Structural Pruning in Callery Pear Does Not Change Apparent Branch Union Strength in Seventh Year Static Load Field Testing

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-130
Author(s):  
Richard Rathjens ◽  
T. Davis Sydnor ◽  
Jason Grabosky ◽  
Gregory Dahle
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Static Load ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Pyrus Calleryana ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Ice Load ◽  
Callery Pear ◽  
Tree Branch ◽  
Pruning Technique

Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana) is a tree notorious for poor branch union and breakage during storms. Structural pruning is a pruning technique that can be practiced on young trees to strengthen tree branch attachment. Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana ‘Redspire’) was structurally pruned and allowed to grow for 7 years and compared to an unpruned control. A breaking device was used to determine branch strength by providing a static load to simulate a snow or ice load. Branches from pruned and unpruned trees were pulled to failure to observe any difference from pruning. Regardless of the structural pruning treatment, trees that were unpruned were larger in diameter at breast height (DBH) and width at the end of the test. No differences were found in testing branch union strength for either pruned or unpruned trees, suggesting that more time is needed to determine the long-term benefits of structural pruning. Branch tissue moisture content was greater than trunk tissue both in immediate post-harvest testing and in samples over time. Also, branch moisture content observations suggested the time available for field testing branch union strength could be as much as 5 to 9 days after harvest.

Examination of moisture content variation within an operational wet deck

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAURENCE SCHIMLECK ◽  
KIM LOVE-MYERS ◽  
JOE SANDERS ◽  
HEATH RAYBON ◽  
RICHARD DANIELS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Wood Moisture ◽  
International Paper ◽  
Content Variation ◽  
Moisture Variation

Many forest products companies in the southeastern United States store large volumes of roundwood under wet storage. Log quality depends on maintaining a high and constant wood moisture content; however, limited knowledge exists regarding moisture variation within individual logs, and within wet decks as a whole, making it impossible to recommend appropriate water application strategies. To better understand moisture variation within a wet deck, time domain reflectometry (TDR) was used to monitor the moisture variation of 30 southern pine logs over an 11-week period for a wet deck at the International Paper McBean woodyard. Three 125 mm long TDR probes were inserted into each log (before the deck was built) at 3, 4.5, and 7.5 m from the butt. The position of each log within the stack was also recorded. Mixed-effects analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine moisture variation over the study period. Moisture content varied within the log, while position within the stack was generally not significant. The performance of the TDR probes was consistent throughout the study, indicating that they would be suitable for long term (e.g., 12 months) monitoring.

scholarly journals Development of a rapid field testing method for metals in horizontal directional drilling residuals with XRF sensor

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailin Zhang ◽  
João Antonangelo ◽  
Chad Penn
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Directional Drilling ◽  
Horizontal Directional Drilling ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
Spiked Soil

AbstractPortable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometer allows fast in-situ elemental determination without wet digestion for soils or geological materials, but the use of XRF on wet materials is not well documented. Our objective was to develop a rapid field method using pXRF to measure metals in the residues from horizontal directional drilling (HDD) operations so that proper disposal decisions can be made in-situ. To establish the procedure, we spiked soil samples with 4 concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb up to 1000 mg kg−1, and then the metal concentrations were determined by wet chemical method after drying and acid digestion (standard method), and by pXRF, also at laboratory conditions, after drying and at two different moisture conditions. The measurements by pXRF and standard method after drying and after removal of excess water (AREW) were highly correlated with slopes ranging from 0.83 ± 0.01 to 1.08 ± 0.01 (P < 0.001) for all metals. The relationship was better AREW than the saturated paste without removal of excess water and the moisture content affected only the accuracy of As, Cd, and Pb. The procedure established was successfully used for HDD residues collected from 26 states of US with moisture content ranging from 14 to 83% AREW. The pXRF was proven to be a reliable tool for fast detection of common metals in dried soils and HDD residues, and samples containing < 30% moisture content without needing to correct for moisture. If the moisture is > 30%, excess water in samples need to be removed with a commercially available filter press to achieve high accuracy. The developed procedures reduce time of metal detection from days to about an hour which allows drilling operators to make quick decisions on soil or HDD disposal.

Efficacy of five herbicide treatments for control of Pyrus calleryana

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
James T. Vogt ◽  
David R. Coyle ◽  
David Jenkins ◽  
Chris Barnes ◽  
Christopher Crowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
The United States ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Pyrus Calleryana ◽  
Callery Pear ◽  
Cut Stump

Abstract Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana Decne.) is rapidly spreading in the United States, gaining attention in the last two decades as a serious invasive pest. Recommended control methods include foliar, basal bark, cut stump, and hack-and-squirt application of herbicides, but there are few published studies with replicated data on efficacy. Four readily available herbicidal active ingredients and a combination of two active ingredients were tested for control efficacy against P. calleryana in old-field areas and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) understory. Basal bark applications (triclopyr, triclopyr + aminopyralid), foliar applications (glyphosate, imazapyr), and a soil application (hexazinone) effectively killed P. calleryana with the exception of hexazinone at one site, where rainfall may not have been optimal. Foliar application of glyphosate provided the most consistent control. Our results demonstrate efficacy of registered herbicide formulations for P. calleryana control in two geographic locations and two habitat types. The need for development of integrated pest management programs for P. calleryana is discussed.

scholarly journals Monitoring growth of Uttis (Alnus nepalensis) at a plantation cite at Dhankuta, Nepal

1970 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
T. P. Barakoti
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Growth Monitoring ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Growth Modelling ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Alnus Nepalensis ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Growing Environment

A long-term growth monitoring experiment on Uttis (Alnus nepalensis) was conducted in the permanent sample plots of the Agricultural Research Station (ARS) Pakhribas, Dhankuta for 10 years (1992-2001). The average annual increment was diameter at breast height 2.14 cm in 8th year, and was 0.13 cm at 16th year of planting. The trees grew 44 cm to 130 cm per year irrespective of the age. The highest growth rate correspondend with higher rainfall during summer (March-April). Estimated biomass of stem and branches increased by 2-2.5 times within the 10 years period. Thinning and felling every year indicated need for timely management of the plantation to provide better growing environment. The data would be useful for growth modelling and proper management of Uttis plantation in Nepal . Key words: Nepalese alder vs Uttis, height, diameter, biomass, Pakhribas. Banko Janakari Vol.15(2) 2005 pp19-23

scholarly journals Long-term lysimeter field testing of low-level radioactive waste forms

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Jr. McConnell ◽  
R.D. Rogers ◽  
J.D. Jastrow ◽  
W.E. Sanford ◽  
T.M. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Waste Forms ◽  
Low Level Radioactive Waste

scholarly journals The Technological Investigations Of Manufacturing Of Energy Chips

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Ziedonis Miklašēvičs
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Lower Heating Value ◽  
Term Storage ◽  
Lower Heating

The methodology in Latvia forest industry provide to determine the quality of energy chips only in long- term storage places before selling. Due to the lack of hard empirical data about the quality parameters of energy chips in different phases of manufacturing process, this research paper consists of: - the identification and analyses of the factors that influenced the values of energy chips quality features such as: bulk density, moisture content, ash content, higher and lower heating value according to actual moisture content and per dry mass of the chips; - the methodology for determination the quality parameters of energy chips by analysis the wood moisture content and by choice the method of the manufacturing of energy chips.

scholarly journals Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted Lime-Softening Sludge Used as Landfill Liners

2019 ◽  
Vol 230 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Dąbska
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Landfill Liners ◽  
Water Permeation ◽  
Lime Softening ◽  
Approximate Polynomial ◽  
Hazardous Waste Landfills

AbstractThe research goal was to investigate the hydraulic conductivity of compacted lime-softening sludge as a material to be applied to landfill liners. In doing so, the effect of compaction and moulding moisture content on the sludge hydraulic conductivity was assessed. An approximate polynomial k10mean at hydraulic gradients ≥30 for degree of compaction (0.95–1.05) and moulding moisture content (28%–36%) was determined. The results of short-term tap water permeation tests revealed that all hydraulic conductivity values were less than 2.5•10–8 m/s. A lowest hydraulic conductivity of 6.5•10–9 m/s, as well as a corresponding moisture content of 31% were then established. The long-term hydraulic conductivity was measured with tap water, distilled water, NaOH and HCl solutions and municipal waste leachate. The factors of permeating liquids and permeation time significantly affected the initial hydraulic conductivity. The long-term hydraulic conductivity increased for NaOH and HCl solutions and decreased for tap and distilled water. A significant reduction of hydraulic conductivity was observed for leachate permeation. The investigated material met the requirements for the liner systems of inert landfill sites regardless of pH and the limit value for hazardous and non-hazardous waste landfills.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on Dynamic Resilient Modulus of Lime-Treated Expansive Soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Zheng Lu ◽  
Yang Zhao ◽  
Shaohua Xian ◽  
Hailin Yao
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Resilient Modulus ◽  
Expansive Soils ◽  
Expansive Soil ◽  
Confining Pressure ◽  
Triaxial Tests ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Compaction Degree

Dynamic resilient modulus is the design index of highway subgrade design code in China, which is significantly affected by the traffic loads and environmental changes. In this study, dynamic triaxial tests were conducted to investigate the influence of moisture content, compaction degree, cyclic deviator stress, and confining pressure on lime-treated expansive soil. The suitability of UT-Austin model to lime-treated expansive soils was verified. The results indicate that the dynamic resilient modulus of lime-treated expansive soils increases nonlinearly with the increase of compaction degree, while decreases nonlinearly with the increase of dynamic stress level. The dynamic resilient modulus decreases linearly with the increase of moisture content and increases linearly with the increase of confining pressure. Moreover, the moisture content has a more significant effect on the dynamic resilient modulus of lime-treated expansive soil. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure the stability of soil humidity state and its excellent mechanical properties under long-term cyclic loading for the course of subgrade filling and service. Finally, the calculated results of the UT-Austin model for dynamic resilient modulus show a good agreement with the test results.

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