scholarly journals Contract gangs: race, gender and vulnerability

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-36
Author(s):  
Heather Goodall
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Labour Exploitation ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chinese Workers ◽  
Indian Students ◽  
Women In Agriculture ◽  
Adequate Power

While violence directed at Indian students in Australian cities has been highlighted in the Indian and Australian press, far less attention has been paid to the violence directed at Indians in rural areas. This has most often involved Indians employed in contract labour in seasonal industries like fruit or vegetable picking. This article reviews various media accounts, both urban and rural, of violence directed at Indians from 2009 to 2012. It draws attention to the far longer history of labour exploitation which has taken place in rural and urban Australia in contract labour conditions and the particular invisibility of rural settings for such violence. Racial minorities, like Aboriginal and Chinese workers, and women in agriculture and domestic work, have seldom had adequate power to respond industrially or politically. This means that in the past, these groups been particularly vulnerable to such structural exploitation. The paper concludes by calling for greater attention not only to the particular vulnerability of Indians in rural settings but to the wider presence of racialised and gendered exploitation enabled by contract labour structures.

scholarly journals Smear Positive Tuberculosis Cases in Rajshahi District A Comparison Between Rural and Urban Areas

1970 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-105
Author(s):  
W Wasim Hussain ◽  
M Azizul Haque ◽  
Laila Shamima Sharmin ◽  
ARM Saifuddin Ekram ◽  
M Fazlur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Case Finding ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Case Detection Rate ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
The City

This study was designed to know the case finding of sputum smear positive tuberculosis in Rajshahi district and also to see whether case finding was different in urban and rural settings. Our study reveals that case finding rate of smear positive tuberculosis cases in the city corporation area and rural areas of Rajshahi district are 52% and 28% respectively. Case detection rate of total Rajshahi district was 33%. Stronger efforts are needed to reach the national target of detecting 70% new smear positive TB cases by the end of 2005.   doi: 10.3329/taj.v17i2.3456   TAJ 2004; 17(2): 104-105

State Schemes or Safety Nets? China's Push for Universal Coverage

Daedalus ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Frazier
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Safety Nets ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social Expenditures

After rapid changes in social policy and increases in social expenditures over the past five years, many of the uniformly negative assessments of China's record on health care, retirement pensions, and other forms of social security have to be reconsidered. This article examines the rapid expansion in social policy coverage and spending, and considers the possible significance of these changes for Chinese politics. The administrative and territorial categories that have defined access to social welfare provision over the history of the People's Republic of China have not yet receded, but their significance has diminished with programs that create uniform eligibility across rural and urban categories of citizenship. Large gaps in benefits remain, and are likely to generate political demands in the future as urbanization continues to erode the administrative distinctions between urban and rural.

Death and survival in the city: approaches to the history of disease

Urban History ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Luckin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
The Past ◽  
Physical Context ◽  
History Of Disease ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Elusive Concept

Now that the debate about the standard of living during the first half of the nineteenth century appears to have entered a relatively quiescent phase, historians have begun to turn their attention towards the more elusive concept of the quality of life. The incidence of fatal and non-fatal disease is clearly central to research of this type and so, too, is a delineation of the physical context in which infections have flourished and in which those who have been afflicted by them have lived. Although there has been a tendency to underestimate the ferocity of epidemics in rural areas in the period after about 1750, historians working on disease in the modern period are inevitably most usually concerned with processes which are specifically urban in character. And urban historians, especially those interested in such topics as the development of utilities, the growth of administrative bureau-cracies or the spatial segregation and different life experiences of the classes, can undoubtedly benefit from a knowledge of patterns of infection in the past.

scholarly journals The rural–urban gap: differences in injury characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 317-322
Author(s):  
Felix Bang ◽  
Steven McFaull ◽  
James Cheesman ◽  
Minh T. Do
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Soft Tissue Injuries ◽  
Eye Injuries ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
Severity Of Injury ◽  
The Difference

Background Injuries are among the top 10 leading causes of death in Canada. However, the types and rates of injuries vary between rural versus urban settings. Injury rates increase with rurality, particularly those related to motor vehicle collisions. Factors such as type of work, hazardous environments and longer driving distances contribute to the difference in rural and urban injury rates. Further examination of injuries comparing rural and urban settings with increased granularity in the nature of injuries and severity is needed. Methods The study population consisted of records from the electronic Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (eCHIRPP) from between 2011 and July 2017. Rural and urban status was determined based on postal codes as defined by Canada Post. Proportionate injury ratios (PIRs) were calculated to compare rural and urban injury rates by nature and severity of injury and sex, among other factors. Results Rural injuries were more likely to involve multiple injuries (PIR = 1.66 for 3 injuries) and crush injuries (PIR = 1.72). More modestly elevated PIRs for rural settings were found for animal bites (1.14), burns (1.22), eye injuries (1.32), fractures (1.20) and muscle or soft tissue injuries (1.11). Injuries in rural areas were more severe, with a higher likelihood of cases being admitted to hospital (1.97), and they were more likely to be due to a motor vehicle collision (2.12). Conclusion The nature of injuries in rural settings differ from those in urban settings. This suggests a need to evaluate current injury prevention efforts in rural settings with the aim to close the gap between rural and urban injury rates.

La situation socio-économique des chrétiens de Malwa (MP), Inde

1971 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-574
Author(s):  
K.P. Pothen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Caste System ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Close Observation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Church

This article contains the results of an enquiry into social and economic aspects of a Christianity founded in India in the 19th Century. The work takes the form of statistical analysis, interviews and close observation of 100 families in a rural environment and 100 families in an urban environ ment. The author describes, first of all, the history of this Christian Community and then puts forward the major conclusions of the study. It seems clear that, in spite of the fact that for the last ten years the influence of the Church has been constantly declining, the growth in the numbers of Christians is sufficient to ensure the continued existence, in material terms, of the Church's institutions. The annual income per head of 447 Roupees puts the Christian Community of Malwa above the average for India as a whole, but there is a considerable difference, in this as in other aspects, between rural and urban areas. It appears that Christianity is much less firmly rooted in rural areas than it is in the towns ; conversion means much less socially to the country-dweller who lives in an environment where the caste-system, with its religious overtones, is still very influential. The achievement of Independence has made a very con siderable difference to the conditions of missionary work. The Church is no longer the sole means of influence in providing advancement and employment.

WOMEN'S AGRICULTURAL CO-OPERATIVES IN GREECE: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW AND SWOT ANALYSIS

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 1550002 ◽  
Author(s):  
PANAGIOTA SERGAKI ◽  
MARIA PARTALIDOU ◽  
OLGA IAKOVIDOU
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Europe Today

Very few women's co-operatives exist in Europe today; of those that do, the vast majority are involved in non-agricultural sectors. For the past thirty years in Greece, numerous women's agricultural co-operatives have been established in rural areas and scholars have articulated several aspects of their role in both women's life and the local development. A cursory glance at the history of the women's agricultural co-operatives in Greece and a review of the literature highlights the uniqueness of this type of entrepreneurship (a rarity in Europe) and their significant role for rural society cohesion, mainly in geographically and economically isolated rural areas. In this paper we employ a SWOT analysis to elaborate on strengths and weaknesses, which vary from co-operative to co-operative. Either bottom-up or top-down created women's co-operatives are currently a social innovation. Their strengths mainly concern economic independence and social inclusion of women in rural areas, while their weaknesses are mainly associated with funding, organization, administration, know how, culture, product promotion and marketing problems. Nevertheless, they are called upon to survive in a competitive environment; although difficult, it is one that provides opportunities that most likely can outweigh threats.

scholarly journals Prescription Opioid Misuse Among Rural Community Pharmacy Patients: Pilot Study for Screening and Implications for Future Practice and Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 498-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald T. Cochran ◽  
Rafael J. Engel ◽  
Valerie J. Hruschak ◽  
Ralph E. Tarter
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Community Pharmacy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Opioid Misuse ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
Prescription Opioid Misuse

Background: Opioid misuse imposes a disproportionately heavy burden on individuals living in rural areas. Community pharmacy has the potential to expand and coordinate with health professionals to identify and intervene with those who misuse opioids. Objective: Rural and urban community pharmacy patients were recruited in this pilot project to describe and compare patterns of opioid misuse. Methods: We administered a health screening survey in 4 community pharmacies among patients filling opioid medications. Univariate statistics were used to assess differences in health characteristics and opioid medication misuse behaviors between rural and urban respondents. Multivariable statistics were used to identify risk factors associated with rural and urban opioid misuse. Results: A total of 333 participants completed the survey. Participants in rural settings had poorer overall health, higher pain levels, lower education, and a higher rate of unemployment compared to patients in urban pharmacies. Rural respondents with illicit drug use (adjustable odds ratio [aOR]: 14.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.16-95.38), posttraumatic stress disorder (aOR: 5.44, 95% CI = 1.52-19.50), and ≤high school education (aOR: 6.68, 95% CI = 1.06-42.21) had increased risk for opioid misuse. Conclusions: Community pharmacy represents a promising resource for potential identification of opioid misuse, particularly in rural communities. Continued research must extend these findings and work to establish collaborative services in rural settings.

scholarly journals Validation of the German version of the Life-Space Assessment LSA-D

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra A. Mümken ◽  
Paul Gellert ◽  
Malte Stollwerck ◽  
Julie L. O’Sullivan ◽  
Jörn Kiselev
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Life Space ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
History Of ◽  
Community Dwelling Older Adults

AbstractObjectivesTo develop a German version of the original University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Study of Aging Life-Space Assessment (LSA-D) for measurement of community mobility in older adults within the past 4 weeks and to evaluate its psychometric properties for urban and rural populations of older adults.DesignCross-sectional validation study.SettingTwo study centres in urban and rural German outpatient hospital settings.ParticipantsIn total N=83 community-dwelling older adults were recruited (n=40 from urban and n=43 from rural areas; mean age was 78.5 (SD=5.4); 49% male).Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe final version of the translated LSA-D was related with questions about activities and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL/iADL; primary hypothesis), Timed-Up&Go-Test (TUG), self-rated health, balance confidence and history of falls, use of transportation, and sociodemographic factors to obtain construct validity. Secondary outcome measures of health included handgrip strength, screening of cognitive function and comorbidities. To assess conduct construct validity, correlations between LSA-D and all health measures were examined for total sample, urban and rural subsamples using bivariate regression and multiple adjusted regression models. Posthoc analyses included different LSA-D scoring methods for each region. All parameters were estimated using non-parametric bootstrapping procedure.ResultsIn the multiple adjusted model for the total sample, number of ADL/iADL limitations (β=-.26; 95%CI=-.42/-.08), TUG (β=-.37; 95%CI=-.68/-.14), living in shared living arrangements (β=.22; 95%CI=.01/.44) and history of falls in the past 6 months (β=-.22; 95%CI=-.41/-.05) showed significant associations with the LSA-D composite score, while living in urban area (β=-.19; 95%CI=-.42/.03) and male gender (β=.15; 95%CI=-.04/.35) were not significant.ConclusionThe LSA-D is a valid tool for measuring life-space mobility in German community-dwelling older adults within the past four weeks in ambulant urban and rural settings.Trial registration numberDRKS00019023Strengths and limitations of this studyGerman validation of the original UAB Life-Space Assessment (LSA-D) for community dwelling older adults in urban and rural settingsUsing bootstrapped bivariate and multiple adjusted regression models to attain construct validity of the LSA-DRecruitment had to be stopped shortly before reaching the calculated sample size due to the decision to restrict in face-to-face research to contain the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in March 2020

scholarly journals CODIS STR LOCI (CSF1PO, THOI, TPOX, vWA) GENETIC VARIATION ANALYSIS IN MADURESE

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ahmad Yudianto ◽  
Agung Sosiawan ◽  
Nola Margaret
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Past History ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Genetic Variations ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
Coordination And Collaboration

Endogamy continues to occur among the Madurese people in rural areas of the island of Madura, especially those areas of the smallest islands around the mainland of Madura. Endogamy as seen from a genetic standpoint will increase the frequency of homozygote genotypes. With regard to genetic variations, STRs of nuclear DNA and polymorphisms in mtDNA are frequently examined. Genetic variations in human undergo an evolutionary process through the accumulation of changes in DNA sequence, i.e. through the process of nucleotide substitutions that evolves in number with the directional development of lineage. So far, the genetic variations among the populations in Madura Island have not been known. The present study was an observational analytical research with the purpose of determining the genetic variations in STR CODIS in the populations of Madura Island. Results indicated that, based on loci alelle: CSF1PO, THOI, TPOX, and vWA, there was homozygote genotypes. The allele variations is not specific for Madurese ethnic but this variations may represent married model in Madurese ethnic. According to Mustama (2007), a gene pool is not only a collection of genes but a dynamic system organized and containing the past history of a population. Any genetic information has certain historical, anthropological and statistical aspects necessitating an interdisciplinary coordination and collaboration.

scholarly journals Leszczyński zaryzykował syntezę historiograficzną – proludową, antyelitarną, daleką od „polityki historycznej”

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-198
Author(s):  
Marcin Kula
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Work Status ◽  
The Past ◽  
Peasant Movements ◽  
The Poor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entire History ◽  
Popular Classes

Adam Leszczyński’s book Ludowa historia Polski. Historia wyzysku i oporu. Mitologia panowania (2020) [A People’s History of Poland: A Story of Exploitation and Resistance – the Mythology of Ruling] contains a historiosophical vision and covers the entire history of Poland in a manner that has not been seen in academic Polish historiography for years. Leszczyński focuses on analyzing the history of the popular classes. He describes this peasant nation and its work, status, and living conditions, along with the poor state of the countryside; he writes of the humiliating treatment of the peasants in the interwar period, and about popular behavior and revolts, first, for example, in the form of flight from the manor, then in the development of socialist, national, or peasant movements, and later as revolts in rural areas in the interwar period and opposition to collectivization in the People’s Republic of Poland. Leszczyński shows that in the past the peasants had no interest in working well. He presents the working conditions in factories in the early period of industrialization and the emerging conflicts. The author of the essay considers that the facts and phenomena in the history of the peasants presented by Leszczyński may be a good starting and reference point for analyses of very different matters in historiography and in contemporary research. He appreciates Leszczyński’s wide-ranging, anti-elite, and pro-people synthesis.

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