A comparative study of sex determination using femoral parameters

Introduction and Aim: Extensive examination of the femoral anthropometry has been commonly accepted to disclose sexual differentiation. The current study was carried out to evaluate various measurements of the pathologically fit femora of the unknown sex to differentiate the sex of the femora. Materials and Methods: Each femur was meticulously assessed and analyzed for six specific parameters such as maximal length, proximal breadth, and head circumference, mid-shaft circumference, vertical diameter, and neck-shaft angle of the femur bone. All the measurements were statistically analyzed and tabulated. Results:The results were highly significant to all the parameters thereby concluding that an individual’s sex can be determined by examining the femora. Conclusion:The results leave a huge scope for validation over a larger sample size focussing on an extensive human race.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON NECK SHAFT ANGLE AND LENGTH FEMUR IN SOUTH GUJARAT

International Journal of Anatomy and Research ◽

10.16965/ijar.2019.268 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (3.3) ◽

pp. 6966-6969

Author(s):

Hetal Vaishnani ◽

◽

A.R. Gandotra ◽

G.V. Shah ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Neck Shaft Angle ◽

Shaft Angle

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COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ANXIETY LEVEL BETWEEN BOYS AND GIRLS FOOTBALL PLAYERS

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9.2015.2949 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (9) ◽

pp. 96-100

Author(s):

MaibamChourjit Singh ◽

R. K. Nongdren Singh

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Sample Size ◽

Anxiety Level ◽

Football Players ◽

Age Group ◽

Competitive Anxiety ◽

Anxiety Test ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Larger Sample

The purpose of the present study was to find out the anxiety level between boys and girls football players. 60 football players (30 boys and 30 girls) were selected from Subroto Mukherjee football tournament 2015 held at KhumanLampak Sports Complex for the study. The average age of the players is 16.5 years. The sample of the study has been selected randomly. Hypotheses of the present study were Sports Competitive Anxiety Scores of Boys and Girls football players would be high and there will be no significant difference on Sports Competitive Anxiety Scores between boys and girls football players. Sports competitive Anxiety Test (SCAT) by (Martens et al., 1990) was used to measure the level of anxiety for the football players. The Sports Competitive Anxiety Scores of Boys and Girls football players was found to be average (n=60, mean=198.58, σ= 2.92 and SEM =0.37). Difference on Sports Competitive Anxiety Scores between Boys (n=30, mean=18.46, σ=2.30) and Girls (n=30, mean=18.70, σ=3.47) football players was found to be statistically not significant at p≤0.05 (t-value=0.760) at df=78. The current study was limited in sample size, tools adopted, and variables undertaken for the study. Further research can be done with larger sample size and also on different age group.

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Neck Shaft Angle of Non-articulated Femur Bones among Adults in Nepal

Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital ◽

10.3126/mjsbh.v14i2.13713 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Anusuya Shrestha ◽

Nirju Ranjit ◽

Rajani Shrestha

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Mean Value ◽

Neck Shaft Angle ◽

Human Femur ◽

Femur Bone ◽

Hip Stability ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Anatomy Laboratory ◽

Shaft Angle ◽

The Right

Introduction: The neck-shaft (collo-diaphysial) angle of the human femur bone is an important factor for the hip stability and normal walking. It has been described that neck shaft normally ranges from the angle of 115° to 140°. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the neck shaft angle of the non-articulated adult Nepalese femur bones.Methods: Altogether 100 non-articulated adult human femur bones with 50 right and 50 left were taken from a renowned anatomy laboratory. The femora were of unknown sex, age and race. Use of simple protector was used to measure the neck-shaft angle. Both the anterior and posterior views were observed and 200 measurements were recorded.Results:The mean value of neck shaft angle was 127.71°with standard deviation of 5.78°. The mean angle of 128.46° and 126.97° with the respective standard deviation of 5.83° and 5.66° were observed with respect to the right and left adult femur bones.Conclusion: The neck shaft angle of non-articulated adult femur bone of Nepalese people had no remarkable dissimilarity with the angles observed in the studies conducted in the neighboring countries. Neither was there any significant difference between the neck-shaft angle of right and left adult femur bones of the Nepalese.

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Planning the Size of Clinical Trials with Allowance for Patient Noncompliance

Methods of Information in Medicine ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1634787 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 29 (03) ◽

pp. 243-246 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. A. A. Moussa

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Clinical Trials ◽

Sample Size ◽

Event Rate ◽

Survival Functions ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Patient Noncompliance ◽

Event Rates ◽

Larger Sample

AbstractVarious approaches are considered for adjustment of clinical trial size for patient noncompliance. Such approaches either model the effect of noncompliance through comparison of two survival distributions or two simple proportions. Models that allow for variation of noncompliance and event rates between time intervals are also considered. The approach that models the noncompliance adjustment on the basis of survival functions is conservative and hence requires larger sample size. The model to be selected for noncompliance adjustment depends upon available estimates of noncompliance and event rate patterns.

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Augmentation Strategies for Clozapine-Resistant Patients with Schizophrenia

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666200110102254 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 218-227

Author(s):

Yi-Hang Chiu ◽

Chia-Yueh Hsu ◽

Mong-Liang Lu ◽

Chun-Hsin Chen

Keyword(s):

Sample Size ◽

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Mood Stabilizers ◽

Treatment Resistant ◽

Double Blind ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Augmentation Strategies ◽

Pubmed Database ◽

Augmentation Strategy ◽

Larger Sample

Background: Clozapine has been used in treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia. However, only 40% of patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia have response to clozapine. Many augmentation strategies have been proposed to treat those clozapine-resistant patients, but the results are inconclusive. In this review, we intended to review papers dealing with the augmentation strategies in the treatment of clozapineresistant patients with schizophrenia. Method: We reviewed randomized, double-blind, placebo- or sham-controlled trials (RCT) for clozapine-resistant patients with schizophrenia in Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane, and PubMed database from January 1990 to June 2019. Results: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, brain stimulation, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and other strategies, were used as an augmentation in clozapine-resistant patients with schizophrenia. Except for better evidence in memantine with 2 RCTs and cognitive behavior therapy in 2 studies to support its effectiveness, we found that all the other effective augmentations, including sulpiride, ziprasidone, duloxetine, mirtazapine, ECT, sodium benzoate, ginkgo biloba, and minocycline, had only one RCT with limited sample size. Conclusion: In this review, no definite effective augmentation strategy was found for clozapine-resistant patients. Some potential strategies with beneficial effects on psychopathology need further studies with a larger sample size to support their efficacy.

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‘Statistical Irreproducibility’ Does Not Improve with Larger Sample Size: How to Quantify and Address Disease Data Multimodality in Human and Animal Research

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm11030234 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 234

Author(s):

Abigail R. Basson ◽

Fabio Cominelli ◽

Alexander Rodriguez-Palacios

Keyword(s):

Sample Size ◽

Data Visualization ◽

Random Sampling ◽

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Random Number Generation ◽

Outcome Data ◽

Multimodal Distributions ◽

Disease Subtypes ◽

Study Designs ◽

Larger Sample

Poor study reproducibility is a concern in translational research. As a solution, it is recommended to increase sample size (N), i.e., add more subjects to experiments. The goal of this study was to examine/visualize data multimodality (data with >1 data peak/mode) as cause of study irreproducibility. To emulate the repetition of studies and random sampling of study subjects, we first used various simulation methods of random number generation based on preclinical published disease outcome data from human gut microbiota-transplantation rodent studies (e.g., intestinal inflammation and univariate/continuous). We first used unimodal distributions (one-mode, Gaussian, and binomial) to generate random numbers. We showed that increasing N does not reproducibly identify statistical differences when group comparisons are repeatedly simulated. We then used multimodal distributions (>1-modes and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods of random sampling) to simulate similar multimodal datasets A and B (t-test-p = 0.95; N = 100,000), and confirmed that increasing N does not improve the ‘reproducibility of statistical results or direction of the effects’. Data visualization with violin plots of categorical random data simulations with five-integer categories/five-groups illustrated how multimodality leads to irreproducibility. Re-analysis of data from a human clinical trial that used maltodextrin as dietary placebo illustrated multimodal responses between human groups, and after placebo consumption. In conclusion, increasing N does not necessarily ensure reproducible statistical findings across repeated simulations due to randomness and multimodality. Herein, we clarify how to quantify, visualize and address disease data multimodality in research. Data visualization could facilitate study designs focused on disease subtypes/modes to help understand person–person differences and personalized medicine.

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Reconstruction of the Hip in Multiple Hereditary Exostoses

Children ◽

10.3390/children8060490 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 490

Author(s):

Dong Hoon Lee ◽

Dror Paley

Keyword(s):

Hip Joint ◽

Joint Involvement ◽

Neck Shaft Angle ◽

Multiple Hereditary Exostoses ◽

Femur Neck ◽

Radiographic Outcomes ◽

Surgical Dislocation ◽

Center Edge ◽

Shaft Angle ◽

Coxa Valga

The hip joint involvement in multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE) occurs in 30–90%, causing pain and limitation of motion by femoroacetabular impingement, coxa valga, acetabular dysplasia, hip joint subluxation, and osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of ten hips in seven patients treated by surgical dislocation and corrective osteotomies between 2004 and 2009. Surgical dislocation and excision of the osteochondromas and varus intertrochanteric osteotomies were performed in all cases when the neck–shaft angle was > 150°. Common sites of osteochondromas were medial, posterior, and anterior neck of the femur. Neck–shaft angle of the femur was improved from a mean of 157° to 139°, postoperatively. On an average, the center-edge angle improved from 20° to 30° postoperatively. We believe that Ganz’s safe surgical dislocation technique is the preferred treatment of MHE. This safeguards the circulation of the femoral head and the osteochondromas can be resected under direct vision. It can be combined with additional corrective osteotomies because the hip affected by MHE is frequently associated with dysplastic changes which can result in premature osteoarthritis.

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The association between femoral neck shaft angle and degenerative disease of the hip in a cadaveric model

Hip International ◽

10.1177/11207000211013029 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 112070002110130

Author(s):

Leigh-Anne Tu ◽

Douglas S Weinberg ◽

Raymond W Liu

Keyword(s):

Femoral Head ◽

Femoral Neck ◽

Hip Osteoarthritis ◽

Volume Ratio ◽

Femoral Head Coverage ◽

Neck Shaft Angle ◽

Hip Arthritis ◽

Femoral Version ◽

Shaft Angle ◽

The Impact

Background: While the influences of acetabular dysplasia and overcoverage on hip arthritis have been studied, the impact of femoral neck-shaft angle on hip arthritis is much more poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to determine if a relationship exists between neck shaft angle and the development of osteoarthritis, a better understanding of which would be useful to surgeons planning osteotomies about the hip. Methods: 533 cadaveric femora and acetabulae (1066 total) from the Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection (Cleveland, OH) were acquired. We measured true neck shaft angle using an AP photograph with the femoral neck parallel to the table. Femoral head volume to acetabular volume ratio, representing femoral head coverage, as well as femoral version were utilised. Correlation between neck shaft angle, femoral version, femoral head coverage and osteoarthritis were evaluated with multiple regression analysis. Results: The mean age and standard deviation was 56 ± 10 years. There were 64 females (12%) and 469 males. There were 380 Caucasians (71%) and 153 African-Americans. Mean femoral version was 11° ± 12° and mean true neck shaft angle was 127.7° ± 5.9° There was a strong correlation between age and arthritis (standardised beta 0.488, p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between increasing true neck shaft angle and decreasing hip arthritis (standardised beta -0.024, p = 0.038). In the femoral head overcoverage subset, increasing true neck shaft angle was still significantly associated with decreasing hip arthritis (standardised beta −0.088, p = 0.018), although this relationship was not significant with femoral head undercoverage subset. Conclusions: With sufficient acetabular coverage, a relative increase in femoral neck shaft angle within the physiologic range is associated with decreased hip osteoarthritis. Clinical relevance: An understanding of the relationship between femoral neck shaft angle and hip osteoarthritis could be useful for surgeons planning pelvic or proximal femur osteotomies in children.

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