scholarly journals Architectural Significance of Granite and Other Durable Rocks in the Context of India – An Analytical Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
Piyasi Bharasa ◽  
Anadi Gayen
Keyword(s):  
Alkali Feldspar ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Granitic Rocks ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Distinctive Character ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Great Pyramid ◽  
Architectural Significance ◽  
The Impact

Architectures created through the cutting of naturally occurred massive rocks include different structures, buildings, tombs, monuments, caves and sculptures. On account of hard and tough property, the granite is considered as strong construction stone in human history. Granite is very common in the continental crust of our mother earth. It is characterised as coarse grained plutonic intrusive igneous rock and is composed of quartz, alkali feldspar and plagioclase. Typical mineralogical character and textural varieties of granite facilitates to develop a wide range of colours, which include white, pink and grey etc. Granite rocks established itself as praiseworthy architecture stone since historical past because of its distinctive character like durability, appreciable finishing, fascinating polish nature and above all its magnificent colour diversities. As architectural stone, the granitic rocks demand attraction owing to the combination of style and elegance. The application of granitic rocks is witnessed in the ancient world through the mesmerising major architectures in India and around the world like Mount Rushmore, Washington Monument, Great Pyramid of Giza; Ajanta and Ellora caves, monolithic structure in the Zagwe-built Lalibela in Ethiopia along with in most of the long-lived old Indian temples, old forts and monuments etc. The monolithic free-standing architecture is generally rock-cut structures as depicted in the Ellora Kailasanathar Temple. The biggest monolithic statue in world, the Gommateshwara statue of Bahubali at Shravanabelagola present in the Indian state at Karnataka was carved in the 983 CE from a single block of granite rock. The radioactivity stuff in the granite is an important concern to the people in recent world. Even though the impact of radioactivity is proved mostly very less harmful to mankind, current research indicates that few granite products are showing radioactive substance index beyond permissible limit of the specified standard, which is responsible for environmental pollution during the use for long. Therefore, due attention is required towards the pertinent issue of radioactivity in the granite stones. Apart from granite, many of the architectures in India are created by the other rock types that include rocks like sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks.

scholarly journals An Overview on the Classification and Tectonic Setting of Neoproterozoic Granites of the Nubian Shield, Eastern Desert, Egypt

Geochemistry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaafar A. El Bahariya
Keyword(s):  
Continental Crust ◽  
Tectonic Setting ◽  
Alkali Feldspar ◽  
Eastern Desert ◽  
Granitic Rocks ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Nubian Shield ◽  
Magma Sources ◽  
Tectonic Settings ◽  
Ocean Ridge

Granites constitute the main rock components of the Earth’s continental crust, which suggested to be formed in variable geodynamics environments. The different types of granitic rocks, their compositional characteristics, tectonic settings and magma sources are outlined. Mineralogical classification of granites includes four rock types: tonalites, granodiorites, granite (monzogranite and syenogranites) and alkali-feldspar granites. Alphabetical classification subdivided granites into: I-type, S-type, A-type and M-type granites. Moreover, formation of granitic magmas requires distinctive geodynamic settings such as: volcanic arc granite (Cordilleran); collision-related granites (leucogranites); intra-plate and ocean ridge granites. The Eastern Desert of Egypt (ED) forms the northern part of Nubian Shield. Both older and younger granites are widely exposed in the ED. Old granites (OG) comprise tonalites and granodiorites of syn- to late-orogenic granitoid assemblages. They are calcalkaline, I-type, metaluminous and display island arc tectonic setting. Younger granites (YG) on the other hand, include granites, alkali-feldspar granites and minor granodiorites. They are of I- and A-type granites and of post-orogenic to anorogenic tectonic settings. The majority of the YG are alkaline, A-type granite and of within-plate tectonic setting (WPG). The A-type granites are subdivided into: A2-type postorogenic granites and A1-type anorogenic granites. Granite magma genesis involves: (a) fractional crystallization of mafic mantle-derived magmas; (b) anatexis or assimilation of old, upper crustal rocks (c) re - melting of juvenile mafic mantle – derived rocks underplating the continental crust. Generally, older I-type granitoids were interpreted to result from melting of mafic crust and dated at approximately 760–650 Ma, whereas younger granites suggested to be formed as a result of partial melting of a juvenile Neoproterozoic mantle source. Moreover, they formed from anatectic melts of various crustal sources that emplaced between 600 and 475 Ma.

scholarly journals Theory and simulations for RNA folding in mixtures of monovalent and divalent cations

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (42) ◽  
pp. 21022-21030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung T. Nguyen ◽  
Naoto Hori ◽  
D. Thirumalai
Keyword(s):  
Rna Folding ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Concentration Difference ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Site Model ◽  
Monovalent Ions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sequence Effects ◽  
The Impact

RNA molecules cannot fold in the absence of counterions. Experiments are typically performed in the presence of monovalent and divalent cations. How to treat the impact of a solution containing a mixture of both ion types on RNA folding has remained a challenging problem for decades. By exploiting the large concentration difference between divalent and monovalent ions used in experiments, we develop a theory based on the reference interaction site model (RISM), which allows us to treat divalent cations explicitly while keeping the implicit screening effect due to monovalent ions. Our theory captures both the inner shell and outer shell coordination of divalent cations to phosphate groups, which we demonstrate is crucial for an accurate calculation of RNA folding thermodynamics. The RISM theory for ion–phosphate interactions when combined with simulations based on a transferable coarse-grained model allows us to predict accurately the folding of several RNA molecules in a mixture containing monovalent and divalent ions. The calculated folding free energies and ion-preferential coefficients for RNA molecules (pseudoknots, a fragment of the rRNA, and the aptamer domain of the adenine riboswitch) are in excellent agreement with experiments over a wide range of monovalent and divalent ion concentrations. Because the theory is general, it can be readily used to investigate ion and sequence effects on DNA properties.

Global occurrence, geology and characteristics of tubular halloysite deposits

Clay Minerals ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Wilson ◽  
John Keeling
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Fluid ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Bone China ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Paper Filler ◽  
Tubular Morphology

AbstractHalloysite with tubular morphology is formed in a wide range of geological environments from the alteration of various rock types. Intrusive acidic coarse-grained rocks, such as granites, pegmatites and anorthosite, with large potash and sodic feldspars contents, are subsequently altered to kaolinite, halloysite and other clay minerals by weathering or shallow hydrothermal fluid activity. Processing to separate the halloysite-kaolinite fraction from the altered host rock provides a product which can be used as a paper filler and in ceramics and fibreglass, among other uses, with various deposits in Brazil, China, Thailand and elsewhere. In the Kerikeri-Matauri Bay district of Northland, North Island, New Zealand, volcanic alkali rhyolite was extruded as domes and cooled rapidly with fine-grained feldspar subsequently altered to halloysite. The IMERYS plant in Matauri Bay separates the clay from the quartz-cristobalite matrix with an ∼20% yield of halloysite. The principal market is for high-quality porcelain and bone china that require low levels of Fe2O3 and TiO2. Deposits with high levels of halloysite occur in China, Turkey and the USA. The Dragon mine in Utah, USAwas recently reopened by Applied Minerals Inc. and now produces halloysite from zones of up to 100% white halloysite. Smaller occurrences of tubular halloysite are mined in China, Turkey and elsewhere from masses of comparatively pure clay that appear to have crystallized directly from solutions in which Al and Si were soluble.

The petrology, geochemistry, and economic potential of the Musquodoboit batholith, Nova Scotia

1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1633-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. MacDonald ◽  
D. B. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Alkali Feldspar ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Magmatic Differentiation ◽  
Metasedimentary Rocks ◽  
South Mountain Batholith ◽  
Rock Types

The Musquodoboit batholith of southwestern Nova Scotia is a massive, post-tectonic granitoid intrusion that was emplaced into the regionally deformed and metamorphosed Meguma Group metasedimentary rocks. The batholith is composed primarily of medium- to coarse-grained monzogranites into which two small (≈1 km2) porphyries and numerous dykes have been injected. All rocks contain quartz, alkali feldspar, plagioclase, muscovite, and biotite (with the exception of some leucocratic dykes). Cordierite is a major constituent in most monzogranitic rocks and also occurs in some leucocratic dykes. Andalusite and garnet 0are also present as accessory phases in some rocks.Major-element chemical analyses indicate that all rock types in the Musquodoboit batholith are peraluminous. Compositions resemble those of the eastern part South Mountain batholith; however, slightly higher concentrations of Al2O3 and P2O5 distinguish the Musquodoboit batholith from the central part of the South Mountain batholith. Major- and trace-element data indicate that magmatic differentiation has operated; however, the decrease in Σ 8 REE's, Th/U, and K/Rb from monzogranite to dyke rocks suggests that stripping by hydrothermal fluids has also occurred.Various field, petrographic, and geochemical data yield equivocal estimates of the economic potential of the Musquodoboit batholith.

Experimental and Numerical Assessment of the Impact of Part-Span Connectors on Turbine Efficiency and Flow Field

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Brüggemann ◽  
M. Schatz ◽  
D. M. Vogt ◽  
F. Popig
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Aerodynamic Loss ◽  
Turbine Efficiency ◽  
Numerical Assessment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Operating Points

Abstract This study presents the results of measurements in an industrial steam turbine test rig operated at the Institute of Thermal Turbomachinery and Machinery Laboratory (ITSM) in Stuttgart, Germany. In order to ensure safe operation over a wide range of operating conditions the last and penultimate rotor blade rows of this turbine feature Part-Span Connectors (PSC). The PSC provide additional coupling and mechanical damping during operation, however, they present a major obstacle to the flow, thus causing additional aerodynamic loss. The focus of the present work is on the aerodynamic impact of the PSC on the flow field of the last stage. To capture this impact, an extensive measurement campaign over a wide range of operating points was performed using two last blade row configurations that are identical with regard to the blade design, except for the fact that one features free-standing blades while the second is equipped with PSC. A performance assessment of these two configurations based on detailed probe measurements and overall turbine efficiency is presented. Additionally, a detailed comparison of 3D CFD-results employing an equilibrium steam (EQS) model and a non-equilibrium steam (NES) model for both configurations is shown with good agreement to the test data. However, comparing the two models reveals major differences whenever there is condensation occurring close to the evaluation plane, thus the advantage of applying the NES model is presented.

scholarly journals Automatic segmentation tool for 3D digital rocks by deep learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Phan ◽  
Leonardo C. Ruspini ◽  
Frank Lindseth
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Automatic Segmentation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Segmented Images ◽  
Computed Microtomography ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObtaining an accurate segmentation of images obtained by computed microtomography (micro-CT) techniques is a non-trivial process due to the wide range of noise types and artifacts present in these images. Current methodologies are often time-consuming, sensitive to noise and artifacts, and require skilled people to give accurate results. Motivated by the rapid advancement of deep learning-based segmentation techniques in recent years, we have developed a tool that aims to fully automate the segmentation process in one step, without the need for any extra image processing steps such as noise filtering or artifact removal. To get a general model, we train our network using a dataset made of high-quality three-dimensional micro-CT images from different scanners, rock types, and resolutions. In addition, we use a domain-specific augmented training pipeline with various types of noise, synthetic artifacts, and image transformation/distortion. For validation, we use a synthetic dataset to measure accuracy and analyze noise/artifact sensitivity. The results show a robust and accurate segmentation performance for the most common types of noises present in real micro-CT images. We also compared the segmentation of our method and five expert users, using commercial and open software packages on real rock images. We found that most of the current tools fail to reduce the impact of local and global noises and artifacts. We quantified the variation on human-assisted segmentation results in terms of physical properties and observed a large variation. In comparison, the new method is more robust to local noises and artifacts, outperforming the human segmentation and giving consistent results. Finally, we compared the porosity of our model segmented images with experimental porosity measured in the laboratory for ten different untrained samples, finding very encouraging results.

Patterns in diversity and composition of the microbenthos of subarctic intertidal beaches with different morphodynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 648 ◽  
pp. 19-38
Author(s):  
AI Azovsky ◽  
YA Mazei ◽  
MA Saburova ◽  
PV Sapozhnikov
Keyword(s):  
Species Abundance ◽  
Abundance Ratio ◽  
Wave Action ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Sediment Properties ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Similar Mode ◽  
Abundance And Diversity

Diversity and composition of benthic diatom algae and ciliates were studied at several beaches along the White and Barents seas: from highly exposed, reflective beaches with coarse-grained sands to sheltered, dissipative silty-sandy flats. For diatoms, the epipelic to epipsammic species abundance ratio was significantly correlated with the beach index and mean particle size, while neither α-diversity measures nor mean cell length were related to beach properties. In contrast, most of the characteristics of ciliate assemblages (diversity, total abundance and biomass, mean individual weight and percentage of karyorelictids) demonstrated a strong correlation to beach properties, remaining low at exposed beaches but increasing sharply in more sheltered conditions. β-diversity did not correlate with beach properties for either diatoms or ciliates. We suggest that wave action and sediment properties are the main drivers controlling the diversity and composition of the intertidal microbenthos. Diatoms and ciliates, however, demonstrated divergent response to these factors. Epipelic and epipsammic diatoms exhibited 2 different strategies to adapt to their environments and therefore were complementarily distributed along the environmental gradient and compensated for each other in diversity. Most ciliates demonstrated a similar mode of habitat selection but differed in their degree of tolerance. Euryporal (including mesoporal) species were relatively tolerant to wave action and therefore occurred under a wide range of beach conditions, though their abundance and diversity were highest in fine, relatively stable sediments on sheltered beaches, whereas the specific interstitial (i.e. genuine microporal) species were mostly restricted to only these habitats.

THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP PRACTICES TO TEAM MEMBERS’ SATISFACTION

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chalimah .
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Leadership Practices ◽  
Hotel Industry ◽  
Leader Behavior ◽  
Team Leader ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Top Executives ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

eamwork is becoming increasingly important to wide range of operations. It applies to all levels of the company. It is just as important for top executives as it is to middle management, supervisors and shop floor workers. Poor teamwork at any level or between levels can seriously damage organizational effectiveness. The focus of this paper was therefore to examine whether leadership practices consist of team leader behavior, conflict resolution style and openness in communication significantly influenced the team member’s satisfaction in hotel industry. Result indicates that team leader behavior and the conflict resolution style significantly influenced team member satisfaction. It was surprising that openness in communication did not affect significantly to the team members’ satisfaction.

Stress, anxiety, depression and burnout in frontline health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic: a brief systematic review and new data from Russia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Mosolova ◽  
Dmitry Sosin ◽  
Sergey Mosolov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
The Impact

During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers (HCWs) have been subject to increased workload while also exposed to many psychosocial stressors. In a systematic review we analyze the impact that the pandemic has had on HCWs mental state and associated risk factors. Most studies reported high levels of depression and anxiety among HCWs worldwide, however, due to a wide range of assessment tools, cut-off scores, and number of frontline participants in the studies, results were difficult to compare. Our study is based on two online surveys of 2195 HCWs from different regions of Russia during spring and autumn epidemic outbreaks revealed the rates of anxiety, stress, depression, emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and perceived stress as 32.3%, 31.1%, 45.5%, 74.2%, 37.7% ,67.8%, respectively. Moreover, 2.4% of HCWs reported suicidal thoughts. The most common risk factors include: female gender, nurse as an occupation, younger age, working for over 6 months, chronic diseases, smoking, high working demands, lack of personal protective equipment, low salary, lack of social support, isolation from families, the fear of relatives getting infected. These results demonstrate the need for urgent supportive programs for HCWs fighting COVID-19 that fall into higher risk factors groups.

A MODELING SYSTEM FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RISK ASSESSMENT, MANAGEMENT AND HEDGING IN COASTAL AREAS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Soldatenko ◽  
Sergei Soldatenko ◽  
Genrikh Alekseev ◽  
Genrikh Alekseev ◽  
Alexander Danilov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
System Structure ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Risk Modeling ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
The Impact

Every aspect of human operations faces a wide range of risks, some of which can cause serious consequences. By the start of 21st century, mankind has recognized a new class of risks posed by climate change. It is obvious, that the global climate is changing, and will continue to change, in ways that affect the planning and day to day operations of businesses, government agencies and other organizations and institutions. The manifestations of climate change include but not limited to rising sea levels, increasing temperature, flooding, melting polar sea ice, adverse weather events (e.g. heatwaves, drought, and storms) and a rise in related problems (e.g. health and environmental). Assessing and managing climate risks represent one of the most challenging issues of today and for the future. The purpose of the risk modeling system discussed in this paper is to provide a framework and methodology to quantify risks caused by climate change, to facilitate estimates of the impact of climate change on various spheres of human activities and to compare eventual adaptation and risk mitigation strategies. The system integrates both physical climate system and economic models together with knowledge-based subsystem, which can help support proactive risk management. System structure and its main components are considered. Special attention is paid to climate risk assessment, management and hedging in the Arctic coastal areas.

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