MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR ASSESSING AND FORECASTING THE STATE OF QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS BY GIS AND REMOTE SENSING

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
V.I. Zatserkovnyi ◽  
L.V. Plichko ◽  
B.B. Amralinova
2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 141-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanja Mustafic ◽  
Predrag Manojlovic ◽  
Miroljub Milincic

The drainage basin is spatially and functionally clearly defined and relevant hydrologic, geomorphologic and ecologic landscape totality. Therefore, it mostly represents basic geo-spatial unit of generation, monitoring, and studying numerous physical-geographical and geo-ecologic occurrences and processes. One of the most important components of geo-space, on the level of basin, is manifested through the state and quality of surface waters. So, the acceptance of systematic approach in studying mineralization of the surface waters would contribute to the deeper understanding of the process in complex systematic surroundings which drainage basin represents. The Visocica Drainage Basin was chosen as proving ground of this kind of the research approach for several reasons. The highest specific runoff on the territory of Eastern Serbia, heterogeneous geologic structure of terrain, almost complete absence of the influence of the anthropogenic factor on the state of the environment, as well as the existence of water accumulation enabled perception of the values of dissolved mineral substances of surface waters as landscape-ecologic component of geo-space.


2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 503-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abílio G.T. Ferreira ◽  
Douglas S. Henrique ◽  
Ricardo A.M. Vieira ◽  
Emilyn M. Maeda ◽  
Altair A. Valotto

The objective of this study was to evaluate four mathematical models with regards to their fit to lactation curves of Holstein cows from herds raised in the southwestern region of the state of Parana, Brazil. Initially, 42,281 milk production records from 2005 to 2011 were obtained from "Associação Paranaense de Criadores de Bovinos da Raça Holandesa (APCBRH)". Data lacking dates of drying and total milk production at 305 days of lactation were excluded, resulting in a remaining 15,142 records corresponding to 2,441 Holstein cows. Data were sorted according to the parity order (ranging from one to six), and within each parity order the animals were divided into quartiles (Q25%, Q50%, Q75% and Q100%) corresponding to 305-day lactation yield. Within each parity order, for each quartile, four mathematical models were adjusted, two of which were predominantly empirical (Brody and Wood) whereas the other two presented more mechanistic characteristics (models Dijkstra and Pollott). The quality of fit was evaluated by the corrected Akaike information criterion. The Wood model showed the best fit in almost all evaluated situations and, therefore, may be considered as the most suitable model to describe, at least empirically, the lactation curves of Holstein cows raised in Southwestern Parana.


Author(s):  
D. Voityshynа ◽  

Introduction .With a significant number of water bodies in Ukraine (only 2,000 small rivers), the descriptive characteristics of the ecological situation occupy a significant amount, which requires unification and encryption. Dr.Ph. Klymenko M.O, Dr. Ph. Gryb J.V. made the unification of research materials by blocks: type of basin-morphometric of the catchment surface, floodplains and riverbeds - quality of the aquatic environment - production characteristics - socio-demographic - block of economic analysis of profitability in river basins and cluster costs analysis of the state of the components of the ecosystem and assessment of the basin as a whole. The study of individual elements of the water basin (composition and quality of the aquatic environment, the state of the catchment surface, ichthyofauna, forage base of aboriginal ichthyofauna, the impact of economic activity) provides some information. There is a significant array of surface water monitoring data (hydrochemistry, ecology, hydrobiology, ichthyology, etc.), attributed to the middle and end of the twentieth century. Here it should be noted the works of Kononenko G.D., Gryb J.V., Alekseevsky V.E, Baranovsky V.A, Klymenko M.O, Tsvetova O.V, Sondaka V.V, Chernyavskaya A. P., Zhukinsky V.N and others. They established the regional features of the chemical regime of surface waters, developed a methodology for assessing the quality of surface waters and the state of transformation of the catchment surface, the peculiarities of the formation of crisis situations. Dr.Ph. Gryb J.V. researches of a chemical mode of surface waters on phases of a hydrological mode for the period from 1970 to 2000 are carried out. Kononenko G.D. conducted mapping of the territory of Ukraine by the main ions of the mineral composition of water. The State Institute of Eastern and Northern Europe (Germany) together with the Institute of Geography of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine on the basis of applied research of Ukrainian scientists: Rudenko L.G., Chernyavska A.P., Gryb J.V. with the participation of scientists G. Friedline, G.A. Vernichenko, T.P .Balashova, I.P. Semenova conducted a study of the state of rivers in Ukraine and drew up a map of water quality and suitability for use (1995). A map of soils of Ukraine, stock-forming and underlying rocks was also issued. Purpose . Among the important scientific results of the study is the need for unification and unification of river basins. Methodology According to the EU framework directive, the river basin and its elements are accepted as a unit of spatial research of water bodies: channel, floodplain, accessory network (number of intermediate ecotones). These include the following elements of the basin: first-order currents, second-order tributaries, floodplain. Old villages, floodplain lakes, swamps, meadows, springs, as well as subsystems of the catchment area: forest, water mirror, plowed and barren lands, urban areas and infrastructure. Assessment of the condition is carried out on three levels: good, satisfactory, bad. Collectively, the water basin is accepted as a biome that shapes the quality of surface waters, their productivity, diversity of flora and fauna. The hydrographic network itself forms the landscape and connects its elements through hydro-ecological corridors - river systems. The following mathematical dependences are used in the creation of the bio-skeleton framework of the water basin, with the increase of the values of the characteristics the value of the golden root r1 is 1.68 with the decrease of r2 - 0.68. In the pentosystem series of characteristics (classes) the numbers of phyto-swings for biological processes 1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55 are used. Results. An example of encryption of field research materials of the Lviv River (a tributary of the first order of the Pryt River) is presented in formula (1) АП; R1; Z3; Z42; E1; L; Ie; b5 5; R3; Ke5; St 3,0. (1) Plain part of Ukraine, Western Polissya region, Dnieper river basin, main canal, regulated, one intermediate Eco tone (channel reservoir), water is weakly mineralized, channel is straight , water quality class one, fish productivity is weak, the state of the basin is over drying, stability is low (low water, segmentation of the channel by locks, protective sand from unaligned slopes of the shore). Similarly, other blocks can be coded. In the perspective owe will obtain the results of the correlation with the conclusions of other scientists, in particular Klymenko M.O., Gryba J.V. and others. Thanks to encrypting the data by blocks of pool structure, we can unify the methods of research, facilitating the work of researchers and students. Conclusions 1. The economic and ecological framework of the water basin is one of the leading blocks for assessing the ecological situation. And the main indicator is the ecological and economic potential of the territory and the cost of the basin. 2. To assess the transformation of the state of the basin, reference values of the state of the enterprise are needed. 3. In assessing the situation, the final block is the economy and demographic situation - the cost of living and its duration.


Author(s):  
David R. Legates ◽  
Sucharita Gopal

Although the use of mathematical models and quantitative methods in geography accelerated in earnest with the development of quantitative geography and regional science in the late 1950s, such techniques had already made their way into the mainstream of physical geography much earlier. Today, mathematical models and quantitative methods are used in a number of subfields in geography with their proliferation being aided, in part, by the widespread use of remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and computer-based technology. As a consequence, geography as a whole has witnessed a new growth in the development of models and quantitative methods over the last decade, and it is this growth that we seek to elucidate here. Highlighting the advances in the use of models and methods in geography is a difficult undertaking. Such techniques are so widely used in GIS and remote sensing that many developments in these areas also could be considered in this chapter. Moreover, modeling and quantitative techniques are so strongly integrated within some geographic subfields (e.g. climatology and geomorphology, economic and urban geography, regional science) that it is often difficult to separate technique development from application. This is illustrated by the fact that many members of the Association of American Geographers who frequently use and develop quantitative techniques and models are not active participants in the Mathematical Models and Quantitative Methods Specialty Group, choosing instead to favor specialty groups with a more topical, rather than methodological, focus. In a very real sense, the quantitative revolution has been completed in many subfields of geography, with the goals and aims of the revolutionaries having long since passed into the mainstream. Furthermore, geographers who are involved with quantitative methods and mathematical models are extremely diverse in their interests and applications— they contribute to an extremely wide variety of disciplines. While they excel at spreading the geographic word to other disciplines, summarizing their multifarious contributions is nearly impossible. The rather trite statement, “Geography is what geographers do,” seems to apply strongly here. Geographers are largely a collection of individuals who, although united by their interest in spatial models and methods, are unique in the ways that they make contributions to various fields.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (66) ◽  
pp. 33-61
Author(s):  
V Kozak ◽  
◽  
A Tovmachenko ◽  
M Gertsiuk ◽  
◽  
...  

The main sources of chemical pollution of surface water bodies of Ukraine are shown and it is noted that the ecosystem of the environment and water resources, being under constant man-caused load, tend to steadily deteriorate the ecological condition. Methods for assessing the quality of surface waters using the maximum allowable concentrations of harmful substances in water and a comprehensive assessment of the ecological status of surface water by integrated hydrochemical parameters are described. International approaches to the assessment of the state of surface water bodies are considered. It is noted that the most complete information on the state of the aquatic ecosystem can be obtained using a set of physicochemical and biological parameters. There are shortcomings in the monitoring of organic micro-pollutants in surface waters. The analysis of the international experience of determination of water quality and parameters of toxicological action of organic micro-pollutants with application of chemo-informative methods for modeling of an ecological condition of water systems is carried out.


Nativa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
Darlan Teles Silva ◽  
Bruna Rosiele da Silva Bispo ◽  
André Quintão de Almeida ◽  
Rodolfo Marcondes da Silva ◽  
Marcus Aurélio Soares Cruz

Atualmente, dados de sensoriamento remoto, como os do Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), vem sendo utilizados para monitorar a distribuição da chuva no tempo e no espaço. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade dos dados da precipitação pluvial estimada pelo produto 3B43-TRMM no estado de Sergipe, nas escalas mensal e anual, entre 1998 e 2013. Os valores pontuais estimados pelo TRMM foram comparados com os dados de precipitação obtidos em 13 postos pluviométricos da Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA). Os indicativos estatísticos considerados foram o coeficiente de determinação (R²), erro médio absoluto (EMA), raiz do erro quadrado médio (REQM) e índice de concordância de Willmott (d). Os valores de R² foram de 0,49 e 0,16 nas escalas mensal e anual, respectivamente. Para a escala de tempo mensal as melhores estimativas do produto TRMM foram encontradas na região Semiárida do estado de Sergipe, com valores de R², EMA, REQM e d iguais a 0,54, 27,18 mm e 38,71 mm e 0,83, respectivamente.Palavras-chave: 3B43-TRMM; climatologia; hidrologia; chuva. ANALYSIS OF ESTIMATED PRECIPITATION DATA BY REMOTE SENSING IN THE SERGIPE STATE ABSTRACT: Currently, remote sensing data, such as that of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), has been used to monitor the distribution of rain over time and space. The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of the rainfall data estimated by the product 3B43-TRMM in the state of Sergipe, on the monthly and annual scales, between 1998 and 2013. The point values estimated by the TRMM were compared with the precipitation data obtained in 13 pluviometric stations of the National Water Agency (ANA). The statistical indications considered were the coefficient of determination (R²), mean absolute error (EMA), root of the mean square error (REQM) and Willmott's agreement index (d). The R² values were 0.49 and 0.16 on the monthly and annual scales, respectively. For the monthly time scale, the best estimates of the TRMM product were found in the semi-arid region of the state of Sergipe, with values of R², EMA, REQM and d equal to 0.54, 27.18 mm and 38.71 mm and 0.83, respectively.Keywords: 3B43-TRMM, climatology; hydrology; rain.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satyajit Gaikwad ◽  
Suryakant Gaikwad ◽  
Dnyaneshwar Date ◽  
Somnath Borhade ◽  
Avinash Kandekar ◽  
...  

Thirty (30) groundwater samples have been collected during Pre-monsoon season-2015 to analyze the groundwater quality of Shikrapur and Talegaon Dhamdhare area. Maps were prepared for major physicochemical elements in groundwater and geomorphologic aspects using GIS and Remote Sensing techniques. Trend in cations is Na>Ca>Mg>K while in anions is Cl>HCO3>NO3>SO4. The average, Na+Ca representing 61.37% of total cations denoting major supply from weathering of plagioclase feldspar while Ca+Mg values, 67.92 % of cations contributed from olivine and pyroxene. Anions like Cl, SO4 and NO3 in groundwater is contributed from anthropogenic activities. The results were compared with WHO norms and found higher values for Electrical Conductivity (EC), Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Chloride (Cl) and Nitrate (NO3). Other elements show low to optimum values indicating good quality for drinking purposes, excluding some pockets from lower reaches. Regular quality monitoring for groundwater with rainwater harvesting is suggested to improve the quality of groundwater in the region.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 332-345
Author(s):  
Lucinewton Silva de Moura ◽  
Ruy Bessa Lopes ◽  
Joseph Simões Ribeiro ◽  
Graciene Do Socorro Taveira Fernandes ◽  
Rodolfo Maduro Almeida ◽  
...  

When a certain load of pollutants is dumped in urban surface waters, the natural hydrological parameters are altered and a consequent dispersion of a contaminant occurs. Water self-purification is a natural recovery mechanism that aims to restore the natural parameters of water quality. In the municipality of Santarém, the Urumari micro-watershed, one of the main urban streams and a tributary of the Amazon river, suffers from increasing degradation. Thus, it is necessary to systematically monitor the water quality of the micro-watershed, through mathematical modeling, in order to identify environmental impairment and propose mitigating tools that facilitate self-purification capacity. The aim of this work was to evaluate the degree of disturbance of the Urumari micro-watershed using Streeter-Phelps mathematical models and the Enhanced DO-BOD model. The software Curve Expert 1.4 was used to adjust the coefficients of the mathematical models, using the Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear function adjustment method. The complete mathematical model of DO and BOD considered the parcels of punctual deficit, microbial BOD, nitrification, sediment demand, photosynthesis and respiration. Three coefficients of the Streeter-Phelps model and six coefficients of the Enhanced DO-BOD model were adjusted according to the experimental data of dissolved oxygen and water travel time. The mathematical models satisfactorily correlated the experimental data. The values of the correlation coefficient, mean absolute deviations and quadratic deviations are for the Streeter-Phelps model and the Enhanced DO-BOD model, respectively. The Streeter-Phelps model presented the best correlation to the experimental data with the values of R2 equal to 0.83; mean absolute deviation equal to 0.56 and quadratic deviations equal to 4.98.


Liquidity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-152
Author(s):  
Mukhaer Pakkanna

Political democracy should be equivalent to the economic development of the quality of democracy, economic democracy if not upright, even the owner of the ruling power and money, which is parallel to force global corporatocracy. Consequently, the economic oligarchy preservation reinforces control of production and distribution from upstream to downstream and power monopoly of the market. The implication, increasingly sharp economic disparities, exclusive owner of the money and power become fertile, and the end could jeopardize the harmony of the national economy. The loss of national economic identity that makes people feel lost the “pilot of the state”. What happens then is the autopilot state. Viewing unclear direction of the economy, the national economy should clarify the true figure.


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