scholarly journals As execuções seletivas e a responsabilização de agentes terroristas

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Guerreiro
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
The Third ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Terrorist Acts ◽  
Present Subject

Com o presente artigo é proposta a análise à crescente prática, no âmbito da luta contra o terrorismo, de execuções seletivas por alguns Estados, no que diz respeito à sua legalidade e licitude. Para este efeito, é feito um enquadramento histórico-político genérico da evolução da adoção de condutas que visam a concretização de execuções seletivas e outro de âmbito jurídico alusivo às situações em que um Ser Humano pode ser privado da vida. Deste modo, e com base na análise das normas internacionais em vigor, da jurisprudência mais relevante e também da doutrina que ou se pronuncia sobre o assunto ou contribui para a presente investigação, são dissecadas as duas atuais teses de conflitos armados e o terceiro modelo que tem vindo a ser reivindicado por um número residual de Estados como forma de legitimarem um quadro de supressão de todos os direitos básicos de pessoas de quem se suspeita estarem envolvidas em atos de terrorismo (concretizados ou a concretizar). Assim, é desenvolvida uma análise crítica no decorrer do artigo que concluirá que as execuções seletivas em contexto de luta contra o terrorismo constituem práticas ilícitas e violam o Direito Internacional propondo-se, como alternativa, que os terroristas sejam integrados no conceito de civil, qualidade esta que perdem se estiverem preenchidos cinco requisitos. (With the present article it is suggested an assessment to legality and lawfulness of the growing international practice of targeted killings, most of them justified within the context of the fight against terrorism by different countries. To this end, it is made a general historical and political framework regarding the evolution of the adoption of actions concerning targeted killings as well as the legal context according to which a person can be deprived of his/her life. Thereby, and considering the standards laid down in international law rules currently in force and also the most relevant jurisprudence and doctrine that deal with the present subject or that, at some extent, provide important means to support the present research, the two current official models of armed conflicts are dissected on this article. The same goes to the third model which is supported by a minimum number of States and takes into account the elimination of all basic rights to persons suspect of being involved in terrorist acts (committed or to be committed). Thus, a critical analysis is set along the present article which will come to the conclusion that targeted killings are unlawful and, consequently, contravene international law. Therefore, an alternative is suggested according to which terrorists shall be considered civilians unless five requirements are met.)

Collective reparation for victims of armed conflict

2010 ◽  
Vol 92 (879) ◽  
pp. 731-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Recent Discussion

AbstractReparations are essential to establishing justice after armed conflicts. The question whether international law endorses an individual right to reparation has been a focal point of recent discussion in that regard. The victims of armed conflicts are, however, not only individuals but also collectives. The present article therefore examines the issue of collective reparation. While it is submitted that the question whether there is a right to such a remedy is not yet settled, it is argued that responsible parties should develop robust programmes of collective reparation.

scholarly journals Legal Protection of Children from Recruitment and Participation in Hostilities in the Light of the Provisions of the International Law and Iraqi National Legislations

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (126) ◽  
pp. 474-503
Author(s):  
Firas Naeem Jassim
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
International Law ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Community Members ◽  
The Third ◽  
Terrorist Groups

Children are the most community members who are at risk of getting harm and be in danger at the time of armed conflicts, and often the parties of the conflicts exploit children by recruiting them and engaging them in hostilities. This phenomenon is one of the serious violations done by terrorist groups that emerged after 2003 and suffered by Iraqi children.                                                                                                                            This research falls into three parts. The first part deals with the recruitment and involvement of children in hostilities and the resulted consequences. The second part sheds light on the international guarantees for the protection of children from recruitment and participation in hostilities. The third part describes the legal protection of children from recruitment and participation in hostilities in the light of Iraqi legislations.                   The research ends up with the conclusions as well as recommendations that may contribute to enhancing the protection of children involved in armed conflicts.     

A DOUTRINA DO TERCEIRO CÚMPLICE – CONTRAPONTO À RELATIVIDADE DOS CONTRATOS

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Luís Gustavo Dos Santos ◽  
Luciana De Carvalho Paulo Coelho
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Literary Analysis ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
The Third ◽  
Contractual Relationship ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Positive Nature

<p class="resumo">O presente artigo tem como objeto a análise da doutrina do terceiro cúmplice como um contraponto ao principio da relatividade dos contratos. Tal princípio indica que uma relação contratual tem seus efeitos limitados às partes contratantes, contudo, sabe-se que este princípio deve ser relativizado, basta para isso, recordar das modalidades contratuais em que há promessa de fato de terceiro ou mesmo uma disposição em favor de um terceiro. A doutrina do terceiro cúmplice demonstra que um terceiro alheio à relação contratual pode ser responsabilizado pelo seu descumprimento quando tiver agido no sentido de fomentar o descumprimento do contrato por parte de um dos contratantes aproveitando-se desta situação. Pela pesquisa, vê-se que a temática não é muito discutida no cenário acadêmico, razão pela qual houve este empenho em seu estudo. No Direito Iinternacional a doutrina do terceiro cúmplice vem sendo aplicada há bastante tempo. No Brasil percebe-se esta solidarização de forma bastante evidente nas relações consumeristas, onde todos aqueles que integram a cadeia produtiva são responsabilizados pelo dano. Nas relações contratuais alicerçadas pelo Código Civil há a positivação da matéria em alguns expedientes, em outras situações, contudo, dependerá da parte a astúcia de demonstrar a responsabilidade de um terceiro pelo possível aliciamento na relação contratual preteritamente estabelecida pelas partes originariamente contratantes. Conclui-se que é possível sim invocar a responsabilidade alheia por danos provocados na relação contratual original, que é o que basicamente define a doutrina do terceiro cúmplice. Para a elaboração deste artigo científico adotou-se o método indutivo, utilizando-se das técnicas do referente bibliográfico, fichamento, análise literária, prática e jurisprudencial.</p><p class="resumo"><strong>Palavras-chave: </strong>Contratos. Relatividade. Terceiro cúmplice.</p><h3>THE DOCTRINE OF THE THIRD ACCOMPLICE - CONTRIBUTING TO THE RELATIVITY OF CONTRACTS</h3><div><p class="abstractCxSpFirst"><strong>Abstract: </strong>The present article has as objective to analyze the third party's agreement as counterpoint of relativity of contracts. Such a principle indicates that a contractual relationship has its effects limited to the contracting parties, however, it is known that this principle must be relativized, suffice it to remember the contractual modalities in which there is a promise of fact of third party or even a provision in favor of a third party. The doctrine of the third accomplice teaches that a third party outside the contractual relationship can be held liable for its noncompliance when it has acted to promote noncompliance with the contract by one of the contractors taking advantage of this situation. By the research, it seems that the subject is not much discussed in the academic scene, reason for which there was this commitment in its study. In international law the doctrine of the third accomplice has been applied for quite some time. In international law the doctrine of the third accomplice has been applied for quite some time. In Brazil, this solidarity is evident in consumer relations, where all those who are part of the productive chain are held liable for the damage. In contractual relations based on the Civil Code, there is a positive nature of the matter in some cases, in other situations, however, it will depend on the part of the cunning to demonstrate the responsibility of a third party for the possible solicitation in the contractual relationship previously established by the original contracting parties. It is concluded that it is possible to invoke the liability of others for damages caused in the original contractual relationship, which is what basically defines the doctrine of the doctrine of third accomplice. For the elaboration of this scientific article, the inductive method was adopted, using the techniques of bibliographical references, book report, literary analysis, practice and jurisprudential.</p><p class="abstractCxSpLast"><strong>Keywords: </strong>Contracts. Relativity. Third accomplice.</p></div>

Internal Self-Determination in International Law: A Critical Third-World Perspective

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalana SENARATNE
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Third World ◽  
Democratic Governance ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third World ◽  
World Perspective

Internal self-determination is a popular dimension of self-determination in international law. Often regarded as a right to democratic governance, its early promoters were largely Western states and international lawyers. A central observation made by such promoters was that the West favoured internal self-determination while the Third World did not. The present article will argue why this is a misconception and an outdated observation today. However, having argued so, the article proceeds to develop a Third World-oriented constructive critique of internal self-determination, suggesting why the Third World should nevertheless be more critically cautious and vigilant about the promotion of internal self-determination by Western actors as a distinct and concrete right in international law.

Landscape and International Law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Strecker
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
International Law ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Normative Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
International Legal Order ◽  
Landscape Protection

Chapter 3 sets out the contemporary international legal context, as well as the rationale, for landscape protection in international law. In particular, it draws three distinct lines of normative development in international law relevant for landscape protection. The first links the principles of common heritage, common concern, and common goods; the second discusses the cultural heritage of humankind, and the third focuses on environmental protection and sustainable development. It is argued that the international legal order as traditionally conceived has undergone substantial changes in recent years and that these developments alter the traditional notion of sovereignty: states now have an obligation to safeguard the environment and elements of the cultural heritage for the benefit of humankind, including future generations. This chapter argues that any consideration of landscape protection in international law must necessarily consider this paradigm shift.

scholarly journals Taking of hostages as an offense in international law and Serbian regulations

Temida ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-212
Author(s):  
Bajo Cmiljanic
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
International Terrorism ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Political Purpose ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Terrorist Acts

In the development of international relations, hostage-taking was carried out as an insurance against fraud, not keeping obligations, or according to the rules of war law. Earlier taking hostages was more related to armed conflicts, and in modern times it is more related to terrorist acts in international terrorism. The taking of hostages is an international offense, which has its essential elements and characteristics. It is a crime punishable under the national legislation of many countries, and taking of hostages in armed conflicts is a war crime for which the International Criminal Court is responsible. International terrorism is manifested through a variety of terrorist acts, which, through fear and panic aim to achieve a political purpose. The range of these terrorist acts is wide and varied. One of these terrorist activities is the taking of hostages. As an offense established by the norms of international law, this unlawful act must be specifically investigated and clarified, which is the goal of this paper. This paper gives an overview of the features and elements of the offense in the light of international law and the laws of the Republic of Serbia.

RECONHECIMENTO DO NAMORO COMO UNIÃO ESTÁVEL

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafaela Borgo Koch Schlickmann ◽  
Geovana Da Conceição ◽  
Flávio Schlickmann
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Literary Analysis ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
The Third ◽  
Contractual Relationship ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Positive Nature

<p class="resumo">O presente artigo tem como objeto a análise da doutrina do terceiro cúmplice como um contraponto ao principio da relatividade dos contratos. Tal princípio indica que uma relação contratual tem seus efeitos limitados às partes contratantes, contudo, sabe-se que este princípio deve ser relativizado, basta para isso, recordar das modalidades contratuais em que há promessa de fato de terceiro ou mesmo uma disposição em favor de um terceiro. A doutrina do terceiro cúmplice demonstra que um terceiro alheio à relação contratual pode ser responsabilizado pelo seu descumprimento quando tiver agido no sentido de fomentar o descumprimento do contrato por parte de um dos contratantes aproveitando-se desta situação. Pela pesquisa, vê-se que a temática não é muito discutida no cenário acadêmico, razão pela qual houve este empenho em seu estudo. No Direito Iinternacional a doutrina do terceiro cúmplice vem sendo aplicada há bastante tempo. No Brasil percebe-se esta solidarização de forma bastante evidente nas relações consumeristas, onde todos aqueles que integram a cadeia produtiva são responsabilizados pelo dano. Nas relações contratuais alicerçadas pelo Código Civil há a positivação da matéria em alguns expedientes, em outras situações, contudo, dependerá da parte a astúcia de demonstrar a responsabilidade de um terceiro pelo possível aliciamento na relação contratual preteritamente estabelecida pelas partes originariamente contratantes. Conclui-se que é possível sim invocar a responsabilidade alheia por danos provocados na relação contratual original, que é o que basicamente define a doutrina do terceiro cúmplice. Para a elaboração deste artigo científico adotou-se o método indutivo, utilizando-se das técnicas do referente bibliográfico, fichamento, análise literária, prática e jurisprudencial.</p><p class="resumo"><strong>Palavras-chave: </strong>Contratos. Relatividade. Terceiro cúmplice.</p><h3>THE DOCTRINE OF THE THIRD ACCOMPLICE - CONTRIBUTING TO THE RELATIVITY OF CONTRACTS</h3><div><p class="abstractCxSpFirst"><strong>Abstract: </strong>The present article has as objective to analyze the third party's agreement as counterpoint of relativity of contracts. Such a principle indicates that a contractual relationship has its effects limited to the contracting parties, however, it is known that this principle must be relativized, suffice it to remember the contractual modalities in which there is a promise of fact of third party or even a provision in favor of a third party. The doctrine of the third accomplice teaches that a third party outside the contractual relationship can be held liable for its noncompliance when it has acted to promote noncompliance with the contract by one of the contractors taking advantage of this situation. By the research, it seems that the subject is not much discussed in the academic scene, reason for which there was this commitment in its study. In international law the doctrine of the third accomplice has been applied for quite some time. In international law the doctrine of the third accomplice has been applied for quite some time. In Brazil, this solidarity is evident in consumer relations, where all those who are part of the productive chain are held liable for the damage. In contractual relations based on the Civil Code, there is a positive nature of the matter in some cases, in other situations, however, it will depend on the part of the cunning to demonstrate the responsibility of a third party for the possible solicitation in the contractual relationship previously established by the original contracting parties. It is concluded that it is possible to invoke the liability of others for damages caused in the original contractual relationship, which is what basically defines the doctrine of the doctrine of third accomplice. For the elaboration of this scientific article, the inductive method was adopted, using the techniques of bibliographical references, book report, literary analysis, practice and jurisprudential.</p><p class="abstractCxSpLast"><strong>Keywords: </strong>Contracts. Relativity. Third accomplice.</p></div>

Between the Geneva Conventions: Where Does the Unlawful Combatant Belong?

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 378-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shlomy Zachary
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Laws Of War ◽  
Geneva Conventions ◽  
International Laws ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Terrorist Acts ◽  
Unites States ◽  
New Situation

The growing impact of terrorist acts in the past few years has lead to dramatic changes in the internal laws of the growing number of States that suffer from terrorism, but has also lead to various attempts to adapt international law - more specifically, the International Laws of War - to the new situation or threat, as many perceive it. The Laws of War, like most areas of Public International Law, deal with the relations between nations, while hardly dealing with non-governmental entities like terrorist organisations or the individual terrorist, thereby creating an apparent legal “loophole”. One of the solutions found by States in order to deal, legally, with terrorists, was by defining them “unlawful combatants”.This essay tries to examine the development of the term “unlawful combatant”, by examining some complications that might occur from the use of the term “unlawful combatant” as an intermediate, new status in international law. By using it as a new status. States try to exclude terrorists from finding protection under the Geneva Conventions, which are intended to safeguard various individuals during armed conflicts. After examining the term “unlawful combatant”, both from an historical and legal aspect, this essay will attempt to show that the existing Laws of War, which acknowledge only two statuses – the ‘civilian’ and the ‘combatant’ – provide a satisfactory solution to the problem of terrorism in its non-governmental sense. After exploring recent policies and legal developments in Israel and the Unites States, countries that use the term “unlawful combatant”, this essay will criticise the ambiguity of these definitions, and point out future problems that might arise from this ambiguity during armed conflicts.

Topoi in der Musik Béla Bartóks

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-299
Author(s):  
Jürgen Hunkemöller
Keyword(s):  
Bird Song ◽  
Musical Analysis ◽  
Piano Concerto ◽  
The Third ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Important Means

The recognition of topoi, i.e. traditional formulae, is an important means of musical analysis. To illustrate this, the paper discusses the types of the battaglia and the pastoral in Bach’s Cantata Halt im Gedächtnis Jesum Christ, and briefly enumerates different types of allusions to jazz in 20th-century compositions by Stravinsky, Milhaud, Blacher, Tippet, and Zimmermann. Then it raises the possibility of an analysis of topoi in Bartók’s music in four main categories. It considers Bartók’s musical quotations from Bach to Shostakovich; the chorale as special topos appearing in Mikrokosmos, in the Concerto for Orchestra, in the Adagio religioso of the Third Piano Concerto; the topos-like employment of the tritone; and finally the idea of a Bartókian Arcadia in the Finale of Music for Strings, and the integration of bird song in the Adagio religioso.

The Concept of treaty in Islamic Jurisprudence: A comparative view of the classical jurists

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Labeeb Bsoul
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
The Third ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
Shed Light

This article aims to shed light on a particular area in the field of Islamic International law (siyar) treaty in Islamic jurisprudence. It addresses a comparative view of classical jurists of treaties both theoretically and historically and highlights their continued relevance to the contemporary world. Since the concept of treaty a lacuna in scholarship as well as the familiar of international legal theorists to study and integrate the Islamic treaty system into the body of modern international law in order to have a mutual understanding and respect and honor for treaties among nations. I would like to present a series of three parts the first one addresses the concept of treaty in Islamic jurisprudence the second addresses the process of drafting treaties and their conclusion and the third addresses selected treaties, including the treaty of H{udaybiya that took place between Muslims and non-Muslims..

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