scholarly journals The construction, development and evaluation of a portable ferro- precipitator

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ivan Sunjka
Keyword(s):  
Particle Morphology ◽  
Wear Particle ◽  
Particle Analysis ◽  
Spectrometric Method ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Wear Particles ◽  
Engine Test ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
The Cost

This dissertation is concerned with the construction of the locally developed Ferro-precipitator which can be utilised outside a laboratory environment. The American developed Ferrograph machine, besides being expensive (R42 000 + GST in 1984), can only be used inside a dust free, temperature controlled room. As lubricants in machinery moving parts play an important role in their performance and durability many methods of evaluating the health of machines have been devised, but none by themselves can give a complete picture of what is happening inside the machine. Various methods of oil analysis have been studied in this dissertation for comparison and/or complementary purposes, so as to establish the role of the Ferro-precipitator in the context mentioned. Spectrometric, Debris and Radio Tracer methods are based on quantitative aspects of wear particle analysis, whereas the Magnetic Plug method shows visibly large wear particles in the very high wear pattern range. A further aspect to consider is the fact that the Spectrometric analysis method, which is the most common and comprehensive method available in South Africa, is laboratory orientated. This means that an oil sample has to be taken from a machine and then sent to a laboatory for analysis. Besides being time consuming from the time the samples are taken to the time when the results are known, the Spectrometric analysis method is also very expensive. The Ferro-precipitator that has been developed, is sensitive to particle size and to the rate at which these particles are generated. This is due to the phenomenon that a varying magnetic field strength will attract different size ferrous particles accordingly. This concept was validated by manufacturing ferrous particles of various sizes, firstly by grinding and secondly by sieving. These particles, in both cases, were passed through the Ferro-precipitator in a medium of oil, and graphs of density versus distance along the slide were plotted. The graphs showed distinct variations between particle sizes. The manufactured particles were also statistically evaluated by establishing the correlation between the machined and/or the sieved particles to the optically measured particles. The sensitivity of the Ferro-precipitator was further demonstrated by comparing results obtained from an engine test carried out under controlled conditions using the Spectrometric method. If developed further, the Ferro-precipitator .could, be used in the field, which would eliminate the time lost due to samples being sent ot a laboratory. Also the cost of the machine would be a fraction of the price of the Ferrograph and/or the Spectrometer. An in-depth study of particle morphology can be carried out on the wear particles deposited on the slide, with the aid of a Scanning Electron microscope using its X-Ray attachment. The potential for such a study was demonstrated on the engine test performed for this dissertation.

Monitoring of Wear Particles during Running-In Diesel Engines of Tractors

2014 ◽  
Vol 1030-1032 ◽  
pp. 1206-1209
Author(s):  
Vladimír Hönig ◽  
Štěpánka Horníčková ◽  
Matyáš Orsák
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Particle Analysis ◽  
Wear Particles ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Experimental Part ◽  
Significant Period ◽  
Specific Individual ◽  
Individual Particles

The process of running-in machines is a significant period of operation of the machine. This is not uniform in material but also in terms of time. The article describes a specific individual storylines that just in the context of the run-run. It also describes the composition of individual particles that arise during this period, describing their size, morphology and diversity against the regime after running-in machines. The experimental part deals with the particle analysis method ferrography as a non-invasive technique. For analyzes were 3 tractor machines, which have been collected and assessed primarily levels and intensity of wear of individual samples taken from 0 to 15 mh. Were subsequently analyzed the running-in modes of individual machines and designed tribological verdicts.

Expert-Free Wear Particle Morphology Analysis (Keynote)

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Stachowiak
Keyword(s):  
Condition Monitoring ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Particle Morphology ◽  
Wear Particle ◽  
Particle Analysis ◽  
Machine Condition ◽  
Wear Particle Analysis ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
Machine Condition Monitoring ◽  
Morphology Analysis

Since the early 1970s wear particles have been used as indicators of the health status of industrial machinery. Their quantity, size and morphology was utilized in machine condition monitoring to diagnose and predict the likelihood or the cause of machine failure. In particular, the wear particle morphology was found useful as it contains the vast wealth of information about the wear processes involved in particle formation, and the wear severity. However, the application of wear particle morphology analysis in machine condition monitoring has limitations. This is due to the fact that the process largely depends on the experience of the technicians conducting the analysis. Research efforts are therefore directed towards making the whole wear particle analysis process experts-free, i.e. automated. To achieve that a detailed database of wear particle morphologies, generated under different operating conditions and with different materials for sliding pairs, must be assembled. Next, the reliable and accurate methods allowing for the description of 3-D wear particle morphology must be found. Multiscale and nonstationary characteristics of wear particle surface topographies must be accounted for. Finally, a reliable wear particle classification system must be developed. This classification system must be reliable and robust hence the selection of appropriate classifiers becomes a critical issue. It is hoped that the system, once fully developed, would eliminate the need for experts in wear particle analysis and make the whole analysis process less time consuming, cheaper and more reliable. In this presentation it is shown how the problems leading towards the development of such system are gradually overcome. Also, the recent advances towards the development of expert-free wear particle morphology system for the application in machine condition monitoring are presented.

Wear Particle Characterization and Severity Evaluation of Perodua Myvi 1.3L Automatic Transmission (AT) Fluid

2013 ◽  
Vol 393 ◽  
pp. 913-918
Author(s):  
Syazuan Abdul Latip ◽  
Salmiah Kasolang ◽  
Siti Khadijah Alias ◽  
Amirul Abd Rashid ◽  
Abdul Hakim Abdullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Automatic Transmission ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Wear Particle ◽  
Wear Behaviour ◽  
Particle Analysis ◽  
Wear Particles ◽  
Wear Particle Analysis ◽  
Roughness Analysis ◽  
Operating Distance

s. This paper investigates the characteristic and severity level of both wear and wear particles occurred in Perodua MyVi 1300cc automatic transmission (AT) mechanism via wear particle analysis approach. The analyses deployed were based on ferrographic and surface roughness analysis. The work of analysis strictly conducted on automatic transmission fluid (ATF) Perodua original equipment manufacturer (OEM) (ATF-3) series via continuous endurance dynamometer basis at the operating speed of 3000rpm. The operating mileage tested ranged from 0km up to 10,000km maximum operating distance. The wear particle generated at each operating mileage of 1,500km, 3,000km, 4,500km, 7,000km and 10,000km was accordingly analyzed morphologically and qualitatively. Ferrographic analysis is by principal has been recognized as one of the most reliable analysis incorporated with wear particle analysis (WPA) concern [1]. In concern of this study, it is applied to examine the morphology, mode and characteristic of wear particles generated. The surface roughness analysis meanwhile conducted to qualitatively evaluate and predict the wear condition of components within the AT mechanism via qualitative surface texture analysis of the wear particles. The outcome from the investigation done on the wear particles surface characteristics could interpret the wear behaviour and progress (stage/phase) as the surface characteristics of the wear particles do depict the surface characteristics of the wear components [2, 3].

Quantitative wear particle analysis for osteoarthritis assessment

2017 ◽  
Vol 231 (12) ◽  
pp. 1116-1126
Author(s):  
Meizhai Guo ◽  
Megan S Lord ◽  
Zhongxiao Peng
Keyword(s):  
Wear Debris ◽  
Wear Particle ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Cartilage Degradation ◽  
Degenerative Joint Disease ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Particle Analysis ◽  
Wear Particles ◽  
Wear Particle Analysis ◽  
Invasive Method

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that affects millions of people worldwide. The aims of this study were (1) to quantitatively characterise the boundary and surface features of wear particles present in the synovial fluid of patients, (2) to select key numerical parameters that describe distinctive particle features and enable osteoarthritis assessment and (3) to develop a model to assess osteoarthritis conditions using comprehensive wear debris information. Discriminant analysis was used to statistically group particles based on differences in their numerical parameters. The analysis methods agreed with the clinical osteoarthritis grades in 63%, 50% and 61% of particles for no osteoarthritis, mild osteoarthritis and severe osteoarthritis, respectively. This study has revealed particle features specific to different osteoarthritis grades and provided further understanding of the cartilage degradation process through wear particle analysis – the technique that has the potential to be developed as an objective and minimally invasive method for osteoarthritis diagnosis.

scholarly journals Quantitative Measuring Analysis Method and Mechanism of Wear Particle Settlement

2021 ◽  
Vol 252 ◽  
pp. 03037
Author(s):  
Kaituo Zhang ◽  
Zhiyong Lv
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Magnetic Induction ◽  
Wear Particle ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Precipitation Process ◽  
Wear Particles ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Abrasive Particles ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Precipitation Analysis

The size and distribution of wear particle in lubricating oil, as important numerical information available in ferrography, is one of the key indexes in wear diagnosis. In this paper, a new method for measuring the size and distribution of abrasive particles is proposed. First, all the abrasive fluid is left standing until all the abrasive particles are precipitated to the bottom. Then, the measuring container is inverted and the whole precipitation process of abrasive particles is recorded by magnetic induction instrument. And according to the precipitation analysis of the wear particle, the following results were obtained:1) At the initial stage of the particle settlement, the gravity, the buoyancy and the drag force of the oil achieve balance quickly, the time and distance of the wear particle moving at a constant velocity can be neglected. 2) The settling velocity is related to the diameter and specific gravity of the wear particle as well as the specific gravity and viscosity of the oil, the distribution of the wear particle is proportional to the square of the diameter of the particle, using the magnetic induction technology, the distribution of particle can be measured by settling time for different sizes of wear particles. 3) Measure the wear particle oil directly, there are different sizes of particles settlement in the bottom at the same time, which causes the difficulty in identifying the size of the particle settlement. The particle should be settled first, and then inverted, settling the particle in accordance with the order from large to small, which facilitates the measurement of different sizes of the particles, different times correspond to different sizes of the particles. 4) The bigger the particle is, the more accurate the measurement and counting is, the smaller the particle is, the bigger the error is.

Wear Particle Analysis, the Result of Tribological Phenomena of Biomaterials Couplings-Ultra Hight Molecular Weight Polyethylene and Magnesium Aluminosilicate Ceramic

2014 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. 226-230
Author(s):  
Ciprian Stamate ◽  
Corneliu Munteanu ◽  
Monica Cretan Stamate
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Wear Particle ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Particle Analysis ◽  
Wear Particles ◽  
Wear Particle Analysis ◽  
Biomaterial Surfaces ◽  
Circular Surface ◽  
Metal Polymer

Joint prosthesis involves the combination in the form of friction couplings of the different materials such as two metals, metal-polymer and polymer-ceramic. This paper aims to analyze the wear particles produced from the friction between two biomaterials: ultra hight molecular weight polyethylene( uhmwpe ) and magnesium aluminosilicate ceramic. To obtain the wear particles using a tribometer cetr umt-2 type that can reproduce the wear phenomena of different biomaterials in different humidity conditions and at various speeds of movement. The tests were performed in dry and lubricated friction conditions using saline solution, the best imitating biological conditions. The movement is similar to the friction torques of the hip joint: a semicircular motion of the polymer piece on the circular surface of the ceramic piece. Movement speed chosen is 0.25 m/s. Wear particles obtained were isolated from biomaterial surfaces and studied using scanning electron microscope. The images obtained are analyzed, particle's dimensions are extracted and then imported into autocad can provide information about the shape, size and surface of the particles. In light of these facts, we can say the inflammatory risk of biomaterial particles. In conclusion, the biomaterial particles are very small and the inflammatory rick is reducing to minimum in lubricated conditions.

Vitamin E-infused highly cross-linked polyethylene did not reduce the number of in vivo wear particles in total knee arthroplasty

2020 ◽  
Vol 102-B (11) ◽  
pp. 1527-1534
Author(s):  
Kumi Orita ◽  
Yukihide Minoda ◽  
Ryo Sugama ◽  
Yoichi Ohta ◽  
Hideki Ueyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Polyethylene Wear ◽  
Wear Particle ◽  
Particle Analysis ◽  
Wear Particles ◽  
Wear Particle Analysis ◽  
Total Knee

Aims Vitamin E-infused highly cross-linked polyethylene (E1) has recently been introduced in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). An in vitro wear simulator study showed that E1 reduced polyethylene wear. However there is no published information regarding in vivo wear. Previous reports suggest that newly introduced materials which reduce in vitro polyethylene wear do not necessarily reduce in vivo polyethylene wear. To assist in the evaluation of the newly introduced material before widespread use, we established an in vivo polyethylene wear particle analysis for TKA. The aim of this study was to compare in vivo polyethylene wear particle generation between E1 and conventional polyethylene (ArCom) in TKA. Methods A total of 34 knees undergoing TKA (17 each with ArCom or E1) were investigated. Except for the polyethylene insert material, the prostheses used for both groups were identical. Synovial fluid was obtained at a mean of 3.4 years (SD 1.3) postoperatively. The in vivo polyethylene wear particles were isolated from the synovial fluid using a previously validated method and examined by scanning electron microscopy. Results The total number of polyethylene wear particles obtained from the knees with E1 (mean 6.9, SD 4.0 × 107 counts/knee) was greater than that obtained from those with ArCom (mean 2.2, SD 2.6 × 107 counts/knee) (p = 0.001). The particle size (equivalent circle of diameter) from the knees with E1 was smaller (mean 0.5 μm, SD 0.1) than that of knees with ArCom (mean 1.5, SD 0.3 μm) (p = 0.001). The aspect ratio of particles from the knees with E1 (mean 1.3, SD 0.1) was smaller than that with ArCom (mean 1.4, SD 0.1) (p < 0.001 ). Conclusion This is the first report of in vivo wear particle analysis of E1. E1 polyethylene did not reduce the number of in vivo polyethylene wear particles compared with ArCom in early clinical stage. Further careful follow-up of newly introduced E1 for TKA should be carried out. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(11):1527–1534.

Oil condition monitoring for HEMM – a case study

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 718-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashwani Kumar ◽  
Subrata Kumar Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Condition Monitoring ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Iron Alloy ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Wear Particle ◽  
Particle Analysis ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Wear Particles ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The paper aims to monitor the condition of heavy Earth-moving machines (HEMMs) used in open cast mines by lube oil analysis. Design/methodology/approach Oil samples at periodic interval were collected from the HEMM engine (Model No: BEML BH50M). Ferrography and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy have been used for the wear particle analysis present in oil samples. Viscosity analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy have been done to investigate the degradation in quality and changes as compared to the initial structural properties of the lubricants. Findings The results obtained indicates wear in cylinder liner and piston ring. Copper, cast iron, alloy steel and ferrous oxide have been found as rubbing wear particles and cutting wear particles. Contamination level has also been found to be increasing in consecutive older oil samples. Chemical properties degraded with usage time and variations in oxidation and soot level have also been observed in every sample. Practical implications The results will be very much useful to maintenance teams of mining industry for early prediction of any impending failure of the machines, for example, diesel dilution, severe wear of the piston or cylinder liner leading to seizure can be predicted. Originality/value The HEMMs are an important piece of equipment in coal mining. Proper condition monitoring of HEMM is required to reduce the break down and down time to increase production.

Application of numerical descriptors to the characterization of wear particles obtained from joint replacements

1997 ◽  
Vol 211 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
G W Stachowiak ◽  
G B Stachowiak ◽  
P Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Hip Prosthesis ◽  
Knee Prosthesis ◽  
Particle Morphology ◽  
Wear Particle ◽  
Wear Particles ◽  
Joint Replacements ◽  
Particle Images ◽  
Ultra High Molecular Weight

The application of image analysis techniques to the characterization of wear particles from failed joint replacements has been described. Wear particles were extracted from periprosthetic tissues collected during revision surgery. Chemical digestive methods were used to separate the wear particles from the biological soft material. The particles isolated were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Digitized particle images were analysed on a Macintosh computer by a specially developed software and by the image analysis program ‘Prism’. The following numerical descriptors were used to characterize the particles: particle size, boundary fractal dimension and shape parameters such as form factor, roundness, convexity and aspect ratio. Elemental composition of the particles was determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Three selected types of wear particles were analysed and compared: titanium (Ti)-based and calcium (Ca)-based particles from a hip prosthesis and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) particles from a knee prosthesis. The particles exhibited significantly different sizes and their shape numerical descriptors were also different. From the results obtained it appears that computer image analysis of wear particle morphology can be employed to determine the wear processes occurring in the joints. In some cases, the condition of the joint can also be assessed based on this analysis.

Investigations in Abrasive Water Jet Erosion Based on Wear Particle Analysis

1996 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Momber ◽  
H. Kwak ◽  
R. Kovacevic
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Wear Particle ◽  
Particle Analysis ◽  
Wear Particles ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Efficiency Parameter ◽  
Grain Distribution ◽  
Pump Pressure ◽  
Semi Empirical

In the study, gray cast iron specimens are cut by abrasive water jets with pressures between p = 140 MPa and p = 345 MPa. Wear particles collected during cutting are analyzed based on average grain size and grain size distribution. The average diameter of the removed wear particles was found to be between D = 60 μm and D = 70 μm and drops with rising pump pressure. A semi-empirical model is developed to describe this relation. The grain distribution of the wear particles can be characterized by a Rosin-Rammler-Sperling (RRSB)-distribution. The surface area of the removed wear particle samples increases with an increase in the pump pressure. The progress drops at higher pressure levels indicating accelerated efficiency losses if the pump pressure exceeds a certain value. An efficiency parameter, Φ, is defined which relates the jet kinetic energy to the creation of the wear particles, and a method for its estimation is developed. It was found that the efficiency parameter exhibits a maximum value at a pressure level of about three times the material threshold pressure. The average efficiency parameter is estimated to φ = 0.02.

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