scholarly journals Research of elastoplastic deformation of dough from flour of the first and second grades

Author(s):  
B. А. Iztayev ◽  
А. I. Iztayev ◽  
М. А. Yakiyayeva ◽  
М. P. Baiysbayeva

The article presents the results of a study of changes in the structural and mechanical characteristics of yeast-free dough from the properties of the flour used. The dough was prepared from wheat flour of the first and second grades in different ways using ionized water: without fermentation activation, with the addition of whey powder, with natural sourdough, also with natural sourdough with the addition of whey powder. The processing of the test results made it possible to establish that the elastoplastic deformation of the dough depends on the composition (formulation) of the dough. The main peak of deformation of the dough made from flour of the first grade was observed up to 21.50 sec, and the second grade - up to 10.20 sec, and the force of elastoplastic deformation was equal to 50 N.

Author(s):  
М.А. ХАШАГУЛЬГОВА ◽  
У.А. ХАШАГУЛЬГОВ ◽  
О.О. ГЕТОКОВ

Изучено влияние технологических приемов на качество муки. Определяли качество зерна озимой мягкой пшеницы Краснодарская 57 по ГОСТ 93532016. При определенной технологической схеме 78м двухсортном выходе муки было получено 70 муки 1го сорта и 8 муки 2го сорта. Качество муки соответствует ГОСТ Р 521892003. Мука 1го и 2го сортов обладает пресным вкусом, запахом, свойственным пшеничной муке массовая доля влаги 14,7 (1й сорт) и 13,5 (2й сорт). Наличие минеральной примеси, зараженность вредителями не установлены. Содержание металломагнитной примеси 0,041 мг (1й сорт) и 0,048 мг (2й сорт), что соответствует стандарту. Массовая доля золы в пересчете на сухое вещество составила не более 0,69 для муки 1го сорта и 0,70 для муки 2го сорта, белизна у. е. прибора РЗБПЛ 52,4 (1й сорт) и 30,0 (2й сорт). Качество сырой клейковины для муки 1го и 2го сортов составляет 70,0 и 78,0 у. е. прибора ИДК1 (I группа) соответственно. Определены также крупность помола остаток на сите 2,0 1,9 и 2,2, число падения 200 и 182 с, массовая доля сырой клейковины 30,3 и 26,6, содержание протеина 13,2 и 12,5 для муки 1го и 2го сорта соответственно. Цвет белый для муки 1го сорта и белый с желтоватым оттенком для муки 2го сорта. По органолептическим и физикохимическим показателям пшеничные отруби соответствовали ГОСТ 716966. В результате гидротермической обработки зерна с применением холодного кондиционирования и отволаживанием в течение 4 ч выход сырой клейковины вследствие повышения водопоглотительной способности белков увеличился с 25 до 26,6. Одновременно наблюдалось ослабление клейковины, возрастание ее растяжимости. При отволаживании зерна в течение 6 и 8 ч происходило некоторое увеличение выхода сырой клейковины, : 27,9 и 30,3 соответственно. Качество клейковины составило 70 у. е. прибора ИДК1, что соответствует I группе качества. Выход муки при 4часовом отволаживании составил 64, при 6часовом увеличился до 66. Высокий показатель общего выхода муки 78 был установлен при 8часовом отволаживании. Холодное кондиционирование способствовало улучшению мукомольных и хлебопекарных свойств зерна, увеличению выхода сортовой муки при меньших затратах электроэнергии. The influence of technological methods on the quality of flour has been studied. The quality of winter wheat Krasnodarskaya 57 was determined according to GOST 93532016. At a certain technological scheme with a seventyeight percent twograde flour yield was obtained 70 flour 1st grade and 8 flour 2nd grade. The quality of flour corresponds to GOST R 521892003. Flour of the first and second grades has a fresh taste, the smell characteristic of wheat flour, the mass fraction of moisture 14,7 (1st grade) and 13,5 (2nd grade). The presence of mineral impurities, pest contamination has not been established. The content of metallomagnetic impurities was found to be 0,041 mg (1st grade) and 0,048 mg (2nd grade), which corresponds to the standard. Mass fraction of ash in terms of dry matter was no more than 0,69 for first grade flour and 0,70 for flour of the second grade, whiteness conditional units of the device RZBPL 52,4 (1st grade) and 30,0 (2nd grade). The quality of wet gluten for flour of 1st and 2nd grades is 70,0 and 78,0 units of the device IDK1 (I group) respectively. Were also defined the particle size of grinding the residue on the sieve 2,0 1,9 and 2,2, the falling number 200 and 182 seconds, the mass fraction of wet gluten 30,3 and 26,6, protein content 13,2 and 12,5 for flour 1st and 2nd grade, respectively. The color is white for the flour 1st grade and the white with a yellowish tinge for the flour of the 2nd grade. By organoleptic and physicochemical indicators, wheat bran complied with GOST 716966. As a result of hydrothermal grain treatment with the use of cold conditioning and softening for 4 hours, the yield of raw gluten due to an increase in the waterabsorbing ability of proteins increased from 25 to 26,6. At the same time, a weakening of the gluten was observed, an increase in its extensibility. When softening grain for 6 and 8 hours there is some increase in the yield of wet gluten, : of 27,9 and 30,3 respectively. The quality of gluten was 70 units of the device IDK1, which corresponds to the quality group I. The yield of flour with fourhour softening was 64, with sixhour increased to 66. High total yield of flour of 78 was set when the eighthour softening. Cold conditioning contributed to the improvement of the milling and baking properties of grain, increasing the yield of highgrade flour with less power consumption.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (11(112)) ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Bauyrzhan Iztayev ◽  
Madina Yakiyayeva ◽  
Magomed Magomedov ◽  
Auyelbek Iztayev ◽  
Makhamedkali Kenzhekhojayev ◽  
...  

This paper reports a study into different ways of applying a highly effective technology for making yeast-free bread from wheat flour of the highest, first, and second grades by the accelerated method. The dough mechanical loosening technology was used, which makes it possible to reduce the time to prepare the high-quality dough and bake bread. This study has confirmed that the mechanical loosening technique makes it possible to make high-quality yeast-free bread by an accelerated method without fermentation and proving. Such a technique reduces the time of dough preparation by 3 times, improves the rheological properties of the dough, and reduces baking time by 2 times, as well as improves the quality of bread from flour of the highest, first, and second grade. The results showed that the safety indicators of yeast-free bakery products prepared from flour of the highest, first, and second grade meet the norms established by TR TC 021/2011 of the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On Food Safety". In terms of microbiological indicators, the results demonstrated that during storage for 5 days QMAFAnM ranged as follows: in yeast-free bakery products from flour of the highest grade ‒ from 1.2·102 to 1.8·102 CFU/g. In the yeast-free bakery products from flour of the first grade ‒ from 1.5·102 to 2.1·102 CFU/g; in the yeast-free bakery products from flour of the second grade ‒ from 1.9·102 to 3.2·102 CFU/g. In addition, bacteria of the E. coli group were found on all yeast-free bakery products. Thus, applying the highly effective technology of the accelerated dough preparation could significantly improve the quality of bread, reduce the time of baking, and reliably ensure that useful properties are maintained


1975 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Wertz ◽  
Michael D. Mead

Typical examples of four different speech disorders—voice, cleft palate, articulation, and stuttering—were ranked for severity by kindergarten, first-grade, second-grade, and third-grade teachers and by public school speech clinicians. Results indicated that classroom teachers, as a group, moderately agreed with speech clinicians regarding the severity of different speech disorders, and classroom teachers displayed significantly more agreement among themselves than did the speech clinicians.


2010 ◽  
Vol 163-167 ◽  
pp. 3297-3300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Wei Shi ◽  
Hong Zhu ◽  
Zhi Shen Wu ◽  
Gang Wu

Coupon tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical characteristics of basalt FRP (BFRP) sheet, basalt-carbon hybrid FRP sheets and the corresponding epoxy rein under the effect of freeze-thaw cycling. FRP sheets and epoxy rein coupons were subjected to up to 200 and 250 freeze-thaw cycles respectively. Test parameters included the number of freeze-thaw cycles and the types of FRP composites. Test results show that (1) BFRP sheet perform better than CFRP or GFRP sheets under high freeze-thaw cycles; (2) exposed hybrid FRP sheets not only show very little loss in mechanical properties, but also contribute to the stability of test data; (3) mechanical properties of rein epoxy decrease significantly with increasing freeze-thaw cycles.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 64-73
Author(s):  
Jens Strobel ◽  
Jens Sumpf ◽  
Ralf Bartsch ◽  
Markus Golder

In continuous conveyor systems with circulating traction mechanisms, e.g. chains, the kinematic-dynamic movement behaviour of the traction mechanism is of great importance. Force and vibration analyses can be used to detect overloads and other irregularities in the conveying process. This helps to prevent damage that can lead to a complete failure of the conveyor system. Such analyses are particularly interesting for slide chain conveyors with plastic chains, as these react very sensitively to system overload due to limited thermal and mechanical characteristics as well as often a complex track layout. This article shows how accelerations and tractive forces can be continuously recorded, transmitted and analysed by sensors integrated into the chain links. In addition to the discussion of test results, potential applications of the measuring chain are shown.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
Valentina V. Kiryushina ◽  
Yuliya Yu. Kovaleva ◽  
Petr A. Stepanov ◽  
Pavel V. Kovalenko

Polymer composite materials (PCM) are used extensively and are viewed as candidates for application in various industries, including nuclear power. Despite a variety of methods and procedures employed to investigate the mechanical characteristics of PCMs, the use of the laboratory sample mechanical test results to design and model large-sized structures is not always fully correct and reasonable. In particular, one of the problems is concerned with taking into account the scale parameter effects on the PCM strength and elastic characteristics immediately in the product. The purpose of the study is to investigate the scale effects on the mechanical characteristics of glass reinforced plastics using phenolformaldehyde and silicon-organic binders and a fabric quartz filler. Samples of four different standard sizes under GOST 25604-82 and GOST 4648-2014 were tested for three-point bending using an LFM-100 test machine to estimate the scale effect. The thicknesses of the model samples were chosen with regard for the wall thicknesses of full-scale products under development or manufactured commercially and the test machine features, and varied in the limits of 1.6 to 7.5 mm. The tests showed that strength decreased as the sample thickness was increased to 3 mm and more both at room and elevated (200 to 500 °C) temperatures, which can be described by an exponential function based on the Weibull statistical model. The values of the Weibull modulus that characterizes the extent of the scale effect on the strength of the tested materials were 4.6 to 6.7. The average bend strength in the sample thickness range of 3 mm and less does not vary notably or tends to increase slightly as the thickness is increased. This fact makes it possible to conclude that estimation of allowable stresses in a thin-wall product requires the use of test results for samples with a thickness that is equal to the product wall thickness since standard samples may yield overestimated allowable stress values and lead, accordingly, to incorrect calculations of the strength factor. The results obtained shall be taken into account when defining the allowable levels of operation for full-scale products and structures of polymer composites based on the laboratory sample strength data as well as when estimating their robustness as a characteristic of the product’s fail-safe operation.


2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
Rahmah Rahmah

Traditional English grammar classifies the words into eight parts of speech, such has noun, verb , adverb, adjective, conjunction, pronoun, preposition, and interjection (Yule:2004). When someone tries to describe about preposition of place and time, they must give information clearly about anyone their mean to say. in this research, researcher interests to appoint this problem by comparison of student’s ability between graduate of Senior High School (SMU) and Islamic Senior High School (MA) in using preposition into sentence. The method had used in this research was descriptive quantitative. The population in this research are all of students of first grade and second grade of Keluarga Bunda Jambi Midwifery Academy. The sample in this research was 45 students first grade and second grade of Keluarga Bunda Jambi Midwifery Academy consists of 18 students from SMU and 27 students from MA. The result of this research show that score of the students graduate from SMU is 88 highest and 56 lowest, score of the students graduate from MA is 84 highest and 52 lowest. Based on interpretation result with having calculated to table “t” score with df N1+N2-2=43, because there is no df 43, so take df 45. Then this value consult with table of “t” in the significant rating 5% and 1%. The result of analysis data is 0,11 if calculated to the score of critical (t table) so, 2,02>0,11<2,69, it is mean that Ha is refused and Ho is received and it is mean that there is no significant differences between the ability of the students from graduated fo SMUand MA in using preposition into sentences.


Author(s):  
Eugene Matusov

I thought it would be relatively easy for me, with my six-year background of high school teaching and tutoring of math and physics, to co-op in the OC classroom with my first-grade son. I was both right and wrong. Indeed, my teaching experience and professional knowledge as a graduate student in child psychology helped me design activities suitable for first- and second-grade children. However, in terms of philosophy of teaching and organization of learning activities, my experience with traditional schooling was more harmful than helpful. My previous experience prepared me for delivering a lesson to a whole class or an individual. I was used to controlling children’s talk, which was supposed to be addressed only to me, and my students had learned early on in their schooling that they could talk legitimately only to the teacher and only when it was allowed by the teacher. The teacher was supposed to be the director, conductor, and main participant in classroom interaction. In the OC, I was shocked to discover that this traditional format of instruction was actively discouraged by teachers, co-opers, and children. This kind of teaching was not supported by the children in their interactions or by the classroom structure, with its small-group organization, children’s choice of groups, and nonsimultaneous rotation of the children from group to group. However, I did not know how to teach any other way. At the beginning of the school year I planned an activity that I called Magic Computer. It was designed to teach the reversibility of addition and subtraction as well as reading and computational skills, and it had worked beautifully with first- and second-graders in the past. The activity involved moving a paper strip that carried “computer commands” (“Think of a number. Add five to it. Take two away from it,” and so on) through an envelope with a window, to see one command at a time. The commands were designed so that addition and subtraction compensated for each other; therefore, the last message was “You have got your initial number!” The children’s job was to discover addition and subtraction combinations that cancel each other out and write them down on the paper strip, line by line.


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