2021 Comprehensive Surveillance Review — Overview Paper

Staphylococcus aureus is an important nosocomial pathogen and its multidrug resistant strains, particularly methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), poses a serious threat to public health due to its limited therapeutic options. The increasing MRSA resistance towards vancomycin, which is the current drug of last resort, gives a great challenge to the treatment and management of MRSA infections. While vancomycin resistance among Malaysian MRSA isolates has yet to be documented, a case of vancomycin resistant S. aureus has been reported in our neighboring country, Indonesia. In this review, we present the antimicrobial resistance profiles of S. aureus clinical isolates in Malaysia with data obtained from the Malaysian National Surveillance on Antimicrobial Resistance (NSAR) reports as well as various peer-reviewed published records spanning a period of nearly three decades (1990–2017). We also review the clonal types and characteristics of Malaysian S. aureus isolates, where hospital-associated (HA) MRSA isolates tend to carry staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type III and were of sequence type (ST)239, whereas community-associated (CA) isolates are mostly SCCmec type IV/V and ST30. More comprehensive surveillance data that include molecular epidemiological data would enable further in-depth understanding of Malaysian S. aureus isolates.

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Multiple Incursions and Recurrent Epidemic Fade-Out of H3N2 Canine Influenza A Virus in the United States

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00323-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 92 (16) ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Ian E. H. Voorhees ◽

Benjamin D. Dalziel ◽

Amy Glaser ◽

Edward J. Dubovi ◽

Pablo R. Murcia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Influenza A ◽

The United States ◽

Whole Genome Sequence ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Canine Influenza Virus ◽

Emerging Virus ◽

Avian Origin ◽

Canine Influenza ◽

Comprehensive Surveillance

ABSTRACT Avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) transferred to dogs in Asia around 2005, becoming enzootic throughout China and South Korea before reaching the United States in early 2015. To understand the posttransfer evolution and epidemiology of this virus, particularly the cause of recent and ongoing increases in incidence in the United States, we performed an integrated analysis of whole-genome sequence data from 64 newly sequenced viruses and comprehensive surveillance data. This revealed that the circulation of H3N2 CIV within the United States is typified by recurrent epidemic burst–fade-out dynamics driven by multiple introductions of virus from Asia. Although all major viral lineages displayed similar rates of genomic sequence evolution, H3N2 CIV consistently exhibited proportionally more nonsynonymous substitutions per site than those in avian reservoir viruses, which is indicative of a large-scale change in selection pressures. Despite these genotypic differences, we found no evidence of adaptive evolution or increased viral transmission, with epidemiological models indicating a basic reproductive number, R0, of between 1 and 1.5 across nearly all U.S. outbreaks, consistent with maintained but heterogeneous circulation. We propose that CIV's mode of viral circulation may have resulted in evolutionary cul-de-sacs, in which there is little opportunity for the selection of the more transmissible H3N2 CIV phenotypes necessary to enable circulation through a general dog population characterized by widespread contact heterogeneity. CIV must therefore rely on metapopulations of high host density (such as animal shelters and kennels) within the greater dog population and reintroduction from other populations or face complete epidemic extinction. IMPORTANCE The relatively recent appearance of influenza A virus (IAV) epidemics in dogs expands our understanding of IAV host range and ecology, providing useful and relevant models for understanding critical factors involved in viral emergence. Here we integrate viral whole-genome sequence analysis and comprehensive surveillance data to examine the evolution of the emerging avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV), particularly the factors driving ongoing circulation and recent increases in incidence of the virus within the United States. Our results provide a detailed understanding of how H3N2 CIV achieves sustained circulation within the United States despite widespread host contact heterogeneity and recurrent epidemic fade-out. Moreover, our findings suggest that the types and intensities of selection pressures an emerging virus experiences are highly dependent on host population structure and ecology and may inhibit an emerging virus from acquiring sustained epidemic or pandemic circulation.

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A comprehensive surveillance of adamantane resistance among human influenza A virus isolated from mainland China between 1956 and 2009

Antiviral Therapy ◽

10.3851/imp1656 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

pp. 853-860 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Yu Lan ◽

Ye Zhang ◽

Libo Dong ◽

Dayan Wang ◽

Weijuan Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A Virus ◽

Influenza A ◽

Mainland China ◽

Human Influenza ◽

Comprehensive Surveillance

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Methodological studies on injury comprehensive surveillance

Injury Prevention ◽

10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040590w.66 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 18 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. A244.2-A244

Author(s):

Y Wang ◽

LH Wang

Keyword(s):

Methodological Studies ◽

Comprehensive Surveillance

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Phylogeography and evolutionary dynamics analysis of porcine delta-coronavirus with host expansion to humans

10.22541/au.163255668.83590934/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gen Li ◽

Shao-Lun Zhai ◽

Xia Zhou ◽

Tianbao Chen ◽

Jiawei Niu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Evolutionary Dynamics ◽

Molecular Genetic ◽

Molecular Genetic Analysis ◽

Amino Acid Sequences ◽

Interspecies Transmission ◽

Protein Membrane ◽

Red Flag ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Comprehensive Surveillance ◽

Insight Into

From 2003 onwards, three pandemics have been caused by coronaviruses: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV); middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV); and, most recently, SARS-CoV-2. Notably, all three were transmitted from animals to humans. This would suggest that animals are potential sources of epidemics for humans. The emerging porcine delta-coronavirus was reported to infect children. This is a red flag that marks the ability of PDCoV to break barriers of cross-species transmission to humans. Therefore, we conducted molecular genetic analysis of global clade PDCoV to characterize spatio-temporal patterns of viral diffusion and genetic diversity. PDCoV was classified into three major lineages, according to distribution and phylogenetic analysis of PDCoV. It can be determined that PDCoV originated in Asia—most likely in Southeast Asia—through inference of migration rate and transmission routes. We also selected six special spike amino acid sequences to align and analyze to find seven significant mutation sites. The accumulation of these mutations may enhance dynamic movements, accelerating spike protein membrane fusion events and transmission. Altogether, our study offers a novel insight into the diversification, evolution, and interspecies transmission and origin of PDCoV and emphasizes the need to study the zoonotic potential of the PDCoV and comprehensive surveillance and enhanced biosecurity precautions for PDCoV.

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How to Deal with Antibiotic Resistance?

Austin Journal of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry ◽

10.26420/austinjvetscianimhusb.2021.1077 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bilal H ◽

◽

Wang L ◽

Khan MN ◽

Yang X ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Current Situation ◽

Surveillance Study ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Prevalence Rates ◽

Global Problem ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Study Programs ◽

Comprehensive Surveillance

Antibiotic resistance is the most serious global problem to be addressed. This requires comprehensive surveillance study programs at the level of countries, especially those with high prevalence rates. Therefore, we have tried to point out the missing gaps of Pakistan’s antibiotic resistance surveillance study programs in the light of our previously published article. We hope this will help to improve the current situation of antibiotic resistance and the existing surveillance program.

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Seroprevalence of the Serological Markers of Transfusion-Transmissible Infections among Volunteer Blood Donors of Kosti Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital

Medicines ◽

10.3390/medicines8110064 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 64

Author(s):

Babiker Saad Almugadam ◽

Omer Mohammed Ali Ibrahim ◽

Yousif Mousa Alobaid Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Blood Donors ◽

Blood Groups ◽

Obstetrics And Gynecology ◽

Serological Markers ◽

Education Programs ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Seropositivity Rate ◽

Multiple Markers ◽

Comprehensive Surveillance

Background: Transfusion-transmissible infections are well-known global health challenges. The present study is proposed to investigate the seropositivity of anti-HIV1/2, anti-HCV, HBsAg, and anti-T.pallidum among volunteer blood donors of Kosti Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital. Methods: Our study was conducted in a cross-sectional retrospective manner. The data of donors who attended Kosti Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital throughout 2016 to 2018 were reviewed and retrieved manually from blood bank records. Results: Out of 8139 donors, 22.52% were seropositive for serological markers of TTIs and 1.67% were seropositive for at least two serological markers of TTIs. The overall seropositivity rate of anti-HIV1/2, HBsAg, anti-HCV, and anti-T.pallidum was 1.77%, 6.07%, 1.14%, and 11.87%, respectively (p < 0.000). Anti-T.pallidum was the most frequently detected (p < 0.000) marker across all study variables. TTIs seroprevalence was significantly (p < 0.000) varied according to the age, residence, occupations, and blood groups. Notably, there was a rising trend in the rate of anti-HIV1/2 and seropositivity for more than one marker with age (p < 0.000). Regionally, rural area residents had a higher rate of anti-HIV1/2 (2.20%), HBsAg (6.31%), anti-HCV (1.42%), anti-T.pallidum (18.38%), and multiple markers seropositivity (2.28%) compared to urban areas. Between occupations, the highest rate of anti-HIV1/2 (p = 0.497), HBsAg (p = 0.003), anti-HCV (p = 0.385), anti-T.pallidum (p < 0.000), and multiple markers seropositivity (p < 0.000) were detected in farmers. Regarding the screening, we also found that the frequency of anti-T.pallidum was significantly (p = 0.004) higher in donors that carry the AB+ve blood group, whereas anti-HCV (1.83%) was more frequent in O−ve blood groups (p = 0.004). Anti-T.pallidum+HBsAg was the most frequently (1.22%) co-occurring marker. In contrast, anti-T.pallidum+anti-HIV1/2+HBsAg was the lowest frequency marker (p < 0.000). Conclusions: The study showed an alarming rate of TTIs, which suggests the requirement for comprehensive surveillance and health education programs.

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Measuring the Effective Dispersal of an Emerging Coastal Weed, Euphorbia Paralias (Sea Spurge), To Help Inform its Eradication.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-648327/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fiona Joanne Thomson

Keyword(s):

Invasive Plant ◽

Dispersal Distance ◽

Adult Plant ◽

Coastal Environments ◽

Eradication Programme ◽

Invasive Weed ◽

Essential Components ◽

Distance Data ◽

Dispersal Distances ◽

Comprehensive Surveillance

Abstract Understanding dispersal and establishment patterns of invasive plant species is critical information to help control and eradicate their populations. Euphorbia paralias, sea spurge, is a highly invasive weed that can be a serious threat to coastal environments. Two recent incursions of E. paralias on New Zealand’s coastline consisted of one reproductive adult surrounded by several hundred juveniles, providing the opportunity to gather effective dispersal distance data for this species. Using these two separate populations effective dispersal distances curves were created for E. paralias. It was found one adult led to the establishment of 213 healthy plants at NZ’s southern-most incursion and 484 healthy plants at the northern-most incursion. All plants were subsequently removed from the site. The maximum effective dispersal distance of 15.8m on land for E. paralias was larger than would be predicted by the majority of trait-based dispersal distance models and the estimate of ~ 2m in the literature. These results show that E. paralias can establish large healthy populations, making it a considerable threat to coastal environments. However, populations around an adult plant are fairly concentrated at the very early stages of invasion (90% of offspring < 5.5m from the adult) providing opportunities to remove the seed bank at incursion sites. Early detection of E. paralias populations using comprehensive surveillance and removal of any new populations (seed and establishing plants) will be essential components for the success in any eradication programme for sea spurge.

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