scholarly journals Making the Case for Genocide, the Forced Sterilization of Indigenous Peoples of Peru

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-103
Author(s):  
Ñusta P Carranza Ko
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Health Program ◽  
Reproductive Rights ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
The State ◽  
Indigenous Women ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Genocide Convention ◽  
Related Services ◽  
Forced Sterilization

Peru’s national health program Programa de Salud Reproductiva y Planificación Familiar (PSRPF) aimed to uphold women’s reproductive rights and address the scarcity in maternity related services. Despite these objectives, during PSRPF’s implementation the respect for women’s rights were undermined with the forced sterilization of women predominantly of indigenous, poor, and rural backgrounds. This study considers the forced sterilization of indigenous women as a genocide. Making the case for genocide has not been done previously with this particular case. Using the normative markers of the Genocide Convention, this study categorically sets forced sterilization victims from the state-led-policy as victims of genocide, considering the effects the health malpractice had on victims’ reproductive rights and the prevention of births of future indigenous populations. In doing so, this study proves the genocidal intent from the state to destroy in whole or in part, an ethnic minority group.

Intimate Partner Violence and Intergenerational Trauma Among Indigenous Women

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renée Hoffart ◽  
Nicholas A. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Residential Schools ◽  
Intergenerational Trauma ◽  
Indigenous Women ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Violence Reduction ◽  
Reduction Strategies

The establishment of the Indian Residential Schools by the Canadian federal government to assimilate indigenous peoples to European and Christian ideals has had generational repercussions on Canada’s indigenous peoples. Many emotional, physical, and sexual abuses occurred within these schools resulting in significant trauma within this population. In order to shed light on these impacts, indigenous women were interviewed about their experiences with these schools. Thematic network analysis was used to analyze the data, and a number of themes emerged, including identifying the relationships between residential schools, intergenerational trauma, and the normalization of intimate partner violence (IPV) in domestic relationships. The findings add to the existing discourse on IPV in indigenous populations and may be used to inform violence reduction strategies.

scholarly journals Epidemiological aspects of HIV infection and AIDS among indigenous populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Samara Vilas-Bôas Graeff ◽  
Renata Palópoli Pícolli ◽  
Rui Arantes ◽  
Vivianne De Oliveira Landgraf de Castro ◽  
Rivaldo Venâncio da Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The State ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological aspects of HIV infection and AIDS among indigenous peoples of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: This is a descriptive epidemiological study on the occurrence and distribution of HIV infection and AIDS in the indigenous population assisted by the Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena (Indigenous Special Health District) Mato Grosso do Sul between 2001 and 2014, based on three secondary databases. Annual rates of HIV and AIDS detection and prevalence were calculated, considering case distribution according to village, Health Base Pole and sociodemographic variables. Accumulated rates of detection, mortality and case fatality were calculated by ethnic group and for the Health Base Pole with the highest number of cases. RESULTS: The HIV detection rate fluctuated between 0.0 and 18.0/100 thousand people in the study period. For AIDS, there was no notification before 2007, but in 2012 its rate reached 16.6/100 thousand. HIV prevalence grew between 2001 and 2011, and it continuously grew for AIDS starting from 2007. The highest HIV detection rates occurred among Guarani peoples (167.1/100 thousand) and for AIDS, among the Kaiowá peoples (79.3/100 thousand); mortality and fatality rates were higher among the Kaiowá. Regarding the Dourados Health Base Pole, the AIDS detection rate increased, and the mortality and fatality rates decreased. CONCLUSIONS: HIV infection and AIDS have been increasing among indigenous peoples, with distribution of the disease mainly in the Health Base Poles of the southern region of the state, where greater economic and social vulnerability are also observed. The endemic character of HIV and AIDS can become epidemic in some years given the existence of cases in other villages in the state. Its occurrence among the Guarani and Kaiowá populations indicates the need for expanded diagnosis, access to treatment and prevention measures.

Complicating Genocide: Missing Indigenous Women’s Stories

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ñusta Carranza Ko
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Indigenous Women ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Genocide Convention ◽  
Physical Pain ◽  
Religious Background ◽  
Communities Of Color ◽  
Genocide Studies ◽  
Majority Culture ◽  
Methodological Approaches

Having existed for centuries, genocide is a criminal practice that aims to destroy in whole or in part a population from a particular ethnic, racial, and religious background. The study of genocide is one that builds on historic cases of genocidal violence. Specifically, it takes on various approaches to examine genocidal crime, the intent of genocide, and how the motivation to cause physical pain and harm is knowingly implemented as a strategy of war, a tool of colonization, and a government policy of progress and modernization. Predominantly the scholarship on genocide can be summarized into three methodological approaches: (a) the theoretical that emphasizes the historic context of the crime; (b) the legal that draws from the United Nations Genocide Convention; and (c) the applied perspective that focuses on specific cases of genocide using the theoretical and legal lens. Recently, in the 21st century, genocide studies involving Indigenous populations has gained more traction as governments have been forced to recognize their own involvement in genocide, such as the forced removal of children in Canada and Australia from Indigenous families in efforts to assimilate them to the majority culture. Among this group, however, the Indigenous populations of the Americas, specifically the Indigenous women, have been further targeted for genocide more than other communities of color due to their historic relations with settler-colonial and postconquest emerging societies. The experiences of Indigenous women and their genocides involving sexual violence and coercive sterilization practices are the missing story in the genocide literature.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution of tuberculosis in indigenous and non-indigenous populations in the state of Pará, Brazil, 2005-2013

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bárbara Lopes Paiva ◽  
Jéssica Quelé Azeredo ◽  
Laura Maria Vidal Nogueira ◽  
Bruno de Oliveira Santos ◽  
Ivaneide Leal Ataide Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Service Management ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
The State ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Tuberculosis Control ◽  
Regional Health

Abstract Objective: To analyze the incidence of tuberculosis in indigenous and non-indigenous residents in the state of Pará from 2005-2013. Method: An ecological study was performed with data from SINAN, stratified for the 13 existing Regional Health Centers in Pará. The tuberculosis incidence rates were calculated for indigenous and non-indigenous populations in the 13 regions and maps were prepared to visualize the magnitude of the occurrence of tuberculosis. Results: Significant differences in the incidence of tuberculosis were found among non-indigenous and indigenous populations, reaching 7,812/100,000 inhabitants and 118/100,000 inhabitants respectively. Conclusion: Tuberculosis was distributed heterogeneously among the indigenous and non-indigenous populations. Moreover, it was possible to identify areas with high risk for this disease. It is important to note that knowledge about priority areas for tuberculosis control can help health service management to improve indicators that assess this disease and to develop different policies for indigenous peoples.

scholarly journals Mammographic density among indigenous women in forested areas in the state of Amapá, Brazil: a cross-sectional study

2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-362
Author(s):  
José Mauro Secco ◽  
Simone Elias ◽  
Cristina Valletta de Carvalho ◽  
Ismael Dale Cotrim Guerreiro da Silva ◽  
Kátia Jung de Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammographic Density ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The State ◽  
Indigenous Women ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dense Breasts ◽  
Indigenous Territories

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: There is no register of breast cancer cases among indigenous populations in Brazil. The objective here was to evaluate the association of clinical and demographic characteristics with mammographic density among indigenous women. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional analytical study conducted in indigenous territories in the state of Amapá, Brazil. METHODS: Women were recruited from three indigenous territories and underwent bilateral mammography and blood collection for hormonal analysis. They were interviewed with the aid of an interpreter. Mammographic density was calculated using computer assistance, and was expressed as dense or non-dense. RESULTS: A total of 137 indigenous women were included in this study, with an average age of 50.4 years, and an average age at the menarche of 12.8 years. Half (50.3%) of the 137 participants had not reached the menopause at the time of this study. The women had had an average of 8.7 children, and only two had never breastfed. The average body mass index of the population as a whole was 25.1 kg/m2. The mammographic evaluation showed that 82% of women had non-dense breasts. The clinical characteristics associated with mammographic density were age (P = 0.0001), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (P < 0.001) and estrogen levels (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the indigenous women had non-dense breasts. Age, menopausal status and FSH and estrogen levels were associated with mammographic density.

scholarly journals Combating Physician-Assisted Genocide and White Supremacy in Healthcare through Anti-Oppressive Pedagogies in Canadian Medical Schools to Prevent the Coercive and Forced Sterilization of Indigenous Women

INYI Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Campbell ◽  
Karen Lawford
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
Indigenous Women ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Forced Sterilization ◽  
Medical Programs

Coercive and forced sterilization of Indigenous Peoples are acts of genocide that are rooted in colonialism and white supremacy and require fundamental changes to undergraduate medical education. I (Erika Campbell) draw upon the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada’s 24th Call to Action, which calls for “skills-based training in intercultural competency, conflict resolution, human rights, and anti-racism” in medical schools. Additionally, I draw upon Call for Justice 7.6 from the Reclaiming Power and Place: The Final Report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girl, which calls upon institutions and health service providers be educated in areas including, but not limited to: the history of colonialism in the oppression and genocide of Inuit, Métis, and First Nations Peoples; anti-bias and anti-racism; local language and culture; and local health and healing practice. I analyzed the responses of all 17 undergraduate medical programs in Canada to determine how they incorporated anti-racism within their medical education to meet the Calls to Action and Justice. All undergraduate medical programs include some form of cultural learning, which I argue does not directly challenge racism and colonialism. As such, I advocate for the implementation of anti-oppressive pedagogies within curricula to facilitate the unlearning of colonial rhetoric. I further argue the implementation of anti-oppressive pedagogies within education will contribute to the eradication of the ongoing genocide of Indigenous Peoples and white supremacy within our healthcare systems.

scholarly journals ¿El perro: el mejor amigo del hombre? Las raíces americanas de la domesticación de España en las obras de Las Casas

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M Pongan
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Indigenous Rights ◽  
The State ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
Maximum Extension ◽  
Las Casas ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Political Philosopher ◽  
Traditional Image

Aunque la imagen tradicional de Las Casas es la del defensor de los indios, el enfoque en este aspecto de sus actividades filosóficas reduce y simplifica la extensión máxima de sus ideas. A través de su escritura, este fraile desarrolla una serie de conceptos que explican cómo el estado de excepción de los pueblos indígenas era el catalizador de la civilización de los españoles, el mismo grupo que pretendía civilizar a los indios. Este artículo examina la representación de lo canino en las obras de Las Casas como parte del proyecto civilizador no de los indios, sino de los españoles. Su presencia en la las obras de Las Casas sirvió para hacer hincapié en los mensajes que condenaban el comportamiento de los españoles en sus interacciones con los indígenas. En última instancia, lo que propone este trabajo es una nueva lectura de las obras de Las Casas que interpreta sus ideas no sólo como uno de los primeros defensores de los derechos indígenas, sino también como un filósofo político que reconoció la necesidad de entregarse al poder absolutista para poder salir de la brutalidad de la excepción que queda afuera de la sociedad. Although the traditional image of Las Casas is that of the defender of the indigenous peoples, the focus on this aspect of his philosophic activities reduces and simplifies that maximum extension of his ideas. Through his writing, Las Casas develops a series of concepts that explain how the state of exception of the indigenous populations was the catalyst of the actual civilization of the Spaniards, the very group that claimed to be civilizing the indigenous groups. This article examines the representation of the canine in the works of Las Casas as part of the civilizing project not of the Indians, but rather of the Spaniards. Its presence in the works of Las Casas emphasizes the messages that condemned the behavior of the Spaniards in their treatment of the Indians. Finally, this article proposes a new reading of Las Casas’ works that interprets his ideas not only as one of the first defenders of indigenous rights, but also as a political philosopher who understood the necessity to recognize a greater power to be able to overcome the brutality of the state of nature that exists outside of society.

Cultural Genocide and Key International Instruments: Framing the Indigenous Experience

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamiran Mako
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
International Criminal Tribunal ◽  
The United States ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Genocide Convention ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
Cultural Genocide ◽  
Indigenous Social Movements ◽  
International Instruments

Since its introduction by Raphael Lemkin during the Second World War, cultural genocide has served as a conceptual framework for the non-physical destruction of a group. Following a vigorous debate over the legitimacy of the concept by states fearing prosecution for ethnocidal acts, namely Australia, the United States, Sweden and Canada, cultural genocide/ethnocide was abrogated from the 1948 Genocide Convention. This pivotal move has shifted the frame of analysis and has sparked a contentious debate about the distinguishing elements of the physical destruction of a people and their cultural dissipation. The achievements of the indigenous peoples’ movement throughout the 1980s reignited the debate surrounding cultural genocide within the international arena. This article is both a survey of cultural genocide of indigenous populations of North America, South America and Australia, as well as the role of indigenous social movements within the international arena. It analyzes the development of cultural genocide within international law by Raphael Lemkin, its subsequent debate by the United Nations’ Ad Hoc Committee on Genocide, its omission from the Genocide Convention, and its reintroduction by indigenous peoples’ mobilization to the international arena. The Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (Philippines), the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, the various findings of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia relating to cultural genocide, the conference findings of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe relating to minorities, along with Lemkin’s original reference to the term will be used as frameworks for illuminating the extent and gravity of such crimes.

Closing the Circle

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meenaxi Barkataki-Ruscheweyh
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
The State ◽  
Ethnic Minority Group ◽  
Role Of The State

In the concluding chapter, I discuss the various strategies that the Tangsa use in Assam to survive as a small ethnic minority group and how performing identity and ethnicity at festivals can be considered to be yet one more such strategy. This leads to a discussion of Tangsa identity, ethnicity, and culture as well as the role of the state and the Assamese ‘other’ in defining what it means to be Tangsa. In a ‘Taking Stock’ section, I list all my shortcomings, and also all that that still needs to be done before some amount of clarity can be achieved in understanding the complex Tangsa picture. The concluding section summarizes my findings to make clear the underlying and undeniable connection between performing ethnicity and negotiating marginalization.

scholarly journals Working towards a comprehensive understanding of HPV and cervical cancer among Indigenous women: a qualitative systematic review

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. e050113
Author(s):  
Sneha Sethi ◽  
Brianna Poirier ◽  
Karen Canfell ◽  
Megan Smith ◽  
Gail Garvey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Social Ecological Model ◽  
Indigenous Women ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Social Ecological

RationaleIndigenous peoples carry a disproportionate burden of infectious diseases and cancers and are over-represented among the socially disadvantaged of most countries. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a risk factor and causative agent of cervical, oropharyngeal and other cancers. Recent literature shows evidence of Indigenous populations being at increased risk of HPV infections and its associated cancers.ObjectiveThis is a qualitative systematic review. The objective of this study was to explore the experiences and barriers Indigenous women face in relation to HPV awareness, knowledge and cervical screening, in order to better understand factors that may mitigate against or facilitate prevention efforts for HPV infection and associated cancers.MethodsTwo investigators independently searched MEDLINE, PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases (for articles published from inception until 30 June 2020) using a prespecified search strategy to identify qualitative studies on narratives of Indigenous women regarding HPV infection awareness, knowledge and cervical screening, across all geographic and income-level settings. Using a ‘meta-study’ approach, a social ecological model of cervical screening, infection and associated cancer prevention among Indigenous populations was formulated.ResultsFive core themes were identified and formulated within the social ecological model; intrapersonal factors, interpersonal factors, institutional/organisational factors, sociocultural/community factors and public policy. These collectively formed the proposed social ecological model of HPV infection awareness and cervical cancer prevention among Indigenous women. This model has been synthesised by taking into account personal stories of Indigenous women and healthcare workers, thus offering a more nuanced, organised, structured and culturally sensitive approach to policy translation.ConclusionThe social ecological model of HPV infection awareness and cervical cancer prevention among Indigenous women offers a holistic and practical approach for Indigenous health policy makers. It clearly addresses the high risk of Indigenous populations at a global level in experience of both HPV infection and HPV-related cancers.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020207643.

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