initial Transplant Establishment Among Tree Species Produced in Five Container Sizes

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Garcia-Chance ◽  
Michael Arnold ◽  
Geoffrey Denny ◽  
Sean Carver ◽  
Andrew King
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Percent Change ◽  
Agnus Castus ◽  
Landscape Establishment ◽  
Width Measurements

Effects of two post-transplant environments were tested on trees grown in five nursery container sizes to determine differences in initial post-transplant growth. Vitex agnus-castus L., Acer rubrum L. var. drummondii (Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt.) Sarg., and Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. grown in 3.5 L (#1), 11.7 L (#3), 23.3 L (#7), 97.8 L (#25), and 175.0 L (#45) containers were transplanted in early summer into field plots in College Station, Texas, and Starkville, Mississippi, U.S. Height, trunk diameter, and canopy width measurements were recorded after nursery production and the end of the first growing season to determine initial growth during landscape establishment. Growth of A. rubrum and T. distichum were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected by interactions among container sizes and environments, while V. agnus-castus did not demonstrate a difference between environments but were affected by container sizes. Across all species and locations, trees transplanted from smaller container sizes exhibited a greater percent change in growth than the larger container-size trees. Greater percent change in growth measures in the smaller container-size trees during the first growing season may indicate a more rapid establishment time compared to trees from larger containers. Where differential responses to environments occurred, predominantly the beneficial effects of smaller container sizes on post-transplant establishment were accentuated with more stressful establishment conditions.

scholarly journals Growth and Potential of Root Regeneration of Trees Grown in Cupric Hydroxide-coated Fabric

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 794F-794
Author(s):  
Driss Iraqi ◽  
Isabelle Duchesne ◽  
Jacques-André Rioux
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Plastic Container ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Root Regeneration ◽  
Coated Fabric ◽  
Cupric Hydroxide

The most widespread deformation observed in container production is root circling. Consequently, root circling often reduces growth, root regeneration, and tree anchorage at transplanting time. The objectives of this study were to test the effectiveness of Cu(OH)2 lined containers on restriction of root tips, tree growth, and potential root regeneration (PRR). Two species were used in this study: Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Acer saccharinum. Species were grown for one season in containers lined with one of six combinations of polymer (P) (0, 30, and 60 g·m–2) and copper (Cu) (0%,0.4%, and 0.8%) -coated fabric. Two other treatments were included as controls: a plastic container and a fabric container. Seedlings of each species were harvest twice: at the first season and after being transplanted from 10- to 75-liter containers. Treatments were randomized in complete blocks with six repetitions. Results of root circling length and dry weight indicate good restriction of root tips for two combinations (30 g of P/m2–0.8% Cu; 60 g of P/m2–0.8% Cu) for all species. However, treatments did not cause any reduction in stem height, trunk diameter, or stem and root dry weight. At the end of the transplanting season, PRR was greater for two combinations (30 g of P/m2–0.8% Cu; 60 g of P/m2–0.8% Cu), especially for green ash. No significant differences were observed between a plastic fabric and the two treatments cited for the other growth parameters. No phytotoxic symptoms were observed throughout the experiment.

scholarly journals Xanthones Production in Gentiana dinarica Beck Hairy Root Cultures Grown in Simple Bioreactors

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1610
Author(s):  
Branka Vinterhalter ◽  
Nevena Banjac ◽  
Dragan Vinterhalter ◽  
Dijana Krstić-Milošević
Keyword(s):  
Hairy Root ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bubble Column ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Gentiana Dinarica ◽  
Hairy Root Clones

The hairy root clones of Gentiana dinarica cl-B, cl-D, cl-3, and cl-14 were cultivated in parallel in diverse simple bioreactors, including temporary immersion systems RITA® (TIS RITA®), bubble column bioreactors (BCB), and Erlenmeyer flasks (EF), and evaluated for biomass production and xanthone content. The obtained results showed that TIS RITA® and BCB containing ½ MS medium with 4% sucrose provided equally good growth conditions in which the majority of the clones displayed the higher percentage of dry matter (DM%), and xanthones norswertianin-1-O-primeveroside (nor-1-O-prim) and norswertianin production than those cultivated in EF. Thin and well branched hairy root clone cl-B grown in BCB for 7 weeks was superior regarding all growth parameters tested, including growth index (19.97), dry weight (2.88 g), and DM% (25.70%) compared to all other clones. Cl-B cultured in TIS RITA® contained the highest amount of nor-1-O-prim (56.82 mg per vessel). In BCB with constant aeration, cl-B accumulated the highest norswertianin content reaching 18.08 mg/vessel. The optimized conditions for cultivation of selected G. dinarica hairy root clones in highly aerated TIS RITA® and BCB systems contribute to the development of bioreactor technology designed for the large scale commercial production of xanthones nor-1-O-prim and norswertianin.

Timing and rate of bud formation in Pinus resinosa

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 1821-1832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Sucoff
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Apical Dome

During the 1969 and 1970 growing season buds were collected almost weekly from matched trees in northeastern Minnesota. Cataphyll primordia for the year n + 1 shoot began forming at the time that internodes in the year n shoot started elongating (late April) and continued forming until early September. Primordia for axillary buds started forming about 2 months later and stopped forming at the same time as cataphylls. The size and deposition activity of the apical dome simultaneously increased during the early growing season and decreased during the late season. The maximum rates in July were over nine cataphylls per day.Rate of cataphyll deposition paralleled elongation of the needles on subtending shoots. Forty to fifty percent of the cataphylls had been formed when shoot growth was 95% complete. Although the bulk of the depositions occurred earlier in 1970, when growing degree days were used as the clock, the 2 years were similar.The results provide quantitative data to complement the histologic emphasis of previous studies.

scholarly journals Seedling Developmental Stage at Transplanting Affects Growth and Flowering of Medallion Flower and Globe Amaranth

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.J. Keever ◽  
J.R. Kessler ◽  
G.B. Fain ◽  
D.C. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Flower Growth ◽  
Root Restriction ◽  
Experimental Runs

A study was conducted to determine how seedling development stage at transplanting from plug flats into small pots affected growth and flowering of two commonly grown bedding plants. Seeds of Showstar® medallion flower and ‘Las Vegas Pink’ globe amaranth were sown in 392-cell flats on five dates for each of two experimental runs before transplanting into 8.9 cm (3.5 in) cubic pots. At transplanting of both species, plant height, node count and shoot dry weight increased as days from sowing to transplanting increased and there was no visible cessation in shoot growth due to root restriction. Time to first flower from transplanting decreased linearly with both species in both runs, except with medallion flower in the second run, as time from sowing to transplanting increased. In contrast, time to flower of both species from sowing increased linearly as time from sowing to transplanting increased. However, the magnitude of the increase or decrease in time to flower differed between the two runs indicating that other factors, most likely light intensity and duration, besides node counts were affecting time to flower. Globe amaranth height and growth index and medallion flower growth index at first flower decreased as time from sowing to transplanting increased, whereas medallion flower height was not affected by time from sowing to transplanting.

Contribution of the TROLC gene to the regulation of tobacco growth in response to stress factors.

Biomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-367
Author(s):  
B.R. Kuluev ◽  
Kh.G. Musin ◽  
E.A. Baimuhametova
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Cadmium Acetate ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Response To Stress

The trolC gene refers to plast genes that have entered the genome of Nicotiana tabacum as a probable result of horizontal transfer from Agrobacterium rhizogenes. It was shown that the trolC gene is expressed in young tissues of wild type tobacco; however, the physiological functions of the product of this gene remain largely unknown. The aim of our work was to obtain transgenic tobacco plants expressing a fragment of the trolC gene under the control of the 35SCaMV promoter in an antisense orientation and to assess the growth parameters of their roots under the action of abiotic stress factors. For morphometric analysis, 8 lines of transgenic plants were used. The analysis of root growth under the action of sodium chloride (100 mM), cadmium acetate (100 μM) and hypothermia (12°C) was conducted. Transgenic plants were characterized by improved shoot growth parameters under normal conditions. The roots of transgenic plants grew more slowly under normal conditions and under the action of cadmium and hypothermia than in wild type plants. The product of trolC gene has a negative effect on shoot growth, a positive effect on root growth, and also participates in the regulation and maintenance of root growth under the action of cadmium and hypothermia.

scholarly journals Testing of microbial additives in the rooting of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) stem cuttings

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 555-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Repáč ◽  
J. Vencurik ◽  
M. Balanda
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Alginate Bead ◽  
Block Design ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Ecm Fungi

&nbsp;Laboratory-produced alginate-bead inoculum of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi Cortinarius sp. and&nbsp;Gomphidius glutinosus, fungal commercial products ECtovit<sup>&reg; </sup>and Trichomil<sup>&reg;</sup>, bacterial commercial product BactoFil&nbsp;B<sup>&reg;</sup>, and commercial rooting stimulator Vetozen<sup>&reg;</sup> were applied to a peat-perlite (1:2, v:v) rooting substrate of Norway spruce stem cuttings collected from 4-year-old nursery-grown seedlings immediately before the insertion of cuttings into the substrate. The application of beads free of fungi and the substrate without an additive were the other treatments. The cuttings were rooted in vessels (60 cuttings per vessel, 180 per treatment) placed in a glasshouse and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The cuttings were estimated for one growing season (approximately for 26 weeks) after their insertion into the rooting substrate. Rooting % of the cuttings ranged from 45 (mycelium-free beads) to 75 (control) according to treatments, 64 on average. No significant differences among treatments were found in % of ECM morphotypes, total ECM colonization of roots (%), and growth parameters of shoots and roots of the cuttings. The applied microbial additives were not sufficiently efficient to form treatment-related ectomycorrhizas that were formed by naturally occurring ECM fungi. Inoculation by the ECM fungus Cortinarius sp. and application of Trichomil had a partial stimulative effect on the shoot growth of cuttings. Shoot and root growth parameters were not significantly correlated with total ECM colonization, except for a negative dependence of the root number in Trichomil treatment. A higher concentration of K but lower concentrations of Ca and Mg in Ectovit treatment than in the other treatments were detected.&nbsp; &nbsp;

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