scholarly journals Red Collections in Contemporary China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 71-90
Author(s):  
Emily Rebecca Williams
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Contemporary China ◽  
Revolutionary Era ◽  
Individual Object ◽  
Object Categories ◽  
Social Motivations ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Minimal Treatment ◽  
Propaganda Posters ◽  
Revolutionary Period

“Red Collecting” is a widespread phenomenon in contemporary China. It refers to the collecting of objects from the Chinese Communist Party’s history. Red Collecting has received only minimal treatment in English-language scholarly literature, much of which focuses on individual object categories (primarily propaganda posters and Chairman Mao badges) and overemphasises the importance of Cultural Revolution objects within the field. Because of this limited focus, the collectors’ motivations have been similarly circumscribed, described primarily in terms of either neo-Maoist nostalgia or the pursuit of profit. This article will seek to enhance this existing literature and, in doing so, offer a series of new directions for research. It makes two main arguments. First, that the breadth of objects incorporated within the field of Red Collecting is far broader than current literature has acknowledged. In particular, the importance of revolutionary-era (pre-1949) collections, as well as regional and rural collections is highlighted. Second, it argues that collectors are driven by a much broader range of motivations, including a variety of both individual and social motivations. Significantly, it is argued that collectors’ intentions and their understandings of the past do not always align; rather, very different understandings of China’s recent past find expression through Red Collecting. As such, it is suggested that Red Collecting constitutes an important part of contemporary China’s “red legacies,” one which highlights the diversity of memories and narratives of both the Mao era and the revolutionary period.   Image © Hou Feng

“Never to Be Forgotten”

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-51
Author(s):  
Gary L. Steward
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Political Resistance ◽  
Moral Legitimacy ◽  
Revolutionary Era ◽  
Colonial Resistance ◽  
Revolutionary Period ◽  
Stamp Act

This chapter explores the clergy’s doctrine of political resistance expressed during the Stamp Act crisis of 1765. The clergy’s justifications of political resistance as the Revolutionary-era troubles began emerged against the backdrop of clerical arguments for resistance articulated after the overthrow of Governor Edmund Andros in 1689. The memory of Andros, his tyrannical reign over New England, and the clergy’s resistance to him were evoked by the clergy during the Revolutionary era. This act of pre-Revolutionary resistance provides important context for understanding how the clergy themselves thought about the moral legitimacy of resisting one’s political authorities in the Revolutionary period. Colonial resistance to oppressive British agents was not a new or novel idea.

Atlantic Dimensions of the American Revolution: Imperial Priorities and the Portuguese Reaction to the North American Bid for Independence (1775-83)

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-285
Author(s):  
Timothy Walker
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
North American ◽  
Atlantic World ◽  
English Language ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Revolutionary Era ◽  
Stable Relationship ◽  
The North ◽  
Long Eighteenth Century ◽  
British Colonies

This article explains and contextualizes the reaction of the Portuguese monarchy and government to the rebellion and independence of the British colonies in North America. This reaction was a mixed one, shaped by the simultaneous but conflicting motivations of an economic interest in North American trade, an abhorrence on the part of the Portuguese Crown for democratic rebellion against monarchical authority and a fundamental requirement to maintain a stable relationship with long-time ally Great Britain. Although the Lisbon regime initially reacted very strongly against the Americans’ insurrection, later, under a new queen, the Portuguese moderated their position so as not to damage their long-term imperial political and economic interests. This article also examines the economic and political power context of the contemporary Atlantic World from the Portuguese perspective, and specifically outlines the multiple ties that existed between Portugal and the North American British colonies during the eighteenth century. The argument demonstrates that Portugal reacted according to demands created by its overseas empire: maximizing trading profits, manipulating the balance of power in Europe among nations with overseas colonies and discouraging the further spread of aspirations toward independence throughout the Americas, most notably to Portuguese-held Brazil. The Portuguese role as a fundamental player in the early modern Atlantic World is chronically underappreciated and understudied in modern English-language historiography. Despite the significance of Portugal as a trading partner to the American colonies, and despite the importance of the Portuguese Atlantic colonial system to British commercial and military interests in the eighteenth century, no scholarly treatment of this specific subject has ever appeared in the primary journals that regularly consider Atlantic World imperial power dynamics or the place of the incipient United States within them. This contribution, then, helps to fill an obvious gap in the historical literature of the long eighteenth century and the revolutionary era in the Americas.

The Second Decade

2009 ◽  
Vol 200 ◽  
pp. 895-896
Author(s):  
David C. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
International Association ◽  
Mao Zedong ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Contemporary China ◽  
English Language Journal ◽  
Spare Time ◽  
Great Scholar ◽  
Cultural Freedom

When I took over as the second editor, resigning from the British Diplomatic Service to do so and as an opportunity to work in my spare time on a PhD relating to modern China, The China Quarterly had already established itself as the leading English-language journal on contemporary China under its founder-editor, Rod MacFarquhar. Rod had done a superb job as the first editor and was moving on to play a role in British political life as a Member of Parliament and from thence to Harvard and academic distinction. The China Quarterly too was moving, from its earlier position as one of a group of journals funded by the International Association for Cultural Freedom, to coming under the wing of the newly established Contemporary China Institute at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in London. There, that great scholar on the life and political thought of Mao Zedong, Stuart Schram, had just been appointed Director.

The Future Conditional

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric S. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
English Language ◽  
Liaoning Province ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Contemporary China ◽  
Chinese Speakers ◽  
The Future ◽  
English Speaking

This book offers a nuanced discussion of the globalization of the English language and the widespread effects it has had on Shenyang, the capital and largest city of China's northeast Liaoning Province. Adopting an ethnographic and linguistic perspective, the book considers the personal connotations that English has for Chinese people, beyond its role in the education system. Through research on how English is spoken, taught, and studied in China, the book considers what the language itself means to Chinese speakers. How and why, the book asks, has English become so deeply fascinating in contemporary China, simultaneously existing as a source of desire and anxiety? The answer suggested is that English-speaking Chinese consider themselves distinctly separate from those who do not speak the language, the result of a cultural assumption that speaking English makes a person modern. Seeing language as a study that goes beyond the classroom, the book assesses the emerging viewpoint that, for many citizens, speaking English in China has become a cultural need—and, more immediately, a realization of one's future.

37). Indeed, rumour had it that one of them, En cas de bonheur, was nicknamed En cas de déprogrammation (In Case of Happiness/In Case of Cutting from the Schedules) (Pélégrin 1989: 37). The third and least powerful element in this force field is the British contribution to French TV serial fiction. As the French preference for the high(er) cultural mini-series might lead one to expect, British production is represented by BBC-style middle-brow costume dramas such as The Forsyte Saga, rather than by such soaps as Coronation Street or EastEnders, neither of which had been screened in France when Neighbours opened. This triangular force field of high-gloss prime-time American soaps and high(er) cultural French and British costume and psychological dramas afforded no familiar televisual footholds for a Neighbours. It landed in a limbo, possibly ahead of its time, but certainly lost in 1989. Whereas its register of the everyday proved readily assimilable to the British aesthetic discourse of social realism exemplified by such community-based soaps as Brookside, EastEnders, and even Coronation Street, such a discourse is in France found less in soaps than in quite another genre, the policier. Simultaneously, Neighbours fails to measure up to two key expectations of French television serial fiction: its psychological characterization with psychologically oriented mise-en-scène, and its polished, articulate dialog involving word-games and verbal topping (Bianchi 1990: 100–101). The second and third factors working against Neighbours’s French success are linguistic and to do with television imports. Both the unfamiliarities of the English language and of other Australian televisual product doubtless played their part in Neighbours’s failure in France. Linguistically, France is more chauvinist than such European countries as Holland, Belgium, and Germany, where Australian and British soap operas and mini-series are much more widely screened. And apart from short runs of Young Doctors, A Country Practice, and a few oddball exports, Australian televisual material is known best through the mini-series All the Rivers Run, The Thornbirds, and Return to Eden (which was successful enough on TF1 in 1989 for La Cinq to rescreen it in 1991). This is a far cry from the legion Australian soaps which paved the way for Neighbours in Britain. All in all, the prospects for Neighbours in France were not promising. In the event, as in the USA, it secured no opportunity to build up its audience. Antenne 2 declined to discuss the brevity of its run or its (too) frequent rescheduling. Catherine Humblot, Le Monde’s television commentator, sees a “French mania for change in television scheduling” as a widespread phenomenon: “if a programme has no immediate success, then they move it” (Humblot 1992). Rolande Cousin, the passionate advocate of Neighbours who had previously sold Santa Barbara and Dallas in France, adds that Antenne 2’s lack of confidence in the Australian soap may have been exacerbated by its employment policy of the time of offering golden handshakes to its experienced management and installing young blood. This would have arisen from Antenne 2’s difficulties finding adequate advertising revenue to support its

2002 ◽  
pp. 127-127
Keyword(s):  
Force Field ◽  
English Language ◽  
Soap Operas ◽  
Employment Policy ◽  
Santa Barbara ◽  
Mise En Scene ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Serial Fiction

scholarly journals The Don Cossacks of the Late 19th – Early 20th c. in Shane O’Rourke’s Book “Warriors and Peasants: The Don Cossacks in Late Imperial Russia” (Shane O’Rourke. Warriors and Peasants: The Don Cossacks in Late Imperial Russia. – New York : St. Martin’s, in Association with St. Antony’s College, Oxford, 2000. – 200 p.)

2019 ◽  
pp. 235-241
Author(s):  
Alexey Volvenko ◽  
Antonina Mitrofanova
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
English Language ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
General Context ◽  
Revolutionary Era ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Imperial Power ◽  
History Of ◽  
Special Relationships

Introduction. The article analyzes the contents of the monograph “Warriors and Peasants: The Don Cossacks in Late Imperial Russia” of modern English historian Shane O’Rourke, who is the prominent representative of western English-language historiography. Discussion. The authors note that researches of western (English-language) historiography are the most productive in studying the history of the pre-revolutionary era Cossacks abroad. Analysis. Shane O’Rurk reveals not only political and military plots from Cossacks’ history, but also everyday life of the Don Cossack Host in his book. The author focuses attention on such key elements of Cossack history as the mechanism of consolidation of the Cossack world, Cossack motivation, relations between men and women in Cossack stanitsas, organizing Cossack landed property etc. The conclusions Shane O’Rurk made studying the Don Cossacks during its transformation of the late 19th – early 20th centuries are important for the historiography of the Cossacks. In this period he emphasizes on the idea of inevitable, but, perhaps, nevertheless not final disintegration of Cossacks as estates. Shane O’Rurk recognizes country essence of the Cossacks and therefore it seems to him that there is good reason for the parallel between “accident of the peasantry” and inevitable accident of the Cossacks. Shane O’Rurk, developing the myth about special relationships of the imperial power with the Cossacks, focuses attention on the fact that traditionalism became an ideological and practical base of existence of the Don Cossack Host. Shane O’Rurk comes to the conclusion that Don Cossacks nevertheless had chances to avoid final disintegration as the class component of Cossack “nature” had a unique phenomenon of ethno-social identity which was improving in cultural interaction with other people. Results. The authors of the article come to the conclusion that the main value of Shane O’Rurk’s work consists in representing the history of the Don Cossacks, which appears not closed on itself, but placed in the general context of Russian history.

scholarly journals Effects of Contributor Experience on the Quality of Health-Related Wikipedia Articles (Preprint)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Holtz ◽  
Besnik Fetahu ◽  
Joachim Kimmerle
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Full Model ◽  
Language Version ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Health Related ◽  
History Of ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Collaborative Knowledge

BACKGROUND Consulting the Internet for health-related information is a common and widespread phenomenon, and Wikipedia is arguably one of the most important resources for health-related information. Therefore, it is relevant to identify factors that have an impact on the quality of health-related Wikipedia articles. OBJECTIVE In our study we have hypothesized a positive effect of contributor experience on the quality of health-related Wikipedia articles. METHODS We mined the edit history of all (as of February 2017) 18,805 articles that were listed in the categories on the portal health & fitness in the English language version of Wikipedia. We identified tags within the articles’ edit histories, which indicated potential issues with regard to the respective article’s quality or neutrality. Of all of the sampled articles, 99 (99/18,805, 0.53%) articles had at some point received at least one such tag. In our analysis we only considered those articles with a minimum of 10 edits (10,265 articles in total; 96 tagged articles, 0.94%). Additionally, to test our hypothesis, we constructed contributor profiles, where a profile consisted of all the articles edited by a contributor and the corresponding number of edits contributed. We did not differentiate between rollbacks and edits with novel content. RESULTS Nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-tests indicated a higher number of previously edited articles for editors of the nontagged articles (mean rank tagged 2348.23, mean rank nontagged 5159.29; U=9.25, P<.001). However, we did not find a significant difference for the contributors’ total number of edits (mean rank tagged 4872.85, mean rank nontagged 5135.48; U=0.87, P=.39). Using logistic regression analysis with the respective article’s number of edits and number of editors as covariates, only the number of edited articles yielded a significant effect on the article’s status as tagged versus nontagged (dummy-coded; Nagelkerke R2 for the full model=.17; B [SE B]=-0.001 [0.00]; Wald c2 [1]=19.70; P<.001), whereas we again found no significant effect for the mere number of edits (Nagelkerke R2 for the full model=.15; B [SE B]=0.000 [0.01]; Wald c2 [1]=0.01; P=.94). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate an effect of contributor experience on the quality of health-related Wikipedia articles. However, only the number of previously edited articles was a predictor of the articles’ quality but not the mere volume of edits. More research is needed to disentangle the different aspects of contributor experience. We have discussed the implications of our findings with respect to ensuring the quality of health-related information in collaborative knowledge-building platforms.

Questioning English standards: Learner attitudes and L2 choices in Norway

Multilingua ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrikke Rindal
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
American English ◽  
English Language Teaching ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Language Choices ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Meanings ◽  
Social Motivations ◽  
English Speaking

AbstractThis study investigates attitudes towards varieties of English among Norwegian adolescent learners and assesses the role of social evaluation for second language (L2) pronunciation choices by combining a verbal guise test with speaker commentary and reports of language choices. The results suggest that while American English is the most accessible English accent and the preferred L2 choice, Standard Southern British English remains the most prestigious English accent and retains its position as a formal English language teaching standard. However, not all learners want to convey the social meanings attributed to these widely identified English varieties, and therefore aim towards a “neutral” variety of English not associated with any native-English-speaking people or culture. The avoidance of standard varieties as L2 targets suggests that the tradition of questioning standard language norms in Norway is mirrored in L2 practices. The investigations into social motivations for L2 behaviour contribute to the ongoing discourse on the global spread and local appropriation of English. The results have implications for English language educators, who must meet the needs of proficient learners in an environment with increased intra-national use of English and no explicit model of pronunciation.

An intonational change in progress in Australian English

1986 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Guy ◽  
Barbara Horvath ◽  
Julia Vonwiller ◽  
Elaine Daisley ◽  
Inge Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Local Identity ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Sociolinguistic Variation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Motivations ◽  
Australian English

ABSTRACTMany speakers of current Australian English often use a high-rising intonation in statements. This usage, which has been termed Australian Questioning Intonation (AQI), has a nonpropositional, interactive meaning (checking for listener comprehension) and interacts with the turn-taking mechanism of conversation. A quantitative study of the use of AQI in Sydney reveals that it has the social distribution characteristic of a language change in progress: higher rates of usage among working-class speakers, teenagers, and women. Real time data confirm this, showing that the form was almost nonexistent in this speech community two decades earlier. The social motivations of this innovation are examined in terms of local identity and the entry of new ethnic groups into the community, and possible linguistic sources are discussed. The utility of quantitative methods in studying meaningful linguistic variables is demonstrated. (Australian English, language change in progress, intonation, sociolinguistic variation, social class, social motivation)

Vladimir Mayakovsky — the founder of the first social advertising aimed at preserving the health of the population

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Ivanovich Neplokhov ◽  
Andrey Aleksandrovich Neplokhov ◽  
Dmitriy Aleksandrovich Kryazhev
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
The State ◽  
Vladimir Mayakovsky ◽  
Social Advertising ◽  
Propaganda Posters ◽  
Revolutionary Period ◽  
Innovative Techniques

The purpose of this work is to analyze the creativity of V.V. Mayakovsky and an assessment of his contribution to health education of the population, disease prevention, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle in connection with the celebration of the approaching 100th anniversary of the formation of the state sanitary and epidemiological service of Russia, and the 130th anniversary of the poet’s birth. The article presents the work of Mayakovsky in the «Windows of satire ROSTA» and «Windows» of the Glavpolitprosvet, shows the conditions and organization of work on the production of propaganda posters, ways to increase the effectiveness of propaganda, the introduction of innovative techniques; the contribution of the poet to the campaigning and propaganda of sanitary and hygienic knowledge, the prevention of mass infectious diseases among the population, and the eradication of bad habits was assessed. The huge contribution to V.V. Mayakovsky in the formation of the state system for sanitary and epidemiological education and the formation of a healthy lifestyle for the population. The main hygienic and epidemiological problems of the post-revolutionary period are highlighted. The role of V.V. Mayakovsky as the founder of the first Soviet social advertising aimed at preserving the health of the population.

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