scholarly journals Study of Physicochemical Properties of Commercial Drinking Bottled Water Brands

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 3576-3579 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Jatoi ◽  
A. Q. Jakhrani ◽  
K. C. Mukwana ◽  
A. N. Laghari ◽  
M. M. Tunio
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Quality Checks ◽  
Health Organization

Drinking water quality is being affected by industrial effluents, pesticides and fertilizers, poor sanitation services and unhygienic practices. Thus, upper and middle-class people used to prefer bottled water for drinking instead of tap water. Increasing demand for bottled water leads to the presence of low quality branded waters in the market due to the high demand and improper quality checks. In this regard, this study is carried out to assess the physicochemical properties of various branded bottled waters. For that, ten different water brand samples, coded from S1 to S10, were collected from Safoora Goth, Karachi. Various physicochemical quality parameters of branded water samples were analyzed according to the set procedures of American Society for Testing and Materials. It was discovered that the pH levels of S9 and S8 bottled water brands were slightly less than World Health Organization guideline values. The physical and chemical quality parameters of S1, S2, S4, S5, S7, and S10 branded bottled water samples were found within standards.

scholarly journals Physico-Chemical Quality Assessment of Various Bottled Commercial Water Brands in Okada Town, Edo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
F. W. Ngubi ◽  
I. Eiroboyi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Chemical Quality ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Health Organization

In this study, Physico-chemical assessment of some commercial drinking water sold in bottles in Okada Town was evaluated to ascertain their compliance with World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS): Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality threshold limits using standard analytical methods. Seven different bottled water samples obtained from different manufacturers labelled BWA to BWG were analyzed physically and chemically. Physical examination of the samples showed that they were odourless, colourless, and tasteless. Chemical quality parameters examined were pH, Chloride (Cl-), total hardness (TS), Phosphate (PHO3-), Nitrate (NO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), Iron (Fe), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, turbidity, and total suspended solids (TSS). The pH values of 57.1% of the water samples (BWA, BWB, BWC, BWE & BWF) were within the standards. The remaining chemical quality parameters (Cl-, TS, PHO3-, NO3-, Sulphate SO42-, Iron Fe, K, NA, Mn, Zn, TDS, Conductivity, turbidity, and TSS) of the branded bottled water samples were within the standards for clean and safe drinking. Therefore, they were considered safe and fit for human consumption. 

scholarly journals Assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in water samples from the Yamuna River

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhupander Kumar ◽  
Satish Kumar Singh ◽  
Meenu Mishra ◽  
Sanjay Kumar ◽  
Chandra Shekhar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticides ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
World Health ◽  
Yamuna River ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Toxicity Equivalent

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) are toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative long-range atmospheric transport pollutants. These are transported worldwide affecting remote regions far from their original sources, and can transfer into food webs with a wide range of acute and chronic health effects. India ratified the Stockholm Convention with the intention of reducing and eliminating persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and encouraged the support of research on POPs. Despite the ban and restriction on the use of these chemicals in India, their contamination of air, water, sediment, biota and humans has been reported. In this study, surface water samples were collected during January 2012 from the Yamuna River in Delhi, India, and analyzed for PCBs and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The concentrations of &Sigma;PCBs and &Sigma;OCPs ranged between 2-779 ng L<sup>&ndash;1</sup> and from less than 0.1 to 618 ng L<sup>&ndash;1</sup> (mean 99&plusmn;38 ng L<sup>&ndash;1</sup> and 221&plusmn;50 ng L<sup>&ndash;1</sup>, respectively). The PCB homolog was dominated by 3-4 chlorinated biphenyls. In calculating the toxicity equivalent of dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs)using World Health Organization toxic equivalency factors, dl-PCBs accounted for 10% of a total of 27 PCBs. The concentration of &Sigma;HCH ranged between less than 0.1 and 285 ng L<sup>&ndash;1</sup> (mean 151&plusmn;32 ng L<sup>&ndash;1</sup>). However, &Sigma;DDTs concentrations varied between less than 0.1 and 354 ng L<sup>&ndash;1</sup> (mean 83&plusmn;26 ng L<sup>&ndash;1</sup>). The concentrations were lower than the US guideline values; however, levels of lindane exceeded those recommended in guidelines. Further in-depth study is proposed to determine the bioaccumulation of these pollutants through aquatic biota to assess the risk of contaminants to human health.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND HEALTH RISK OF DRINKING WATER

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fazrul Razman Sulaiman ◽  
Nur Fadhilah Mohd Rafi ◽  
Shytie Nur Shafiqah Kamarudin ◽  
Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Graphite Furnace ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Organization

This study investigates the physical and chemical properties of bottled water and tap water at a university campus in Pahang, Malaysia. A total of seven bottled water brands, consisting of natural mineral (NM) and packaged drinking (PD) types, were first randomly selected. Three source locations of tap water were also examined. All water samples were analysed for their physicochemical characteristics, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), temperature (using a YSI multi-parameter), turbidity (using a turbidity meter) and selected trace metals, along with copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). Results were then examined against World Health Organization (WHO) and Malaysian Ministry of Health (MMOH) guidelines for drinking water. Health risks associated with trace metal were estimated using the risk assessment model. Turbidity values for tap water (2.85-4.94 NTU) were slightly higher than bottled water (0.77-1.03 NTU). A low turbidity value (0.77-0.93 NTU) suggests the presence of effective water treatment processes for NM bottled water. A low concentration of EC (0.003-0.010 mS/cm) indicates demineralization of PD bottled water. Overall quality of the bottled water and tap water was in compliance with guidelines recommended by WHO and MMOH, posing a minimum health risk and remaining safe for consumption.

scholarly journals Assessment of Potable Water Quality in Baghdad City, Iraq

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 117862211773344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghassan Adham AL-Dulaimi ◽  
Mohammad Khairi Younes
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
World Health

Safe drinking water is crucial for the well-being of current and future generations. This study aims to evaluate the quality of potable water in Baghdad city. Furthermore, this study compares the quality of tap and bottled water. Baghdad city was divided into 4 districts based on the water source, and 40 water samples were collected from each district. Moreover, the most popular bottled water brands were sampled and compared with the tap water samples. The quality of the analyzed potable water samples varied based on the water source. The total dissolved solid (TDS) levels exceed the palatable (>600 ppm) water levels in some districts. In addition, the concentration of sulfate was relatively high in both tap and bottled water and ranged from 200 to 330 ppm. The bottled water quality was within the acceptable limits set by the World Health Organization, but the TDS levels were relatively high. The hardness, Cl−, Pb2+, and bacteria contents in both tap and bottled water were within the standard limits. Finally, it is important to conduct radiological analyses in the future to investigate the effect of wars on Iraqi water resources.

scholarly journals Physicochemical Characteristics of Selected Sachet and Bottled Water in Abraka, Delta State

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
C. Otobrise ◽  
T.C. Azuh ◽  
E.I. Mmakwe ◽  
E. Ogbakpa ◽  
C.O. Tolorun
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Minimum Level ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Poor Treatment ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Sachet Water

Some physicochemical properties of five brands of sachet and five brands of bottled water sold/produced in Abraka; Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State was investigated. Amounts of heavy in the water samples were also determined. The results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) respectively. Seventy percent of the samples had pH levels below the minimum level of 6.50 recommended by WHO and NSDWQ, suggesting that the water samples are acidic. The slight acidity of the water samples may not be unconnected to impurities from poor treatment techniques. Results for other physicochemical parameters: EC (78.60 ± 34.06 µs/cm), TDS (42.80 ± 18.46 mg/L), Temperature (30.02 ± 0.46 OC), Cl- (16.88 ± 7.01 mg/L), NO3- (0.12 ± 0.05 mg/L), NO2- (<0.001 mg/L), TH(10.60 ± 7.09 mg/L), Cu(0.05 ± 0.00 mg/L), Fe(0.34 ± 0.19 mg/L), Zn(0.11 ± 0.02 mg/L) and Mn (0.03 ± 0.00 mg/L) for sachet water samples; EC (99.60 ± 76.18 µs/cm), TDS (54.20 ± 41.84 mg/L), Temperature (29.96 ± 0.21 OC), Cl- (20.85 ± 17.44 mg/L), NO3- (0.12 ± 0.03 mg/L), NO2- (0.01 ± 0.01 mg/L), TH(15.00 ± 16.36 mg/L), Cu(0.04 ± 0.01 mg/L), Fe(0.20 ± 0.15 mg/L), Zn(0.11 ± 0.03 mg/L) and Mn (0.09 ± 0.01 mg/L) for bottled water samples; were within permissible limits, indicating that the water samples are good enough for human consumption.

scholarly journals Hydrogeochemistry of Surface and Ground Water in Alatening Village, Northwest Region, Cameroon

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Kahnji Iren Njoyim ◽  
Lucas Kengni ◽  
Margaret Awah Tita ◽  
Estella Njoyim Buleng Tamungang ◽  
Vitalis Fonfo Fonzenyuy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Northwest Region

The purpose of this study was to evaluate petrography and the quality of water for drinking purposes in Alatening, Northwest Cameroon, with respect to the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The indigenes of the study area, as well as other dwellers in rural areas, consume water from these sources whose quality is unknown; thus, it can lead to contamination and waterborne diseases. Three springs and two streams of Alatening village were investigated in early December 2017 and late July 2018 for organoleptic, physicochemical, and bacteriological parameters using standard methods. The petrographic studies revealed trachyte and benmoreite, and weathering of minerals from these rocks into the soil leads to the water-rock interaction, thus water hydrogeochemistry. All the water samples were clean except that of Alabong which had slight odour due to leaf fall. pH showed acidic water with the springs of Ngog and Alabong falling below the WHO limit in the dry season. Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) were low implying low mineralised water which can also lead to shortage of important minerals in humans. All the essential ions were found within the WHO guideline values without any significant change in concentrations between seasons ( p > 0.05 ). The water facies were such as Mg-Ca, Cl-Ca, and HCO3-CO3, suggesting an influence of rock silicate weathering and anthropogenic influence. Aluminium and iron contents were above the WHO limit in both seasons due to their abundance in the soils which could be a risk factor for the local population. Faecal coliforms as well as specific bacteria such as Enterobacter, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, Salmonella, and Shigella were found in all the water samples, attributable to poor hygiene. Health data in the locality indicated the prevalence of typhoid, dysentery, and amoebiasis with a total of 2702 cases recorded between 2016 and 2017, therefore requiring treatment before consumption.

scholarly journals Gis-based Analysis of Water Quality Parameters of Groundwater with Proximity to Onsite Wastes Pits in Vom Community of Jos South, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-18
Author(s):  
R. E. Daffi ◽  
M. I. Alfa ◽  
E. S. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Health Organization

Water quality assessment is an important part of environmental quality management especially in groundwater resources located close to sources of contamination. This study involved the assessment of groundwater quality for hand dug wells at locations with proximity to pit latrines in Vom community, Plateau State, Nigeria and the use of GIS for data analysis. Water samples were collected from six (6) locations in a small area to assume possible interaction between the water in the sampling wells, the maximum distance between any two points being 100 m and the minimum distance being 22 m. Eleven (11) physical, bacteriological and chemical parameters were analyzed for the water samples. The results were compared with World Health Organization and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality standards. The chemical parameters in the samples tested met the WHO and NSDWQ limits with the exception of pH which was slightly acidic for four samples. The results also showed that E. coli was found in all the samples tested. This may be attributed to the proximity of the wells to pit latrines. The results obtained from laboratory analyses were inputted into a GIS database in ILWIS 3.8 where the variation maps were developed and also classified maps for each of the parameters based on whether they meet WHO standards or not. The classified maps were all overlaid in GIS to develop the groundwater quality information map where any point highlighted gives information on the parameters for that point. This makes the retrieval of water quality parameters easy and also the comparison of the parameters with respect to location. Treatment of the groundwater with chemicals like soda ash and chlorine are recommended before consumption. It is generally recommended that wells should not be located in close proximity to onsite underground wastes disposal pits. Government should provide sufficient potable water for the Vom Community.

scholarly journals Hydrochemical Evaluation of Raw Water and Treated Water in the Liquefaction Plant of Kirkuk Unified Water Project Using WQI Technique, Northern Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1E) ◽  
pp. 78-87
Author(s):  
Ashty Al-Salihy ◽  
Soran Sadeq ◽  
Hassan Al-Jumaily
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Human Life ◽  
World Health ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Water Project ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
Health Organization

Potable water is one of the main sources for the sustainability and development of human life. The current study aimed to assess the hydrochemistry of water in the unified Kirkuk water project (as it supplies the neighborhoods of the city with drinking water) for the dry and wet season (2019-2020) and the efficiency of the plant in water purification. Eleven samples were collected for the dry and wet season (W1-W11) from raw water, before adding alum, after adding alum, sterilization basin, ground tanks and tap water. The major and minor elements (Ca+ 2, Mg+2, Na +, K +, HCO3-, SO4-2, Cl-, NO3-) were analyzed respectively. The chemical and physical properties are measured which include pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and turbidity. The results showed that they are in conformity with the specifications of the World Health Organization and the Iraqi Standard Specifications for the two seasons (dry and wet), except for the turbidity concentration in raw water for the two seasons, which was higher than the permissible limits due to weathering and erosion of geological layers as well as washing of agricultural lands and soils with rainwater. The application of the Water Quality Index indicated that the raw water samples were not suitable for drinking as they were classified under the category (unsuitable water), while the treated water samples were classified under the category (good water) for the dry and wet seasons.

scholarly journals OCORRÊNCIA DO HERBICIDA TEBUTHIURON NA ÁGUA SUBTERRÂNEA DA MICROBACIA DO CÓRREGO ESPRAIADO, RIBEIRÃO PRETO - SP

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCO ANTONIO FERREIRA GOMES ◽  
CLÁUDIO A. SPADOTTO ◽  
VERA LÚCIA LANCHOTTE
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
World Health ◽  
Contamination Risk ◽  
Soil Mobility ◽  
Drinkable Water ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Monitoring Area

Pretendeu-se mostrar que o herbicida Tebuthiuron, selecionado entre outros usados na cultura de cana-de-açúcar, oferece risco de contaminação para a água subterrânea em função de suas características físico-químicas, principalmente, quando aplicado em áreas de recarga direta de aqüíferos consideradas de alta vulnerabilidade natural. Assim, efetuou-se monitoramento do referido herbicida no período compreendido entre 1995 e 1999, coletando amostras de água de poço semi-artesiano, com 53 metros de profundidade, localizado na microbacia do Córrego Espraiado, município de Ribeirão Preto/SP, Brasil, no qual tem sido freqüente o uso do produto em questão. Para efeito de testemunha da amostra de água foi considerado um poço semi-artesiano de profundidade semelhante, localizado cerca de três quilômetros de distância do poço objeto de monitoramento. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o Tebuthiuron está presente em todas as amostras analisadas, embora em concentrações abaixo do nível crítico para padrão de potabilidade, conforme os limites mais restritivos estabelecidos pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (para os pesticidas em uso é de 0,1 µg/L por pesticida e de 0,5 µg/L para pesticidas totais). Mesmo com os baixos valores de concentração encontrados fica evidente que o Tebuthiuron está atingindo a água subterrânea podendo aumentar sua concentração pela existência de condições ambientais favoráveis à preservação da molécula em profundidade (tais como baixa temperatura, baixa atividade biológica e ausência de luz). Caso o nível crítico seja atingido, o risco de contaminação poderia ser minimizado por meio da substituição do Tebuthiuron por outro herbicida com menor mobilidade no perfil do solo. OCCURRENCE OF THE HERBICIDE TEBUTHIURON IN GROUNDWATER OF ESPRAIADO CATCHMENT RIBEIRAO PRETO - SP (BRASIL) Abstract The herbicide Tebuthiuron, selected among others utilized in sugar-cane crop, shows groundwater contamination risk due to its physicochemical properties, mainly, when applied in direct recharge areas of aquifers considered of high natural vulnerability. In this context, the monitoring of this herbicide in the period of 1995 through 1999 was realized, by collecting water samples of aquifers 53 m depht, located in Espraiado catchment, Ribeirao Preto/SP (Brazil) in which the product has been extensively used. For blank assays it was utilized water samples collected similarly 3 Km away from the monitoring area. The results obtained showed that Tebuthiuron is present in all analyzed samples. Although in lower concentrations of the critical level for drinkable water, following the restrictive limits established by World Health Organization (for pesticides in use is 0,1 µg/L by pesticide and of 0,5 µg/L for total pesticides). Even if the low concentration values found it is evident that the Tebuthiuron affects the groundwater, and could enhance its concentration by favorable ambiental conditions for molecule preservation in deep water (such as low temperature, low biological activity and absence of light). The present scenary reflects contamination risk in case of reaching the critical level, which could only be minimized by the substitution of Thebuthiuron for other herbicide with lower soil mobility.

ACTIVITY CONCENTRATIONS OF NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIONUCLIDES IN SOME COMMERCIAL BOTTLED WATERS FROM PARTS OF SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-93
Author(s):  
O O ALATISE ◽  
Y S AKINSANYA
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Germanium Detector ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Activity Concentrations ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
Recommended Level

In this work, the presence of natural radioactivity in bottled waters from parts of south-west Nigeria was investigated. The activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the water samples were ob-tained using a high-purity germanium detector. The ranges of activity concentrations obtained for 232Th, 226Ra and 40K were 0.15 to 1.25Bq l-1, 0.02 to 2.94Bq l-1 and 6.96 to 46.47 Bq l-1, respectively. 40K has the highest activity concentration in the bottled water samples while 232Th has the least value. The activity concentrations obtained together with ingested dose conversion factors, were used to calculate the annual effective doses for six age groups ranging from < 1 to >17 years. The calculated total annual effective doses (mSvy-1) ranged from 0.01 to 4.16 and the values are age dependent (highest for < 1year and lowest for 7-12years age groups). The results showed that the average annu-al effective dose for 35% of the bottled water brands were below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended level of 0.1 mSvy-1 for drinking water. Furthermore, out of the remaining 65% that were higher than the WHO recommended level, 9% were higher than 1 mSvy-1, which is the radia-tion exposure limit for the general public according to the recommendation of the International Com-mission on Radiological Protection. Consequently, consumption of some of the bottled water brands investigated in this study could constitute radiological hazard especially for the < 1 and 12-17years age groups.

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