scholarly journals Le Corbusier en ‘Líneas Simples’: Toyo Ito

Author(s):  
Marta Rodríguez

Resumen: Desde principios de la década de 1980, Toyo Ito asumió la misión de traducir el mensaje mecanicista de Le Corbusier en la era de la electrónica. Anhelaba superar la referencia a la máquina únicamente como inspiración estética, así como abolir la relación entre forma y función, de acuerdo a la nueva era digital. La experimentación doméstica de Ito, a lo largo la primera mitad de la década, le llevo a concebir finalmente una ‘arquitectura de líneas simples’. Desde el Proyecto Dom-ino (1980) hasta la Casa en Magomezawa (1986), se da una paulatina liberación de la formalidad lecorbuseriana—basada en una sociedad de la producción—en favor de una arquitectura sin forma—en consonancia con una sociedad del consumo. El proyecto que supone un punto de inflexión en esa evolución fue la Casa en Hanakoganei (1983), que introducía una serie de maniobras arquitectónicas que Ito implementó posteriormente en Silver Hut (1984), Pao I (1985) y en la Casa Magomezawa. Estos tres proyectos aglutinan las características que definen la arquitectura de Toyo Ito desde mediados de los 80 y que en última instancia impulsan ‘la aventura doméstica de los 80 en Japón’, la cual vuelve su mirada hacia las artes decorativas. La aspiración última de Ito—al igual que la de su ‘alter ego’ Le Corbusier seis décadas antes—fue diseñar una ‘nueva arquitectura’ acorde con los avances tecnológicos del momento, para ello Ito ensayó las siguientes estrategias arquitectónicas: desmaterialización, permeabilidad interior-exterior, indefinición funcional, provisionalidad, liberación formal respecto de la estructura, ligereza, arquitectura como vestido y anti-monumentalidad. Abstract: Toyo Ito took on the mission of translating Le Corbusier’s mechanistic message for the electronic age at the beginning of the 1980s. He desired to go beyond the reference of the machine only as aesthetic inspiration, as well as to abolish the relationship between form and function, visible in the new digital era. Ito’s domestic experimentation, during the first half of the decade, finally led him to conceive an ‘architecture in simple lines.’ From the Dom-ino Project (1980) to the House in Magomezawa (1986), there is a gentle liberation of the Corbusian formality—based on a society of production—in favor of an architecture without form—in accordance with a society of consumption. The House in Hanakoganei (1983) is as milestone in this evolution, where Ito introduced a series of design techniques that he later implemented in Silver Hut (1984), Pao I (1985), and in the Magomezawa House. These three projects congeal the characteristics that define Ito’s architecture from the middle of the 1980s and, ultimately, give impulse to the ‘domestic adventure of the 80s in Japan,’ that turns its eye to the decorative arts. Toyo Ito’s goal, similar to that of his ‘alter ego’ Le Corbusier six decades earlier, was to design a ‘new architecture’ in harmony with the technological advances of the time, which led him to try the following design strategies: dematerialization, interior-exterior permeability, undefined function, provisionality, formal liberation of the structure, lightness, architecture as a dress, and anti-monumentality.  Palabras clave: Le Corbusier; Toyo Ito; Máquina; Electrónica; Hanakoganei; Pao I. Keywords: Le Corbusier; Toyo Ito; Machine; Electronic; Hanakoganei; Pao I. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.711

Author(s):  
Jerónimo Granados González

Resumen: Dentro de la obra de Le Corbusier, el espacio expositivo fue un tema ampliamente desarrollado. La idea de generar un prototipo teórico de museo, por ejemplo, fue recurrente a lo largo de toda su obra, como una idea latente, en gestación, a la espera del momento para ser llevada a la realidad de la construcción. En el caso concreto del museo de crecimiento ilimitado, desarrollado teóricamente a lo largo de la década de 1930, los pocos ejemplos construidos son ejecutados a partir de los años cincuenta. Al realizar una compilación de los ejemplos de espacios expositivos proyectados por Le Corbusier, siguiendo líneas tipológicas similares, en donde se incluyan no solo museos, sino también, pabellones y salas de exposición, montajes expositivos e, incluso, propuestas comerciales (donde lo expuesto es una mercancía), se constata que el número total de obras supera las ochenta, abarcando proyectos desde 1910 (la sala de exposiciones del Taller de artistas) hasta la muerte de Le Corbusier en 1965, con el último ejemplo proyectado: el museo del siglo XX en Nanterre. A la hora de analizar las distintas estrategias proyectuales empleadas por el maestro a la hora de enfocar la arquitectura expositiva, un punto interesante es el reclamo publicitario, la propaganda y la captación del interés de los visitantes, la relación con el diseño gráfico y la publicidad, el empleo del color, el grafismo o la cartelería. Todos estos aspectos son especialmente relevantes en el caso de pabellones de exposición y pabellones para marcas comerciales. Abstract: Within the work of Le Corbusier, the exhibition space was a theme widely developed. For example, the idea of a theoretical prototype of the museum was recurrent throughout his work, as a latent idea, waiting for the time to be taken to the reality of construction. In the case of the museum of unlimited growth, theoretically developed throughout the 1930s, the few built examples are executed from the fifties. In carrying out a compilation of examples of exhibition spaces designed by Le Corbusier, following similar typological lines, where not only museums but also pavilions, exhibition halls, expositions and even commercial proposals are included, we find that the total number of works exceeds eighty, covering projects since 1910 (the exhibition hall of the Ateliers d’Artistes) to the death of Le Corbusier in 1965, with the final example: the Museum of the 20th Century in Nanterre. When analyzing the different design strategies employed by the Master at the exhibition architecture, an interesting point is the study of advertising, propaganda (attracting the interest of visitors), the relationship with graphic design, and the use of color, graphics and signage. All these aspects are especially relevant in the case of exhibition halls and pavilions for trademarks.  Palabras clave: pabellones; exposiciones; museos; publicidad. Keywords: pavilions; exhibitions; museums; advertising. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.699 


Author(s):  
Alberto Rubio Garrido

Resumen: Tres han sido los intentos de vincular la obra de Le Corbusier con la “autonomía de la arquitectura”. El primero, aquel formulado por Emil Kaufmann en 1933, reposa en una analogía ética conducida por medio de ciertos mecanismos compositivos. El segundo lo alentó Johnson durante la posguerra e identifica en Le Corbusier un sistema de composición autorreferencial pretendidamente ajeno a todo condicionante exterior que enfatiza el purismo de sus operaciones formales. El tercero fue conducido por un grupo de autores englobados en el “autonomy project” que vio en su obra la posibilidad de entender la arquitectura simultáneamente como hecho social y producto formal. Cada intento ensalzó ciertas características de Le Corbusier y obvió otras en la medida en que se adscribieron a las diversas, y por momentos divergentes, interpretaciones de la autonomía de la arquitectura. En este texto defenderé que la aparente multiplicidad de las interpretaciones de la obra de Le Corbusier que derivan de estos intentos puede superarse atendiendo al sentido filosófico originario de “autonomía” y su incorporación al arte. A la postre, remiten a una paradoja difícilmente superable y que puede identificarse como consustancial a la modernidad arquitectónica: la dialéctica entre la forma y la función. Abstract: There have been three attempts to link Le Corbusier’s work with the "autonomy of architecture". The first one, the one conducted by Emil Kaufmann in 1933, lies in an ethical analogy through some compositional mechanism. Johnson encouraged the second one during the postwar. He identified in Le Corbusier a system of self-referential composition, supposedly alien to all outside constraint, which emphasizes the purity of its formal operations. The third was led by a group of authors, members of the “autonomy project”. They saw in his work the possibility of understanding architecture simultaneously as a social fact and formal product. Each attempt praised certain features of Le Corbusier and others were disregarded, following the pattern of controversial interpretations of the autonomy of architecture. In this paper I will argue that this apparent multiplicity of interpretations of Le Corbusier’s work can be overcome taking the original philosophical sense of "autonomy" and its incorporation into art. In the end, they refer to an insurmountable paradox, which can be identified as integral to modern architecture: the dialectic between form and function.  Palabras clave: Le Corbusier, autonomía de la arquitectura, compromiso, formalismo, dialéctica. Keywords: Le Corbusier, autonomy of architecture, commitment, formalism, dialectics. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.682


Author(s):  
Patricia G. Arscott ◽  
Gil Lee ◽  
Victor A. Bloomfield ◽  
D. Fennell Evans

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).


Author(s):  
Yolanda Martínez Domingo ◽  
Josefina González Cubero

Resumen: El "hameau" vertical de Le Corbusier es un prototipo de alojamiento colectivo, desarrollado como alternativa plástica a la "Unité d'habitation de grandeur conforme", quizás su obra más sintética. La torre residencial se concreta a partir de las teorías urbanas de la regla de las 7V, a través de la impronta de una de las formas elementales: el volumen cilíndrico, manteniendo prácticamente inalteradas capacidad, forma y dimensiones en cualquiera de los entornos urbanos donde se inserta, los proyectos no construidos de su última etapa para Europa. Lejos de ser un modelo genuino es deudor de otras construcciones previas, los albergues para las colonias infantiles italianas, promovidas por la fábrica FIAT en los años 30, y algunos experimentos residenciales del arquitecto francés Auguste Bossu, erigidos también por esos años en la ciudad de Saint-Étienne. El artículo traza las relaciones entre estas construcciones y las aldeas cilíndricas para solteros, analizando las particularidades de su estructura formal y la dinámica de su organización interna, para comprobar cómo son adoptadas por Le Corbusier en la constitución de la identidad de un nuevo tipo de vivienda colectiva que permanece todavía a la sombra de sus proyectos más reconocidos. Abstract: The vertical "hameau" of Le Corbusier is a prototype of collective housing, developed as a plastic alternative to “Unité d’habitation de grandeur conforme", perhaps his most synthetic work. The residential tower is generated from urban doctrine of 7V theory through the shape of one of the elementary forms: the cylindrical volume. The towers keep capacity, shape and dimensions unchanged in any urban environments where they are inserted: the unbuilt urban projects in his last stage in Europe. Far from being a genuine type, is based in other previous constructions; the children's summer camps sponsored by the Fiat factory in the 30s, and some residential experiments by French architect Auguste Bossu erected by those years in the city of Saint-Etienne. The article describes the relationship between these structures and the cylindrical villages for singles and analyzes the peculiarities of their formal structure and the dynamic of their internal organization in order to check how those constructions were adapted by Le Corbusier for the constitution of a new collective type dwelling which still remains in the shadow of his most famous projects.  Palabras clave: Le Corbusier; hameaux verticaux; comuna cilíndrica; torre residencial. Keywords: Le Corbusier; hameaux verticaux; cylindrical commune; residential tower. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.778


Author(s):  
Annarita Teodosio

Abstract: The relationship between Le Corbusier and the visual arts (drawing, photography and cinema) is deep and complex and, although the subject of numerous publications and research since the late 60s, still arouses much interest, as evidenced by the many events organized in the last years - "Le Corbusier. Vue sur la mer ", Maison La Roche, Paris, 2012; "Construire the image: Le Corbusier et la Photographie", Musée des Beaux-Arts, the Chaux-de-Fonds, 2013; or the recent "Le Corbusier and photography", IUAV, Venice, May 2015-. The paper, starting out from the researches already developed, proposes a further reflection on the relationship between the Swiss architect and the photography, paying particular interest to the shooting made in first person. The study analyzes the different approaches and the different subjects photographed in the course of his life and it is proposed to include the work of Le Corbusier in the broader cultural context of the twentieth century, a period in which the relationship between architecture and visual communication, thanks to the many possibilities offered by technological innovations, it becomes increasingly close and inevitable. Resumen: La relación entre Le Corbusier y las artes visuales (dibujo, fotografía y cine) es profunda y articulada y, aunque es objeto de numerosas publicaciones y investigaciónes desde el finales de los años 60es, todavía despierta mucho interés, como lo demuestran los diversos eventos realizados en los últimos años - “Le Corbusier. Vue sur la mer”, Maison La Roche, Parìs, 2012; “Construire l’image: Le Corbusier et la photographie”, Musée des Beaux-Arts, la Chaux-de-Fonds, 2013; o la más reciente “Le Corbusier e la fotografia”, IUAV , Venezia, mayo 2015-. El articulo, a partir desde investigación ya desarrollado, propone una reflexión más sobre la relación entre el arquitecto suizo y la fotografía, prestando especial interés a las realizata en primera persona. El estudio analiza los diferentes enfoques y diferentes sujetos fotografiados en el curso de su vida y se propone de insertar la obra de Le Corbusier en el contexto cultural más amplio del siglo XX, un período en el que la relación entre la arquitectura y la comunicación visual, gracias a las muchas posibilidades que ofrecen las innovaciones tecnológicas, se vuelve cada vez más estrecha e inevitable.  Keywords: Le Corbusier; photography; representation of architecture. Palabras clave: Le Corbusier; fotografia; representaciones de la arquitectura. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.947


2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Michael

In the realm of muscle atrophy research, many studies address minute details of molecular function but few examine the effects of atrophy in terms of mobility, strength, endurance, and performance of activities of daily living. The relationship between impairment and functional limitation is the focus of this research review. A wide array of studies constitute this area of inquiry, including investigations as diverse and widely disparate as molecular chemistry and space travel and populations as different as rats, healthy young men, and elderly women. Thirty-four studies were selected based on their fit with the Enabling-Disabling Model. Three paradigms of atrophy and function emerged. Adaptation reflects the plastic nature of muscle when placed under certain conditions, ranging from disuse to high-resistance exercise. Injury/loss describes damage to muscle tissue from ischemia, medications, or reloading or reperfusion trauma. Also in this category is the loss of muscle that is seen with aging. Integrity relates to the muscle’s tendency to protect itself and maintain structural adjacencies and cellular proportions. Based on the 3 muscle research paradigms, the relationship of muscle atrophy to function is portrayed as a bidirectional interaction wherein form and function have an influence on each other by way of physical changes, including those of adaptation, injury/loss, or integrity. A conceptual model is constructed to reflect this relationship.


2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nunzio La Fauci ◽  
Liana Tronci

This paper deals with the complex interaction between form and function in the verb morphosyntax of four Indo-European languages (French, Italian, Ancient Greek and Sanskrit). Beyond the difference in form, auxiliation patterns in French and Italian, and verb inflections in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit correlate, thanks to the agreement for number and person, to the expression of the relationship with the Subject. The different auxiliation patterns (sum and habeo) and the different inflections (middle and active) correlate to different properties of the Subject. In particular, these forms depend on the syntactic opposition between middle and non-middle. The ways of this dependency are regulated and systematic, although they appear fuzzy and chaotic, not only if the four languages are compared to each other, but also if different morphosyntactic combinations, inside the same language, are concerned.


Pragmatics ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan A. Argente ◽  
Lluís Payrató

The study of language contact has been traditionally carried out from a structural perspective (synchronic or diachronic), from a sociolinguistic perspective and/or from a rather psychological perspective, centered on the linguistic and communicative competence of the multilingual individual. However, a great number of linguistic and sociolinguistic topics that appear in language contact situations may be productively tackled from a pragmatic viewpoint. This pragmatic perspective takes into account linguistic use in communication contexts and raises, at a different level, questions that deal with the structures and the evolution of the codes in contact. The main aim of this presentation is the analysis of some of the specific problems that arise in given language contact situations from a pragmatic perspective, considering the adaptation processes of the speakers, their particular interactive strategies and the social meaning generated. Understanding pragmatics in its original sense, i.e. as the study of the relationship between linguistic signs and speakers (users of certain resources), these phenomena should be understood as the result of speakers’ adaptation to changing sociocultural circumstances. This adaptation creates a new distribution of the verbal resources (or linguistic economy) of the community and, consequently, modifies its varieties as far as form and function are concerned.


English Today ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 58-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Cogo

ABSTRACTIn this paper I wish to respond to the article published in ET94 by Saraceni while at the same time providing some clarifications concerning the concept of English as a Lingua Franca (henceforth ELF). In his article Saraceni raises three main questions (and a number of related debatable comments which I will quickly deal with in my final remarks) regarding: 1) the nature of ELF and its speakers, 2) the relationship between ELF and the World Englishes (henceforth WE) paradigm, and 3) the distinction between form and function. I will address each of these questions, and in so doing consider a number of notions concerning the ELF research field.


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