scholarly journals The relationship of shortening and strength of eggshell to some egg quality indicators and egg production in hens of different initial laying lines*

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Máchal ◽  
J. Simeonovová
Keyword(s):  
Rhode Island ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Shape Ratio ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. The mean values of shortening force at fracture of egg found out during the five-month observation period ranged between 0.17 and 0.19 mm in 231 hens of seven initial laying lines and strength of eggshell ranged from 29.05 N to 36.46 N. The mean values of shortening force at fracture decreased with age of hens from 0.18–0.22 mm at 28 wk of age to 0.12–0.15 mm at 46 wk of age. Similarly, strength of eggshell decreased from 31.35–37.68 N to 27.91–34.50 N in same time period. Index of shape, ratio of eggshell and albumen to total egg weight also decreased with increasing age of hens. The highest ratio of abnormal eggs was found in both Bar Plymouth Rock lines (BPR A and BPR B) – 7.5% and 8.3% resp. The lowest ratio was found in lines Rhode Island Red (RIR C) – 2.1% and Susex Light (SU) – 2.4 %. The ratio of cracked eggs ranged from 0.9 % to 3.9 %, the ratio of double-yolked eggs was 0.5%–3.2% and the ratio of eggs without shell was 0.4 %–1.5 %. The calculated coefficients of correlation between shortening of egg and index of shape were mainly positive with rp = 0.41 (P < 0.05) and rp = 0.49 (P < 0.01). The correlations between shortening of egg and total number of eggs were mainly negative with rp = −0. 34 (P < 0.05) and rp = −0. 46 (P < 0.01). Similar correlations existed also between shortening of egg and ratio of cracked eggs, i.e. rp = −0. 44 (P < 0.05) and rp = −0. 46 (P < 0.01). The correlations between shortening and total number of abnormal eggs were mainly negative rp = −0. 39 (P < 0.05) and rp = −0. 53 (P < 0.01). The relationships between strength of eggshell and shortening of egg are characterized by positive correlations – rp = 0. 40 (P < 0.05) and rp = 0.55, (P < 0.01). Positive correlations existed also between strength of eggshell and index of shape (from rp = 0. 37 (P < 0.05) to rp = 0.59 (P < 0.01)). Correlations between strength of eggshell and ratio of eggshell ranged from rp = 0.44 (P < 0.01) to rp = 0.74 (P < 0.01). Mainly negative correlations were found out between strength of eggshell and number of eggs rp = −0. 34 (P<0.05) and rp = −0. 44 (P < 0.01), similarly between the strength of eggshell and cracked eggs rp = −0. 40 (P < 0.05) and rp = −0. 52 (P < 0.01). Negative correlations existed between strength of eggshell and total number of abnormal eggs (rp = −0.45 to rp = −0.53 (P < 0.01)). This means that both eggshell shortening and strength may be used when selecting lines for egg quality.

scholarly journals Association of the Q141K polymorphism of the ABCG2 gene with the effectiveness of urate-lowering therapy in patients with gout (a pilot study)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
M. S. Eliseev ◽  
M. N. Chikina ◽  
I. A. Guseva ◽  
O. V. Zhelyabina ◽  
E. Yu. Samarkina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Lowering Therapy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Abcg2 Gene

Achieving the target serum uric acid (UA) level is a priority in the treatment of gout.Objective: to study the relationship of the ABCG2 gene polymorphism (rs2231142) with the efficacy of allopurinol and febuxostat in patients with gout.Patients and methods. The study included 82 patients with gout over 18 years of age with serum UA level >360 μmol/L who did not take uratelowering therapy.All patients were prescribed allopurinol 100 mg daily, followed by its titration until the target UA level was reached (<360 μmol/L or <300 μmol/L in patients with chronic tofus gout), up to a maximum of 900 mg/day, in patients with glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 – up to 300 mg/day. Patients who did not reach the target UA level when using allopurinol were prescribed febuxostat 80 mg/day, which, if necessary, was increased to 120 mg/day. Monitoring of each patient was continued until the target serum UA level was reached.All patients underwent genotyping of the C>A polymorphism (rs2231142) of the ABCG2 gene. We compared the probability of achieving the target UA level, the mean values of a decrease in the serum UA level, and the mean doses of urate-lowering drugs in patients with different genotypes (CC, CA, AA) of the ABCG2 gene.Results and discussion. The target UA level in 45 (55%) of 82 patients was defined as <300 μmol/L, in the remaining 37 – as <360 μmol/L.In 26 patients, the dose of allopurinol did not exceed 300 mg/day. In 28 (34%) patients treated with allopurinol, the target UA level was achieved, in the remaining 54 (66%) patients, allopurinol was substituted by febuxostat, and in 22 (41%) of them the UA level decreased and was below the target.The CC genotype of the ABCG2 gene was detected in 51 (62%) patients, the CA genotype in 30 (37%) and the minor genotype AA in 1 (1%).The probability of achieving the target UA level during therapy with allopurinol in carriers of homozygous CC genotype and genotypes CA or AA did not differ: 17 (33%) and 11 (35%) cases, respectively, but patients with CA and AA genotypes required a significantly higher dose of allopurinol (365±102 mg/day) than patients with the CC genotype (290±85 mg/day), p=0.002. Of the 54 patients who took febuxostat and did not reach the target UA level, 30 (56%) had the CC genotype and 24 (44%) had the CA genotype, the probability of reaching the target UA level was also comparable (p=0.22).Conclusion. The probability of reaching the target serum UA level in patients with gout taking allopurinol is not associated with the C>A polymorphism of the ABCG2 gene, but the presence of CA and AA genotypes is identified with a higher dose of the drug. The C>A (rs2231142) polymorphism of the ABCG2 gene does not affect the ability to achieve the goal of therapy when using febuxostat in patients with allopurinol ineffectiveness.

scholarly journals The relationship of religious attitude with self-control andself-discrepancy in students

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-148
Author(s):  
Masoud Nikfarjam ◽  
Elham-Sadat Salehi ◽  
Ali Ahmadi
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Religious Attitude ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Self Discrepancy ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Background and Aim: Spiritual attitude is one of the factors affecting mental health of students. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of religious attitudes with self-control and self-discrepancy (S-D) in students of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences (SKUMS) in 2017. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 328 students of the SKUMS were studied. The participants completed Tangney Self-control Survey, Higgins Self-discrepancy Questionnaire, a religious attitude questionnaire, and a checklist of demographic information. For data analysis, in addition to descriptive statistics, independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and one-way ANOVA were used. Stata software was used to analyze the data. Results: The mean values of religious attitude, self-control, and self-discrepancy were higher in women in comparison with men (P< 0.05). There was a significant difference between self-control religious beliefs, actual-self minus actual-self (S-D2), and self-discrepancy in terms of total monthly income of all family members (P< 0.05). Academic discipline was significantly associated with religious attitude, ideal-self minus actual-self (S-D1), S-D2, and S-D (P< 0.05), but self-control difference was not significant (P= 0.84). There was a linear relationship, significant correlation of religious attitude with the mean values of self-control, required self, actual-self, idea-self, self-discrepancy, and S-D1 and S-D2 (P< 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, religious attitude was associated with self-control, self-discrepancy, and their dimensions.

scholarly journals Relationships Between Hybrid Performance and Genetic Distance Revealed by Morphological and AFLP Marker in Cucumber

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
J.A. Olfati ◽  
H. Samizadeh ◽  
Gh. Peyvast ◽  
B. Rabiei ◽  
S.A. Khodaparast
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Aflp Marker ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
Hybrid Performance ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis study investigated the relationship of morphological and molecular genetic distance with hybrid performance and heterosis in cucumber in an attempt to make use of genetic distance in predicting hybrid performance. The results of this study showed that GD, in general, correlated poorly with heterosis and SCA. Results showed that the mean values of the hybrids were significantly larger or smaller for many traits when compared with the mean of parental lines, indicating that heterosis was present for these traits. In next step we compare inter group hybrids versus intra group hybrids. This test showed that intra group hybridization although increased the yield and yield component but decrease some fruit quality such as fruit color and shape.

Overjet Stability after Treatment of Class II Division 1 Malocclusions

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Bennett ◽  
J. F. Camilla Tulloch ◽  
Katherine W. L. Vig ◽  
W. G. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Class Ii ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Division 1 ◽  
Skeletal Pattern ◽  
Treatment Changes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Class Ii Division 1

The results of an analysis of treatment and post-treatment changes in 48 unselected Class II Division 1 malocclusions are presented. All the cases were at least 1 year out of retention (mean 34·7 months). Mean values have been given for several features. In particular, the mean overjet reduction during treatment was 7·0 mm, the mean relapse 1·1 mm and the mean net overjet reduction 5·9 mm. The relationship of “final” overjet to overbite, overjet, skeletal pattern and lower lip height at different stages of treatment is described. There is wide variation in “final” overjet in relation to any of the single factors investigated but five significant correlations were found.

scholarly journals Egg Characteristics in Two Strains of Japasese Quail Eggs (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Udoh, Jessie Ezekiel ◽  
Adeoye, Adelani Abayomi ◽  
Mbaba, Ekaette Ndifreke
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix ◽  
Japanese Quails ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Haugh Unit

  The study evaluated effect of strain on external and internal egg indices of two strains of Japanese quails (Cinnamon Brown (CBS) and Panda White (PWS) Strains)). 300 birds per Strain were reared in a Completely Randomized Design in an intensive system of management practice with ad libitum feed and water for 10 weeks. Strains were considered treatments. 300 eggs were used for  External (Egg Weight (EW), Egg Length (EL), Egg Width (EW), Eggshell Weight (SW), Shell Thickness (ST) and  Internal (Yolk Height (YH), Yolk Diameter (YD), Albumen Weight (AW), Albumen Diameter (AD), Albumen Height (AH), Haugh Unit (Hu)) egg parameters. Data were subjected to ANOVA of SAS Ver.9.2. Strain significantly (p < 0.05) affected all external egg parameters of Japanese quails except EW measured. The mean values obtained in EL (2.90 ± 0.01 cm) and ED (2.47 ± 0.01 cm) for PWS were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of CBS with 2.86 ± 0.01 (EL) and 2.36 ± 0.0 (ED) while 0.82 ± 0.01 g (SW) and 0.11 ± 0.02 cm (ST) for CBS were higher (p < 0.05) significantly than 0.80 ± 0.01 g (SW) and 0.07 ± 0.01 (ST) for PWS. Strain significantly (p < 0.05) influenced all internal egg parameters of Japanese quails exception of YH and YW measured. CBS had higher mean values of 3.25 ± 0.03 cm (AD), 2.35 ± 0.01 cm (YD) and 1.42 ± 0.06 (YC) than PWS with 3.14 ± 0.02 cm (AD), 2.30 ± 0.01 cm (YD) and 1.16 ± 0.03 (YC) while PWS was superior in AH (0.42 ± 0.01 cm), AW (1.77 ± 0.04 g) and Hu (62.10 ± 0.12%) compared to CBS with AH (0.40 ± 0.00 cm), AW (1.66 ± 0.03 g) and Hu (60.67 ± 0.38%). However, CBS had a better external egg quality because of the heavier and thicker shell mean which protect the internal egg contents while PWS performed better in internal egg parameters as Hu qualifies a good quality egg. In conclusion, Cinnamon brown strain of Japanese quails should be reared for egg production purpose as it has better external egg quality to protect the internal egg contents.

Intra-Task Reliability and Specificity of Individual Consistency

1970 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 583-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert V. Carron
Keyword(s):  
Motor Response ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Response Component ◽  
Linear Movement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Individual Consistency ◽  
Response Consistency ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The present report is based on reanalysis of data of Marisi (1969) in order to examine the relationship of consistency of motor response among the component responses of a single motor task. 120 high school Ss were tested on a special task, the rho. A single trial on this motor task can be logically separated into three component motor responses: reaction time, a short circular movement, and a short linear movement. The results indicated that consistency of motor response was moderately reliable within the response components but tended to be response-component specific. Further, both the reliability and specificity of motor-response consistency were independent of the size of the mean performance scores.

scholarly journals AB0101 THE IMPACT OF TIME SPAN TO ACHIEVE BOOLEAN REMISSION FOR MAINTAINING DISEASE ACTIVITY AFTER ACQUISITION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1079.1-1079
Author(s):  
I. Yoshii
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Disease Duration ◽  
Remission Rate ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

Background:Boolean remission criteria is one most popular and stringent criteria in treating patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), because it may guarantees a stable clinical course after attaining remission.Objectives:Impact of time span from initiation to achieving Boolean remission on maintaining disease activity, daily activities, and quality of life after attaining Boolean remission was investigated from daily clinical practice data.Methods:685 patients with RA since August 2010 under the T2T strategy were treated. They were monitored for their TJC, SJC, PGA, EGA, CRP, and disease activity indices such as CDAI, SDAI, DAS28, and Boolean criteria at every visit. HAQ-DI score, pain score using visual analog scale (PS-VAS), and EQ-5D were also monitored, and the quality of life score (QOLS) calculated from EQ-5D was determined at every visit from the time of diagnosis (baseline).Of 685 patients, 465 patients had achieved Boolean remission >1 times, and were consecutively followed up for >3 years. These patients were enrolled in the study. Time span from the first visit to first Boolean remission was calculated. The relationship between the time span and each of background parameters, and the relationship between the time span and each of the mean values of the SDAI score, HAQ score, PS-VAS, SHS, and QOLS at the first Boolean remission and thereafter was evaluated statistically.Patients were subsequently divided into the G ≤ 6 and G > 6 groups based on the achievement of first Boolean remission within two groups: time span G ≤ 6 months and G > 6 months. The two groups were compared with regard to the SDAI score, HAQ score, PS-VAS, SHS, and QOLS at first visit and at the time of first Boolean remission, and the mean values of these parameters after remission were evaluated statistically. Moreover, changes of these parameters and the mean Boolean remission rate after the first remission, and SDAI remission rate at the first Boolean remission to thereafter were compared between the two groups statistically.Results:Out of 465 patients, females comprised 343 (73.7%), and the mean age was 67.8 years (range, from 21–95 years). The mean disease duration at first visit was 6.1 years (range, from 1 months–45 years). The mean follow up length was 88.1 months (range: 36–122 months; median: 85 months) and mean time span from the first visit to the first Boolean remission was 8.1 months. The mean SDAI score, HAQ score, PS-VAS, and the QOLS at first visit were 13.3, 0.467, 33.2, and 0.834, respectively. Among the study parameters, PS-VAS and QOLS were significantly correlated with the time span. For parameters at the first Boolean remission, HAQ-DI score, PS-VAS, and QOLS demonstrated significant correlation with the time span, whereas SDAI, HAQ-DI score, PS-VAS, SHS, and QOLS after the Boolean remission demonstrated significant correlation with the time span.The comparison between the G ≤ 6 and the G > 6 groups revealed that the disease duration, HAQ score, and PS-VAS at baseline in the G > 6 were significantly higher than that in the G ≤ 6 group, and QOLS in the G ≤ 6 group was significantly higher than that in the G > 6 group at baseline. Similarly, the HAQ score and PS-VAS at the first Boolean remission in the G > 6 group were significantly higher than that in the G ≤ 6 group, whereas QOLS in the G ≤ 6 group demonstrated no significant difference compared with that in the G > 6 group.The mean value of the SDAI score after the first Boolean remission in the G > 6 group was significantly higher than that in the G ≤ 6 group. Similarly, the SDAI score, HAQ score, and PS-VAS after the first Boolean remission in the G > 6 group were also significantly higher than those in the G ≤ 6 group, and the mean value of the QOLS in the G ≤ 6 group were significantly higher than that in the G > 6 group. The Boolean remission rate and SDAI remission rate after the first Boolean remission were significantly higher in the G ≤ 6 group than those in the G > 6 group.Conclusion:Attaining Boolean remission ≤ 6 months for RA has significant benefit for more stable disease control, that leads good maintenance of ADL.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

How landscape and climate affect the spatial variability of the Italian rainfall extremes? Some initial clues based on I2-RED

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Mazzoglio ◽  
Ilaria Butera ◽  
Pierluigi Claps
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Alpine Region ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Rainfall Extremes ◽  
Geomorphological Parameters ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Italian Territory

&lt;p&gt;The intensity and the spatial distribution of precipitation depths are known to be highly dependent on relief and geomorphological parameters. Complex environments like mountainous regions are prone to intense and frequent precipitation events, especially if located near the coastline. Although the link between the mean annual rainfall and geomorphological parameters has received substantial attention, few literature studies investigate the relationship between the sub-daily maximum annual rainfall depth and geographical or morphological landscape features.&lt;br&gt;In this study, the mean of the rainfall extremes in Italy, recently revised in the so-called I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;-RED dataset, are investigated in their spatial variability in comparison with some landscape and also some broad climatic characteristics. The database includes all sub-daily rainfall extremes recorded in Italy from 1916 until 2019 and this analysis considers their mean values (from 1 to 24 hours) in stations with at least 10 years of records, involving more than 3700 stations.&lt;br&gt;The geo-morpho-climatic factors considered range from latitude, longitude and minimum distance from the coastline on the geographic side, to elevation, slope, openness and obstruction morphological indices, and also include an often-neglected robust climatological information, as the local mean annual rainfall.&lt;br&gt;Obtained results highlight that the relationship between the annual maximum rainfall depths and the hydro-geomorphological parameters is not univocal over the entire Italian territory and over different time intervals. Considering the whole of Italy, the highest correlation is reached between the mean values of the 24-hours records and the mean annual precipitation (correlation coefficient greater than 0.75). This predominance remains also in sub-areas of the Italian territory (i.e., the Alpine region, the Apennines or the coastal areas) but correlation decreases as the time interval decreases, except for the Alpine region (0.73 for the 1-hour maximum). The other geomorphological parameters seem to act in conjunction, making it difficult to evaluate, with a simple linear regression analysis, their impact. As an example, the absolute value of the correlation coefficient between the elevation and the 1-hour extremes is greater than 0.35 for the Italian and the Alpine regions, while for the 24-hours interval it is greater than 0.35 over the coastal areas.&lt;br&gt;To further investigate the spatial variability of the relationship between rainfall and elevation, a spatial linear regression analysis has been undertaken. Local linear relationships have been fitted in circles centered on any of the 0.5-km size pixels in Italy, with 1 to 30 km radius and at least 5 stations included. Results indicate the need of more comprehensive terrain analysis to better understand the causes of local increasing or decreasing relations, poorly described in the available literature.&lt;/p&gt;

Respiratory Periodicity and Electroencephalogram Arousals During Sleep in Older Adults

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Waag Carlson ◽  
Virginia J. Neelon ◽  
John R. Carlson ◽  
Marilyn Hartman ◽  
Sunil Dogra
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Arterial Oxygenation ◽  
Type B ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg

The aim of this exploratory study was to examine the relationship of electroencephalogram (EEG) arousals to breathing patterns and the relationship of both arousals and breathing patterns to arterial oxygenation during sleep in older adults. Five older adults were monitored using standard polysomnography. Records were divided into 5-min segments and breathing patterns identified based on the level of respiratory periodicity and the variability in the frequency of breathing cycles. Standard criteria were used to determine sleep states and occurrence of EEG arousals. High respiratory periodicity was seen in 23% of the segments, whereas 24% had low respiratory periodicity with minimal variability in the frequency of breathing (Type A low respiratory periodicity) and 53% had low respiratory periodicity with high variability in the frequency of breathing (Type B low respiratory periodicity). Nearly all (97%) segments with high respiratory periodicity had EEG arousals, whereas fewer segments (33%) with low respiratory periodicity had arousals, regardless of the stage of sleep. Desaturations occurred more often in segments with high respiratory periodicity, F (2,4) = 57.3, p < .001, but overall, the mean SaO2 of segments with high respiratory periodicity did not differ from levels seen in segments with low respiratory periodicity, F( 2,4) = 0.77, ns. Our findings suggest that high respiratory periodicity is a common feature of EEG arousals and, in older adults, may be important for maintaining oxygen levels during desaturations during sleep.

scholarly journals Relationship of altitude mountain sickness and smoking: a Catalan traveller’s cohort study

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. e017058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alba Sánchez-Mascuñano ◽  
Cristina Masuet-Aumatell ◽  
Sergio Morchón-Ramos ◽  
Josep M Ramon
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Medical Advice ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Travel Health ◽  
Systemic Corticosteroids ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mountain Sickness ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Chronic Use

ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between smoking andaltitude mountain sicknessin a cohort of travellers to 2500 metres above sea level (masl) or higher.SettingTravel Health Clinic at the Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, in Barcelona, Spain.ParticipantsA total of 302 adults seeking medical advice at the travel clinic, between July 2012 and August 2014, before travelling to 2500 masl or above, who agreed to participate in the study and to be contacted after the trip were included. Individuals who met the following criteria were excluded: younger than 18 years old, taking carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for chronic use, undergoing treatment with systemic corticosteroids and taking any medication that might prevent or treat altitude mountain sickness (AMS) prior to or during the trip. The majority of participants were women (n=156, 51.7%). The mean age was 37.7 years (SD 12.3). The studied cohort included 74 smokers (24.5%), 158 (52.3%) non-smokers and 70 (23.2%) ex-smokers. No statistical differences were observed between different sociodemographic characteristics, constitutional symptoms or drug use and smoking status.OutcomesThe main outcome was the development of AMS, which was defined according to the Lake Louise AMS criteria.ResultsAMS, according to the Lake Louise score, was significantly lower in smokers; the value was 14.9%, 95% CI (6.8 to 23.0%) in smokers and 29.4%, 95% CI (23.5 to 35.3%) in non-smokers with an adjusted OR of 0.54, 95% CI (0.31 to 0.97) independent of gender, age and maximum altitude reached.ConclusionsThese results suggest that smoking could reduce the risk of AMS in non-acclimated individuals. Further studies should be performed in larger cohorts of travellers to confirm these results. Despite the results, smoking must be strongly discouraged because it greatly increases the risk of cardiorespiratory diseases, cancer and other diseases.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document