Permutative (al-badal) and Apposition (ʻaṭf al-bayān) in the Arabic Language - Similarities and Differences

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (41) ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Amira Trnka-Uzunović
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Content ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
General Term ◽  
Equal Sign ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Additional Explanation

This paper examines two secondary elements of a clause in the Arabic language, namely the permutative and the apposition. The permutative is a noun complement that follows the noun as the appositive and tries to additionally explain it or even take its place, which justifes the semantics of the term badal (permutation). Furthermore, the rules say that a non-derived noun can act as the permutative, and owing to the different semantics it creates, four different types of the permutative are defined and they all keep case agreement with the antecedent in all forms. The apposition in the Arabic language is characterised by the function of additional explanation of the antecedent with which it shares the same case inflexion, which brings it closer to the permutative, but what separates them is the fact that the permutative is independent in its semantic content and it can replace the antecedent, while the clause stays syntactically correct. Without an ambition to make a serious comparison and with the sole aim of a better understanding of the apposition in the Arabic language, by comparing terminological solution in two separate language systems, we will try to justify the attitude that an equal sign between the terms apposition in the Arabic language and the apposition in the Bosnian language cannot be put to the fullest extent. The apposition in the Bosnian language additionally explains the antecedent, following its inflexion, but it is a more general term than the latter, as opposed to the apposition in the Arabic language. Formally, they differ by the place they take within a syntagm in relation to the antecedent.

Infusions and Fumigations

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 115-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Wilkens
Keyword(s):  
Ideal Point ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Social Acceptability ◽  
Medical Procedure ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Sacred Texts ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Linguistic Model ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Different Types

Written texts, especially sacred texts, can be handled in different ways. They can be read for semantic content; or they can be materially experienced, touched, or even be inhaled or drunk. I argue that literacy ideologies regulate social acceptability of specific semantic and somatic text practices. Drinking or fumigating the Qurʾan as a medical procedure is a highly contested literacy event in which two different ideologies are drawn upon simultaneously. I employ the linguistic model of codeswitching to highlight central aspects of this event: a more somatic ideology of literacy enables the link to medicine, while a more semantic ideology connects the practice to theological discourses on the sacredness of the Qurʾan as well as to the tradition of Prophetic medicine. Opposition to and ridicule of the practice, however, comes from representatives of an ideology of semantic purity, including some Islamic theologians and most Western scholars of Islam. Qurʾanic potions thus constitute an ideal point of entry for analyzing different types of literacy ideologies being followed in religious traditions.

scholarly journals Asteroid and Comet Surveys

1994 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 385-400
Author(s):  
B.G. Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Logical Sequence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Future ◽  
Ecliptic Latitude ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Past surveys are described in the logical sequence of (1) comets visually, (2) asteroids visually, (3) asteroids photographically and (4) comets photographically. Plots show the evolution of asteroid surveys in terms of visual discovery magnitude and ecliptic latitude, and similarities and differences between surveys for the different types of body are discussed. The paper ends with a brief discussion of more recent discovery methods and some thoughts on the future.

scholarly journals Detailed Dissection and Critical Evaluation of the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA Vaccines

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 734
Author(s):  
Xuhua Xia
Keyword(s):  
Codon Usage ◽  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Mrna Stability ◽  
Stop Codon ◽  
Translation Termination ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Similarities And Differences

The design of Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA vaccines involves many different types of optimizations. Proper optimization of vaccine mRNA can reduce dosage required for each injection leading to more efficient immunization programs. The mRNA components of the vaccine need to have a 5’-UTR to load ribosomes efficiently onto the mRNA for translation initiation, optimized codon usage for efficient translation elongation, and optimal stop codon for efficient translation termination. Both 5’-UTR and the downstream 3’-UTR should be optimized for mRNA stability. The replacement of uridine by N1-methylpseudourinine () complicates some of these optimization processes because is more versatile in wobbling than U. Different optimizations can conflict with each other, and compromises would need to be made. I highlight the similarities and differences between Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA vaccines and discuss the advantage and disadvantage of each to facilitate future vaccine improvement. In particular, I point out a few optimizations in the design of the two mRNA vaccines that have not been performed properly.

scholarly journals TO THE QUESTION OF SUBSTANTIVISATION IN THE HUNGARIAN LANGUAGE IN COMPARISON WITH RUSSIAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-213
Author(s):  
Antonina Petrovna Guskova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Russian Linguistics ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Semantic Models ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
First Time

Recently transposition became the issue of many research papers for being a complicated and sophisticated language phenomenon, and its definition has been broadened. The issue of transposition and the degrees of verb transitivity are the most controversial and difficult ones both in Hungarian and Russian linguistics. This issue may be investigated on different language levels: lexical, syntactic, morphological and on the level of word formation. Taking into account the mobility of parts of speech boundaries in the compared languages we attempt to find the cause of words transitioning from one lexico-grammatical class into another, investigate transposition as a natural phenomenon both for the Hungarian and Russian languages, differentiate transition in parts of the speech system from other language phenomena, solve some contentious issues regarding parts of speech, for example ‘noun-adjective’ relations, and others. Despite having extensive literature concerning nominalization in Russian linguistics and some works in Hungarian linguistics, some aspects are not comprehensively covered in them. For example, different types of transitions from other parts of speech into nouns, thorough semantic and thematic categorization of substantivized words, characteristics of their functioning in texts of different functional styles, principles of creating lexicography, etc. In this article we compare the process of substantivation amidst the system of parts of speech in languages of such different structure as Hungarian and Russian. Comprehensive and comparative study of the process of transition of other parts of speech into nouns allows us to conduct a deeper investigation of each of these languages’ structure and also to reveal typological similarities and differences between them. These languages have not been explored this way so it provides scientific novelty to the research. For the first time we define the main conditions of a systematic process of transposition in Hungarian and Russian and reveal both specific and universal opportunities for transition in the compared languages. We use comparative analysis for researching semantic models of substantivized words, distinguish different types of transitions into nouns and describe structural and stylistic features. Thus, the topic of the research is the grammatical, semantic, structural and stylistic features of substantivized words in Hungarian and Russian. The objective of the study is to discover linguistic nature of substantivation of adjectives, verbs and verbal formations, numerals and pronouns, to find out specific and universal features caused by typological differences of the researched languages. To achieve this goal we need to solve the following problems: determining the place of substantivation in the system of word formation in Hungarian and Russian, discovering how much substantivation and conversion being productive ways of word formation are identical in Russian and Hungarian, distinguishing semantic models of substantivized words and compare them, comparing models of usual and occasional substantivation and determine its productivity, studying their structure which means showing peculiarities of substantivized words’ grammatical structure in Hungarian and Russian, discovering similarities and differences between them and finding adequate models. The research is based on data of dictionaries of Russian and Hungarian languages, examples of fictional texts, live speech and not the least on the idioms. Theoretical importance lies in the following: 1) the research develops the theory of transitivity as we study transposition in two languages of different structures using comparative analysis of substantivized words and taking into account grammatical, semantic and functional aspects; 2) using the materials of two languages of different structures we discover the main conditions of systematic transposition and distinguish its universal and specific features; 3) for the first time the problem of transposition is studied on the basis of Russian and Hungarian from a theoretical point of view (on the example of transition of other parts of speech into nouns); 4) we develop the methodology of a comprehensive approach to study substantivation in Hungarian and Russian which can be used when describing this phenomenon in other languages of different structures.

CONCEPT AND TYPES OF MEDIATION SET FORTH IN THE LEGISLATION AND EXPOUNDED IN THE LEGAL DOCTRINE IN RUSSIA, FRANCE, SPAIN, AND THE USA

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 137-176
Author(s):  
E.V. VERSHININA ◽  
D.V. KONOVALOV ◽  
V.S. NOVIKOV ◽  
S.V. KHOKHLACHEVA
Keyword(s):  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Common Understanding

This article presents a scientific analysis of mediation based on legislation and legal doctrine of Russia, France, Spain, and the USA. This paper also explores different types of mediation. The concept and types of mediation have been researched repeatedly by scholars. However, a common understanding has not yet been achieved. The authors of the article carry out a comparative legal analysis of the concept and types of meditation in Russia, France, Spain, and the USA. The purpose of this article is to determine the legal nature and essential features of institute of mediation through the analysis of its various definitions set forth in the legislation and expounded in the respective legal doctrine in Russia, France, Spain, and the USA; to identify existing similarities and differences between those definitions and to carry out a comparative legal analysis of different types of mediation.

Moralizing Self-Control

2020 ◽  
pp. 259-274
Author(s):  
Marlon Mooijman ◽  
Peter Meindl ◽  
Jesse Graham
Keyword(s):  
Social Contexts ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Control Failure ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Pluralistic Perspective

In this chapter, the authors synthesize current research and thinking on the topic of self-control moralization. They focus on three parts: (1) similarities and differences between morality and self-control, (2) the process of moralizing self-control, and (3) the consequences of moralizing self-control. They use a moral pluralistic perspective—the idea that there are multiple, sometimes conflicting, moral concerns within and between cultures and individuals—to argue that research on self-control moralization could benefit greatly from exploring the roles of different types of moral concerns, emotions, and social contexts. The chapter discusses when self-control and morality overlap and when they don’t, what this means for moralizing self-control, and how one might be able to leverage moral concerns to achieve greater self-control success and prevent self-control failure.

Investigating Similarities and Differences Between Volunteer Behaviors

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Maki ◽  
Mark Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Volunteer Satisfaction ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
Interpersonal Helping ◽  
Volunteer Motivations

Given that volunteers perform a diverse range of behaviors aimed at helping distinct causes, a more nuanced understanding of how types of volunteer behaviors are similar and different would enrich both basic and applied perspectives on volunteerism. We created and validated an inventory of individuals’ interests in eight different types of volunteering: administrative volunteering, helping animals, interpersonal helping (autonomy or dependency), donating, physical volunteering (built or natural environments), and political volunteering. Grouping these eight types of positions into two general categories (interpersonal and skills-based volunteer positions), we also examined convergent and discriminant validity, linking interest in these positions to constructs from the volunteerism literature (i.e., prosocial personality, volunteer motivations, and volunteer satisfaction). This research demonstrates that volunteer behaviors can be classified into types, certain individuals are interested in different types of volunteer behaviors, and volunteers engaged in behaviors that match their interests express greater volunteer satisfaction.

scholarly journals Concord in English and Arabic: A Contrastive Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Zainab Kadim Igaab ◽  
Saja Mohammed Magrood Altai
Keyword(s):  
Contrastive Study ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Similarities And Differences

The present study is a descriptive, analytic and contrastive one because it describes concord in English and Arabic to arrive at the similarities and differences between the two languages. This study aims at describing, analyzing and comparing concord in English and Arabic because the phenomenon of concord has attracted a great deal of attention in the recent years. It also aims at comparing and contrasting concord between the two languages by defining it, showing its syntactic and semantic aspects and illustrating its different types and rules. This study concludes that concord as a syntactic phenomenon exists in both languages. English deals with such a topic clearly and separately in grammar while in Arabic, it is not by being explained in sentences. Arab grammarians pay attention to the role of concord in the sentence and deal with it in different grammatical topics. 

Motivations for sharing marketer-generated content on social media: a comparison between American and Korean college students

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 206-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mira Lee ◽  
Jieun Lee ◽  
Elizabeth Quilliam
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Word Of Mouth ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Us ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Korean College Students

Purpose This study examined both American and Korean consumers’ motivation to share marketer-generated content (MGC) on Facebook and how these motives are related to the frequency of various types of sharing activities and the frequency of sharing various types of MGC. Design/methodology/approach An online survey was conducted in the US and Korea. Findings The findings demonstrated that both American and Korean consumers share MGC for several reasons: liking/helping the brand, self-presentation/social interaction, economic rewards, and entertainment. In addition to these four motivations, Korean consumers also share MGC with others to offer information that may be of use to them. These different types of motivations were associated with the frequency of sharing MGC directly from Facebook brand pages, of re-sharing what Facebook friends shared first, of adding comments when sharing, and of sharing different types of MGC differently. We found similarities and differences in the patterns of these relationships between the US and Korea. Originality/value Although many studies on electronic word of mouth (eWOM) have examined consumers’ motivations for providing consumer-generated content, research on consumer motivations to forward marketer-generated content is scarce. Additionally, earlier work examined the influences of motivation on sharing in general and on a certain type of MGC. Our findings that focused on various types of motivations to share MGC, and their influences on various types of MGC and specific types of sharing activities can provide a more complete picture than what was previously available in the eWOM literature. Further, by comparing American consumers’ motivations to share MGC on SNSs and their influences on sharing activities with those of Korean consumers, this study contributes to building a body of cross-cultural studies on consumer sharing of MGC.

Linguistic and Psychometric Factors in Propositional Reasoning

1978 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Roberge
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Content ◽  
Pronounced Effect ◽  
Major Premise ◽  
Reasoning Task ◽  
Linguistic Form ◽  
Reasoning Abilities ◽  
Logical Rule ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Order Of Presentation

An experiment is reported which demonstrates the effects of linguistic and psychometric factors on adults’ performance on a propositional reasoning task. The three linguistic factors were the semantic content in which the logical rule was embedded, the linguistic form of the logical rule, and the polarity of the major premise of the logical arguments. The two psychometric factors were the mode of response and the order of presentation of the different types of content. The results showed that the linguistic factors had a pronounced effect on adults’ propositional reasoning abilities, whereas the influence of the psychometric factors was negligible. These findings are discussed in relation to operational and interpretational factors in reasoning.

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