Forensic Engineering Review Of Safety Standards For Portable Metal Ladders

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles P. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
National Standards ◽  
Safety Factors ◽  
Safety Standard ◽  
Similar Nature ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Forensic Engineering ◽  
Buckling Failure ◽  
Serious Injuries

This Paper Will Discuss Some Of The Authors Concerns Regarding The Widely Recognized Industry Safety Standard Published By The American National Standards Institute (Ansi), Ansi A 14.2- 1990- Safety Requirements For Portable Metal Ladders. In This Experts Experience, And Based Upon Research Into Ladder Accidents, The Most Common Cause Of Fall From A Portable Metal Ladder Is The Buckling Failure Of One Of The .Side Rails. A Large Percentage Of Falls From A Portable Metal Ladders Are Attributed To The Sudden Buckling Failure Of One Of The Side Rails, Thereby Causing The User To Fall And Sustain Serious Injuries. Analysis Of The Cross-Section Of The Ladder Side Rails Reveals That The Design Criteria Spelled Out In The Industry Ladder Standards Falls Far Short Of The Safety Factors Commonly Applied To Other Structures Of A Similar Nature Which Are Designed By Mechanical, Structural, Civil And Aeronautical Engineers. Whereas The Commercially Available Metal Ladders Meet Or Exceed The Industry Standard, And Are Therefore Deemed To Be Safe By The Courts, A Thorough Analysis Of The Basis For The Standards Shows Several Inconsistencies And Deficiencies, Some Of Which Will Be Addressed In This Paper.

scholarly journals An ontology-based approach to support the certification of Safety-Critical Software Product Lines

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Bressan ◽  
Regina Braga ◽  
Fernanda Campos ◽  
André Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Safety Standard ◽  
Product Lines ◽  
Complex Product ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Safety Critical ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Safety Certification ◽  
Software Product ◽  
Specific Safety

Safety-critical Product Lines are required to demonstrate compliance with domain-specific safety standards. Different component configurations may require the inclusion or exclusion of certain features depending on their impact on safety. Additionally, variants may present distinct criticality levels which imply in different safety requirements during their development and evaluation. Some authors have proposed approaches to address safety certification taking into account SPL Engineering (SPLE) activities. Those can be however, labor intensive and impracticable when dealing with larger and complex product lines. In this paper, we propose an ontology-based approach to support safety engineers on identifying features and assets relevant for the deployment and certification of safety-critical product lines. The approach was evaluated, considering a realistic SPL from the aerospace domain and the DO-178C safety standard. As a result, the application of the proposed approach was proven to support the traceability of SPL requirements and certification levels, thus, reducing the complexity of the deployment of different component configurations.

scholarly journals Forensic Engineering Review And Analysis Of Ship Based Belt Conveyor Hazards

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Josephs
Keyword(s):  
National Standards ◽  
Belt Conveyor ◽  
Safety Standard ◽  
General Duty ◽  
History Of ◽  
Forensic Engineering ◽  
American Standard ◽  
American Society ◽  
Safety Considerations ◽  
Specific Section

The History Of Conveyor Systems Goes Back To Antiquity, Yet It Was Not Until 1947 That The American Society Of Mechanical Engineers Sponsored The First Standard Detailing Safety Considerations For Conveyor Systems. It Was Originally Published As American Standard (Now American National Standards Institute Ansi) B20.1-1947, Safety Standard For Conveyors, Cableways And Related Equipment. The Eleventh And Most Recent Issue Of This Ansi Standard Was Published In 2003. It Is Noteworthy That Osha Regulations Are Typically Based On The Relevant Ansi Standards. However, Osha To Date Has Not Adopted The Ansi Safety Standard For Conveyors, Even After Ansi Modified Its Format In Publishing Ansi B20.1-1976 To Agree With The Osha Standard Approach. Consequently, Osha Presently Has No Specific Section In Its Standards That Addresses Conveyor Safety. Therefore, Any Osha Violations Involving Conveyors Or Conveyor Systems Are Usually Cited Under The General Duty Clause.

scholarly journals MODERN SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (Part 2. Safety indicators of control systems)

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 8-18
Author(s):  
O. Levchenko ◽  
S. Kashtanov
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Equipment Management ◽  
Electronic Control ◽  
Industrial Equipment ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Iec 61508

Purpose: Analysis and determination of the main modern international safety requirements that must be met in the design, development and operation of industrial equipment management systems, as well as confirmation of the need for further improvement of the domestic regulatory framework in this area. Methodology/approach: Performed analysis of the requirements of modern international standards (IEC 62061 and IEC 61508) on the safety of electrical, electronic and programmable electronic control systems for industrial equipment and the existing sequence of protection against hazards; the algorithm of step-by-step realization of control systems and the basic features of the organization of their structures at the level of functional blocks and subsystems for maintenance of necessary level of completeness of functional safety are defined; the peculiarities of the process of design and development of each of the subsystems and the algorithm of its execution are analyzed; defined algorithms for estimating the probability of dangerous accidental hardware failures for the recommended basic architecture of subsystems (type A, B, C and D) and for the control system itself; provided recommendations on the composition of the specification of safety requirements in the design of control systems; reviewed software requirements. Conclusions: The analysis of the features of functioning and application of modern international safety standards, which must be observed in the design, development and operation of industrial equipment management systems convincingly confirms the relevance and need for further improvement of domestic regulations in this area. Research results:  Modern requirements for the organization of the control system structure at the level of functional units and subsystems to ensure the required level of completeness of functional safety of electrical, electronic and programmable electronic control systems for industrial equipment are determined, as well as features of application the of algorithms for estimating the probability of dangerous accidental failures of control systems and their subsystems. Practical implications: The development and implementation of relevant national standards based on IEC 62061 and IEC 61508 should accelerate the further development of technical progress in Ukraine in the field of industrial safety. Originality/value: Defining the main features of the functioning of modern international safety standards, which must be observed in the design, development and operation of industrial equipment control systems; Appropriate recommendations for their practical application are provided; Substantiated and confirmed the relevance and importance of the development of relevant harmonized national standards based on the standards IEC 62061 and IEC 61508.

Activation of emergency management at the Islamic university Gaza with proposed scenarios to reduce risks and crises | تفعيل إدارة الطوارئ بالجامعة الإسلامية بغزة: مع سيناريوهات مقترحة للحد من المخاطر والأزمات

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-166
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Management ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Human Element ◽  
Laboratory Facilities ◽  
Specialized Team ◽  
The University ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Safety Procedures

Emergency management is one of the priorities of the contemporary universities, because of the risks faced by the university work of academic and technical fields. This risk may be the result of the nature of the work done by the human element or of natural disasters or through the risks integrated between them. The study aimed to determine the availability of security and safety procedures in the Islamic University facilities in the Gaza, Palestine. Also, to prepare proposed scenarios for emergency management based on risk assumptions. The study used the descriptive and analytical methodologies of the situation in laboratory facilities and engineering workshops by using the interview tool with the emergency specialists in the safety and security committee. The most important results of the study were that the security and safety standards of the Islamic University are not directly defined by international, regional or national standards, but the necessary requirements are deducted from the University. Also, the risks that threaten the University include: fire risk, the risk of explosions, the risk of bombing, mechanical hazards and human hazards, where the risk of fire is most likely. The study recommended the need to form an emergency committee to include all faculties in the University and work to determine the responsibilities accurately, also prepare a guide to educate students and staff of the threats of risks at the Islamic University, and the formation of a specialized team to evacuate facilities and evacuate the special needs in the event of an emergency. Keywords: The Islamic University-Gaza, Emergency, Risk, Security and Safety, Emergency Response. --------------------------------------------- تعد إدارة الطوارئ من الأولويات لدى الجامعات المعاصرة؛ وذلك لما يتعرض له العمل الجامعي من مخاطر في المجالات الأكاديمية والفنية، وهذا الخطر قد يكون ناتجاً عن طبيعة العمل الذي يقوم به العنصر البشري أو من الكوارث الطبيعية أو من خلال المخاطر المدمجة بينها. هدفت الدراسة إلى تحديد مدى توافر إجراءات الأمن والسلامة في مرافق الجامعة الإسلامية بغزة، فلسطين، مع إعداد سيناريوهات مقترحة لإدارة الطوارئ في الجامعة الإسلامية بناءً على فرضيات الخطر. وتم استخدام المنهج الوصفي والمنهج التحليلي للوضع القائم في المرافق المخبرية والمشاغل الهندسية, وذلك من خلال استخدام أداة المقابلة مع المختصين في مجال الطوارئ في لجنة الأمن و السلامة. كانت أهم نتائج الدراسة أن معايير الأمن والسلامة المتبعة في الجامعة الإسلامية غير محددة بشكل مباشر من المعايير الدولية أو الإقليمية أو الوطنية، ولكن يتم استقطاع ما يلزم الجامعة منها، كذلك المخاطر التي تهدد الجامعة الإسلامية تشمل خطر الحريق، وخطر الانفجارات، وخطر القصف، والأخطار الميكانيكية, والمخاطر البشرية بحيث تعتبر مخاطر الحريق الأكثر احتمالاً. وقد أوصت الدراسة بضرورة تشكيل لجنة طوارئ تشمل كل الكليات في الجامعة, وتحديد المسئوليات بها بدقة، وإعداد دليل إرشادي معلن للتوعية الطلبة والعاملين من المخاطر التي تهدد الجامعة، وتشكيل فريق متخصص لإخلاء المرافق وإخلاء ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة في حالة حدوث طارئ. الكلمات المفتاحية: الجامعة الإسلامية بغزة، إدارة الطوارئ، المخاطر، الأمن والسلامة، الاستجابة للطوارئ.

scholarly journals A Forensic Engineering Investigation Of a Ladder Failure

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas A. Petrucci
Keyword(s):  
Load Capacity ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Shear Load ◽  
Improper Use ◽  
Forensic Engineering ◽  
Left Front ◽  
Engineering Investigation

A Worker (Plaintiff) Fell From A Step-Ladder And Was Injured. The Purpose Of The Forensic Engineering Investigation Was To Determine The Cause(S) Of The Incident, And In Particular, If The Incident Was Caused By A Ladder Defect. The Incident Ladder And A Representative Incident Scene Were Inspected. Various Discovery Documents And The Applicable American National Standards Institute (Ansi) Standard Were Reviewed. A Critique From The Opposing (Defendant) Expert Is Presented And Addressed. The Cause Of The Plaintiff Fall From The Ladder Was Determined To Be Its Sudden Instability Due To The Failure Of A Rivet That Secured The Top Cap To The Left-Front Rail. The Failed Rivet Was Not Recovered. Further Analysis Indicated That The Cause Of The Rivet Failure Was Its Defective Design Coupled With Its Reduction In Shear Load Capacity From Normal And Improper Use Of The Ladder. The Determination Of The Defective Design Of The Rivet Was Confirmed By Subsequent Design Improvements Of The Ladder. The Relevance Of The Analysis Performed Is Discussed. Various Noteworthy Points Are Presented For Consideration For Forensic Engineers Of Various Technical Disciplines.

scholarly journals Development of Standards for Hydrogen Safety

2020 ◽  
Vol 194 ◽  
pp. 02013
Author(s):  
Yanmei Yang ◽  
Haigang Xu ◽  
Ling Lin ◽  
Wei Bao ◽  
Bangqiang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Safety Standard ◽  
Iso Standards ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Standard Framework ◽  
Hydrogen Safety ◽  
General Safety

Safety standards are foundation for the deployment and development of hydrogen industry. In this paper, standards for hydrogen safety published by ISO, IEC and SAC are summarized and discussed. Standard framework of hydrogen safety is analysed. ISO standards are mainly focused on general safety standards and safety standards of hydrogen production. IEC standards are mainly focused on safety standards of fuel cell and fuel cell applications. China has basically established a safety standard framework for hydrogen industry. Safety standards for different stage of hydrogen industry are discussed and analysed. Suggestions of safety standards preparation for China are proposed.

scholarly journals Safety Standard for Special Class Damslopes Based on Reliability Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Lingzhi Huang ◽  
Zheng Si ◽  
Xiaoqi Du ◽  
Lifeng Wen ◽  
Bin Li
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Special Class ◽  
Slope Failure ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Safety Factors ◽  
Safety Standard ◽  
Risk Levels

The risk of slope failure is determined by the degree of damage caused by the slope slide. For the special-high slope of some high-risk water conservancy and hydropower projects, the standard should be appropriately raised. Thus, the safety standard for these slopes is explored on the basis of reliability analysis. The slopes with high risk of failure are divided into special class I and special class II slopes depending on the risk levels and acceptable risk standards. The concept of reliability theory-based relative ratio of the safety margin is utilized to establish the relationship between annual failure probability and safety factor, thereby obtaining the reasonable safety factors for different slopes. Results show that the values of safety factors for special class I and special class II are 1.40 and 1.35, respectively. These results can provide a reference for exploring the safety standards of dams with a height of more than 200 m.

Development Trends in Nuclear Technology and Related Safety Aspects

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kuczera ◽  
P. E. Juhn ◽  
K. Fukuda
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fuel Cycle ◽  
Nuclear Reactors ◽  
Nuclear Technology ◽  
User Requirements ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Fuel Cycles ◽  
High Level

The IAEA Safety Standards Series include, in a hierarchical manner, the categories of Safety Fundamentals, Safety Requirements and Safety Guides, which define the elements necessary to ensure the safety of nuclear installations. In the same way as nuclear technology and scientific knowledge advance continuously, also safety requirements may change with these advances. Therefore, in the framework of the International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO) one important aspect among others refers to user requirements on the safety of innovative nuclear installations, which may come into operation within the next fifty years. In this respect, the major objectives of the INPRO subtask “User Requirements and Nuclear Energy Development Criteria in the Area of Safety” have been: a. to overview existing national and international requirements in the safety area, b. to define high level user requirements in the area of safety of innovative nuclear technologies, c. to compile and to analyze existing innovative reactor and fuel cycle technology enhancement concepts and approaches intended to achieve a high degree of safety, and d. to identify the general areas of safety R&D needs for the establishment of these technologies. During the discussions it became evident that the application of the defence in depth strategy will continue to be the overriding approach for achieving the general safety objective in nuclear power plants and fuel cycle facilities, where the emphasis will be shifted from mitigation of accident consequences more towards prevention of accidents. In this context, four high level user requirements have been formulated for the safety of innovative nuclear reactors and fuel cycles. On this basis safety strategies for innovative reactor designs are highlighted in each of the five levels of defence in depth and specific requirements are discussed for the individual components of the fuel cycle.

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