scholarly journals Comparison of Fuel Yield of Biomaterials Between Fast Pyrolysis and Gasification

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 2-16
Author(s):  
Matthew Charles Stokes Hughes ◽  
Lachlan Mcfall ◽  
Matthew Christiansen ◽  
Nicholas Zepernick
Keyword(s):  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Primary Methods ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Cotton Stalks ◽  
Lower Heating Value ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Viable Method ◽  
Lower Heating ◽  
The Ideal

Pyrolysis is a viable method of extracting combustible fuels as gases or liquids from various, high carbon and hydrogen containing biomaterials. This Meta-study attempts to find the ideal combinations of processes for maximising biofuel output by comparing a range of biomaterials (cotton stalks, algae and peach scraps), put through the two primary methods of pyrolysis, through analysis of reactor type, Temperature, particle size and lower heating value achieved from biofuel output. It is proposed that the fast pyrolysis of Algae in a Fluidized bed reactor at a temperature of 550°C is the optimum combination of parameters for maximising biofuel output in terms of bio-oil yield and lower heating value (LHV) in kJ/kg.

scholarly journals Simulation of Cotton Stalks for Syngas Generation Using CO2 and Air as Gasifying Agents

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-379
Author(s):  
Ghulamullah Maitlo ◽  
Rasool Bux Mahar ◽  
Khan Mohammad Brohi
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Gasification ◽  
Cotton Stalk ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Entrained Flow ◽  
Cold Gas Efficiency ◽  
Cotton Stalks ◽  
Lower Heating Value ◽  
Entrained Flow Gasifier ◽  
Gas Efficiency ◽  
Lower Heating

Gasification of coal and biomass using CO2 and air mixture as a carrier gas offers an encouraging way to eliminate the shortage of energy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. In the present study, the EulerianLagrangian approach was applied to understand the thermochemical conversion behavior of feedstock in entrained flow gasifier. Commercial CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) code ANSYS FLUENT®14 was used for the simulation purpose. It was observed that with variation in the CO2 in the air and the CO2 to cotton stalk ratio had a meaningful effect on gasification performance. The different ratios of air and CO2 in varying percentages such as 20% CO2, 30% CO2, 40% CO2, 50% CO2, 60% CO2, 70% CO2 and remaining percentages of air were introduced in entrained flow gasifier. With the increase in CO2 to cotton stalk ratio, the concentration of H2 and CO2 decreased whereas as the concentration of CO improved. It is revealed that mole fraction of CO and CH4 attained maximum when CO2% in the air was 50% and H2 mole fraction was observed maximum at a CO2% in the air was 30%. At 50% CO2 mixture in air, the maximum lower heating value and cold gas efficiency were observed. Therefore, the optimum situation might be 50% percentage CO2 in the gasifying agent for this entrained flow gasifier. Hence an increase in CO and H2, the cold gas efficiency and lower heating value reached the maximum. However, this study provides an appropriate route for energy production using cotton stalks as raw material and will help in designing and operation of the entrained flow reactor. The simulations indicate the thermodynamic limits of gasification and allow for the formulation of the general principles ruling this process. Moreover, no literature is available for the parametric investigations of Pakistani biomass gasification using entrained-flow gasifier. So this is a novel work for Pakistan and will be treated as foundation work for biomass gasification in the country.

scholarly journals Combustion Study of Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers and Diesel Blend Fuels on an Optical Engine

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4608
Author(s):  
Jingjing He ◽  
Hao Chen ◽  
Xin Su ◽  
Bin Xie ◽  
Quanwei Li
Keyword(s):  
Soot Formation ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Optical Engine ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Combustion Duration ◽  
Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers ◽  
Lower Heating Value ◽  
Lower Heating

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE) are a newly appeared promising oxygenated alternative that can greatly reduce soot emissions of diesel engines. The combustion characteristics of the PODE and diesel blends (the blending ratios of PODE are 0%, 20%, 50% and 100% by volume, respectively) are investigated based on an optical engine under the injection timings of 6, 9, 12 and 15-degree crank angles before top dead center and injection pressures of 100 MPa, 120 MPa and 140 MPa in this study. The results show that both the ignition delay and combustion duration of the fuels decrease with the increasing of PODE ratio in the blends. However, in the case of the fuel supply of the optical engine being fixed, the heat release rate, cylinder pressure and temperature of the blend fuels decrease with the PODE addition due to the low lower heating value of PODE. The addition of PODE in diesel can significantly reduce the integrated natural flame luminosity and the soot formation under all injection conditions. When the proportion of the PODE addition is 50% and 100%, the chemical properties of the blends play a leading role in soot formation, while the change of the injection conditions have an inconspicuous effect on it. When the proportion of the PODE addition is 20%, the blend shows excellent characteristics in a comprehensive evaluation of combustion and soot reduction.

Biodiesel Effects on Influencing Parameters of Brake Fuel Conversion Efficiency in a Medium Duty Diesel Engine

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua A. Bittle ◽  
Jesse K. Younger ◽  
Timothy J. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Mass Energy ◽  
Fuel Conversion ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Lower Heating Value ◽  
Lower Heating

Biodiesel remains an alternative fuel of interest for use in diesel engines. A common characteristic of biodiesel, relative to petroleum diesel, is a lowered heating value (or per mass energy content of the fuel). For same torque engine comparisons, the lower heating value translates into a higher brake specific fuel consumption (amount of fuel consumed per unit of power produced). The efficiency at which fuel energy converts into work energy, however, may remain unchanged. In this experimental study, evaluating nine unique engine operating conditions, the brake fuel conversion efficiency (an assessor of fuel energy to work energy efficiency) remains unchanged between 100% petroleum diesel fuel and 100% biodiesel fuel (palm olein) at all conditions, except for high load conditions. Several parameters may affect the brake fuel conversion efficiency, including heat loss, mixture properties, pumping work, friction, combustion efficiency, and combustion timing. This article describes a study that evaluates how the aforementioned parameters may change with the use of biodiesel and petroleum diesel, and how these parameters may result in differences in the brake fuel conversion efficiency.

scholarly journals Lower Heating Value of Jet Fuel from Hydrocarbon Class Concentration Data and Thermo-Chemical Reference Data: An Uncertainty Quantification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall Boehm ◽  
Zhibin Yang ◽  
David Bell ◽  
John Feldhausen ◽  
Joshua Heyne
Keyword(s):  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Confidence Bands ◽  
Heats Of Formation ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Lower Heating Value ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
Value Net ◽  
Lower Heating

A detailed assessment is presented on the calculation and uncertainty of the lower heating value (net heat of combustion) of conventional and sustainable aviation fuels, from hydrocarbon class concentration measurements, reference molecular heats of formation, and the uncertainties of these reference heats of formation. Calculations using this paper’s method and estimations using ASTM D3338 are reported for 17 fuels of diverse compositions and compared against reported ASTM D4809 measurements. All the calculations made by this method and the reported ASTM D4809 measurements agree (i.e., within 95% confidence intervals). The 95% confidence interval of the lower heating value of fuel candidates that are comprised entirely of normal- and iso-alkanes is less than 0.1 MJ/kg by the method described here, while high cyclo-alkane content leads to 95% confidence bands that approach 0.2 MJ/kg. Taking a possible bias into account, the accuracy and precision of the method described in this work could be as high as 0.23 MJ/kg for some samples.

scholarly journals The Technological Investigations Of Manufacturing Of Energy Chips

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Ziedonis Miklašēvičs
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Lower Heating Value ◽  
Term Storage ◽  
Lower Heating

The methodology in Latvia forest industry provide to determine the quality of energy chips only in long- term storage places before selling. Due to the lack of hard empirical data about the quality parameters of energy chips in different phases of manufacturing process, this research paper consists of: - the identification and analyses of the factors that influenced the values of energy chips quality features such as: bulk density, moisture content, ash content, higher and lower heating value according to actual moisture content and per dry mass of the chips; - the methodology for determination the quality parameters of energy chips by analysis the wood moisture content and by choice the method of the manufacturing of energy chips.

scholarly journals BIO-OIL FROM RUBBER WOOD: EFFECTS OF UPGRADING CONDITIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 604
Author(s):  
Hong Nam Nguyen ◽  
Bùi Văn Đức ◽  
Ngoc Linh Vu ◽  
Hong Nam Nguyen ◽  
Thi Thu Ha Vu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Product Quality ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Rubber Wood ◽  
Bio Oil

Despite its prominent potential, the use of rubber wood (Hevea brasiliensis) for bio-oil production has not been fully investigated. This study reported experimental results of the bio-oil production and upgrading from rubber wood using fast pyrolysis technology. The effects of catalyst nature (vermiculite and dolomite), upgrading temperature and bio-oil/catalyst ratio on the product quality were deeply investigated. The results showed that dolomite was suitable to be used as a catalyst for bio-oil upgrading. At 600 °C and a bio-oil/catalyst ratio of 1:1, the bio-oil yield was maximized, while at 400 °C and a ratio of 1:3, the bio-oil heating value was maximized. Depending on usage purposes, a yield-oriented, heating value-oriented or in-between bio-oil upgrading solution could be considered.

scholarly journals Batch pyrolysis of cotton stalks for evaluation of biochar energy potential

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 00001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafat Al Afif ◽  
S. Sean Anayah ◽  
Christoph Pfeifer
Keyword(s):  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Mass Energy ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Cotton Stalks ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Selection Of

The thermal cracking of cotton stalks (CS) via pyrolysis was performed using a laboratory scale batch pyrolysis reactor. The effects of the final pyrolysis temperature varying from 300 to 800°C on the pyrolysis products distribution has been investigated. The maximum biochar yield of 46.5% was obtained at 400°C. As the pyrolysis process temperature increased, the solid char product yield decreased. The lowest biochar yield of 28% was obtained at 800°C. The largest higher heating value (HHV, 25.845 MJ kg-1) was obtained at 600°C. All biochar samples produced between 500 and 700°C had an energy densification ratio of 1.41, indicating a higher mass-energy density than the initial feedstock. A larger share of syngas and bio-oil were produced at higher temperatures, as estimated. Preferential selection of a char based on the energy yield would lead to a selection of the 400°C product, while selection based on the energy densification ratio would be for a product obtained between 500 to 700°C.

scholarly journals EXERGY-BASED INVESTIGATION OF A COAL-FIRED ALLAM CYCLE

2019 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 01018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Luo ◽  
Ogechi Emelogu ◽  
Tatiana Morosuk ◽  
George Tsatsaronis
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Coal Gasification ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Cycle Performance ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Component Level ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Lower Heating Value ◽  
Lower Heating

Allam cycle is a novel cycle that capitalizes on the unique thermodynamic properties of supercritical CO2 and the advantages of oxy-combustion for power generation. It is a high-pressure supercritical carbon dioxide cycle designed to combust fossil fuels such as natural gas or syngas (from coal gasification systems) with complete CO2 separation at a high-efficiency and zero atmospheric emissions. This semi-closed cycle produces sequestration-ready/pipeline quality CO2 by-product, and thus eliminates the need for additional CO2-capture system. The Coal-fueled Allam cycle is targeted to deliver between 51-52% net efficiency (lower heating value) for coal gasification. In this study, the expected energetic efficiency is verified by simulating the system in Ebsilon professional software and the result showed that the net efficiency of the simulated coal-fired plant is 30.7%, which is significantly lower than the targeted value. The lower efficiency maybe as a result of the missing heat integration in the system, the high power demand of the oxidant compressor and CO2 compressors. And an exergy analysis based on published cycle data is employed, to investigate the cycle performance, identify the sources of the cycle’s thermodynamic inefficiencies at the component level; a sensitivity analysis is also performed to study the effects of selected thermodynamic parameters on the overall performance of the coal-fired Allam cycle.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Regeneration of Nickel-Based Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Beech Wood Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil

Catalysts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Carriel Schmitt ◽  
María Gagliardi Reolon ◽  
Michael Zimmermann ◽  
Klaus Raffelt ◽  
Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Nickel Catalysts ◽  
Wet Impregnation ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Gas Formation ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Temperature Selectivity

Four nickel-based catalysts are synthesized by wet impregnation and evaluated for the hydrotreatment/hydrodeoxygenation of beech wood fast-pyrolysis bio-oil. Parameters such as elemental analysis, pH value, and water content, as well as the heating value of the upgraded bio-oils are considered for the evaluation of the catalysts’ activity and catalyst reuse in cycles of hydrodeoxygenation after regeneration. The reduction temperature, selectivity and hydrogen consumption are distinct among them, although all catalysts tested produce upgraded bio-oils with reduced oxygen concentration, lower water content and higher energy density. Ni/SiO2, in particular, can remove more than 50% of the oxygen content and reduce the water content by more than 80%, with low coke and gas formation. The evaluation over four consecutive hydrotreatment reactions and catalyst regeneration shows a slightly reduced hydrodeoxygenation activity of Ni/SiO2, mainly due to deactivation caused by sintering and adsorption of poisoning substances, such as sulfur. Following the fourth catalyst reuse, the upgraded bio-oil shows 43% less oxygen in comparison to the feedstock and properties comparable to the upgraded bio-oil obtained with the fresh catalyst. Hence, nickel-based catalysts are promising for improving hardwood fast-pyrolysis bio-oil properties, especially monometallic nickel catalysts supported on silica.

Industrial Process Description for the Recovery of Agricultural Water From Digestate

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Halina Pawlak-Kruczek ◽  
Agnieszka Urbanowska ◽  
Weihong Yang ◽  
Gerrit Brem ◽  
Aneta Magdziarz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Lower Heating Value ◽  
Lower Heating

Abstract Currently, the reclamation and reuse of water have not reached their full potential, although more energy is needed to obtain and transport freshwater and this solution has a more serious environmental impact. Agricultural irrigation is, by far, the largest application of reclaimed water worldwide, so the proposed concept may result in the production of water that can be used, among others, for crop irrigation. This paper describes a novel installation for the recovery of the agricultural water from the digestate, along with the results of initial experiments. Currently, water is wasted, due to evaporation, in anaerobic digestion plants, as the effluent from dewatering of the digestate is discharged into lagoons. Moreover, water that stays within the interstitial space of the digestate is lost in a similar fashion. With increasing scarcity of water in rural areas, such waste should not be neglected. The study indicates that hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) enhances mechanical dewatering of the agricultural digestate and approximately 900 L of water can be recovered from one ton. Dewatered hydrochars had a lower heating value of almost 10 MJ/kg, indicating the possibility of using it as a fuel for the process. The aim of this Design Innovation Paper is to outline the newly developed concept of an installation that could enable recovery of water from, so far, the neglected resource—i.e., digestate from anaerobic digestion plants.

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