scholarly journals Ammonia measurements from space with the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS): characteristics and applications

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Shephard ◽  
Enrico Dammers ◽  
Karen E. Cady-Pereira ◽  
Shailesh K. Kharol ◽  
Jesse Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Model Evaluation ◽  
Forecast Model ◽  
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations ◽  
Animal Feeding Operations ◽  
Air Quality Forecast ◽  
Emission Estimate ◽  
High Emission ◽  
Cross Track ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Despite its clear importance, the monitoring of atmospheric ammonia, including its sources, sinks and links to the greater nitrogen cycle, remains limited. Satellite data are helping to fill the gap in monitoring from sporadic conventional ground and aircraft-based observations, to better inform policymakers, and assess the impact of any ammonia-related policies. Presented is a description and survey that demonstrate the capabilities of the CrIS ammonia product for monitoring, air quality forecast model evaluation, dry deposition estimates, and emissions estimates from an agricultural hotspot. For model evaluation, while there is a general agreement in the spatial allocation of known major agricultural ammonia hotspots across North America some high-latitude regions during peak forest fire activity often have ammonia concentrations approaching those in agricultural hotspots. The CrIS annual ammonia dry deposition in Canada (excluding Territories) and the U.S. have average and annual variability values of ~0.8 ± 0.08 Tg N year−1 and ~1.23 ± 0.09 Tg N year−1, respectively. These satellite derived dry depositions of reactive nitrogen from NH3 with NO2 show an annual ratio of NH3 compared to their sum (NH3 + NO2) of ~82 % and ~55 % in Canada and U.S., respectively. Furthermore, we show the use of CrIS satellite observations to estimated annual and seasonal emissions near Lethbridge, AB, Canada a region dominated by high emission feedlots also referred to as Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs); the satellite annual emission estimate of 37.1 ± 6.3 kt/yr is at least double the value reported in current bottom-up emission inventories for this region.

scholarly journals Ammonia measurements from space with the Cross-track Infrared Sounder: characteristics and applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 2277-2302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Shephard ◽  
Enrico Dammers ◽  
Karen E. Cady-Pereira ◽  
Shailesh K. Kharol ◽  
Jesse Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model Evaluation ◽  
Forecast Model ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Animal Feeding Operations ◽  
Air Quality Forecast ◽  
The Us ◽  
High Emission ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Cross Track ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Despite its clear importance, the monitoring of atmospheric ammonia, including its sources, sinks, and links to the greater nitrogen cycle, remains limited. Satellite data are helping to fill the gap in monitoring from sporadic conventional ground- and aircraft-based observations to better inform policymakers and assess the impact of any ammonia-related policies. Presented is a description and survey that demonstrate the capabilities of the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) ammonia product for monitoring, air quality forecast model evaluation, dry deposition estimates, and emission estimates from an agricultural hotspot. For model evaluation, while there is a general agreement in the spatial allocation of known major agricultural ammonia hotspots across North America, the satellite observations show some high-latitude regions during peak forest fire activity often have ammonia concentrations approaching those in agricultural hotspots. The CrIS annual ammonia dry depositions in Canada (excluding the territories) and the US have average and annual variability values of ∼0.8±0.08 and ∼1.23±0.09 Tg N yr−1, respectively. These satellite-derived dry depositions of reactive nitrogen from NH3 with NO2 show an annual ratio of NH3 compared to their sum (NH3+NO2) of ∼82 % and ∼55 % in Canada and the US, respectively. Furthermore, we show the use of CrIS satellite observations to estimate annual and seasonal emissions near Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, a region dominated by high-emission concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs); the satellite annual emission estimate of 37.1±6.3 kt yr−1 is at least double the value reported in current bottom-up emission inventories for this region.

Ammonia measurements from space with the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS): characteristics and applications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Shephard ◽  
Chris McLinden ◽  
Enrico Dammers ◽  
Shailesh Kharol ◽  
Karen Cady-Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
North America ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Forecast Model ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Air Quality Model ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Air Quality Forecast ◽  
The Impact

<p>Satellite data are helping to fill monitoring gaps in order to better inform decision makers and assess the impact of ammonia-related policies.  Presented is an overview demonstrating the current capabilities of the ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) data product derived from the CrIS satellite instrument for monitoring, air quality forecast model evaluation, dry deposition estimates, and emissions estimates.  This includes examples of daily, seasonal, and annual observations of CrIS ammonia that demonstrate the spatiotemporal variability of ammonia globally. These results further demonstrate the ability of CrIS to observe regional changes in ammonia concentrations, such as spring maximum values over agricultural regions from the fertilizing of crops.  Also shown is the importance contribution of wildfires, especially in regions where there is little or no agriculture sources, such as the northern latitudes in North America during summer.  Initial comparisons of CrIS NH<sub>3</sub> satellite observations with air quality model simulations show that while there is general agreement on the spatial distribution of the anthropogenic hotspots, some areas are markedly different.  Some key findings are that dry deposition estimates of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub> from CrIS and the Ozone Monitoring Instrament (OMI), respectively, indicate that the NH<sub>3</sub> dominates over most regions across North America. Their 2013 annual ratio shows NH<sub>3</sub> accounting for ~82% and ~55 % of the combined reactive nitrogen dry deposition from these two species over Canada and the U.S.  Furthermore, we show the use of CrIS satellite observations to estimate annual and seasonal emissions over Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs).  These results are used to evaluate the seasonal and temporal emissions profiles used in bottom-up inventories over an agriculture hotspot, which are often underreported</p>

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of Corona-Virus-19 on Nitrogen Dioxide Levels over Southern Ontario, Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4112
Author(s):  
Debora Griffin ◽  
Chris Anthony McLinden ◽  
Jacinthe Racine ◽  
Michael David Moran ◽  
Vitali Fioletov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Forecast Model ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Greater Toronto Area ◽  
Air Quality Forecast ◽  
Scale Modelling ◽  
Emission Activity ◽  
The Impact

A lockdown was implemented in Canada mid-March 2020 to limit the spread of COVID-19. In the wake of this lockdown, declines in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were observed from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). A method is presented to quantify how much of this decrease is due to the lockdown itself as opposed to variability in meteorology and satellite sampling. The operational air quality forecast model, GEM-MACH (Global Environmental Multi-scale - Modelling Air quality and CHemistry), was used together with TROPOMI to determine expected NO2 columns that represents what TROPOMI would have observed for a non-COVID scenario. Applying this methodology to southern Ontario, decreases in NO2 emissions due to the lockdown were seen, with an average 40% (roughly 10 kt[NO2]/yr) in Toronto and Mississauga and even larger declines in the city center. Natural and satellite sampling variability accounted for as much as 20–30%, which demonstrates the importance of taking meteorology into account. A model run with reduced emissions (from 65 kt[NO2]/yr to 40 kt[NO2]/yr in the Greater Toronto Area) based on emission activity data during the lockdown period was found to be consistent with TROPOMI NO2 columns.

Forecasting US movies box office performances in Turkey using machine learning algorithms

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 6579-6590
Author(s):  
Sandy Çağlıyor ◽  
Başar Öztayşi ◽  
Selime Sezgin
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Forecast Model ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Box Office ◽  
Industry Forecast ◽  
The Impact

The motion picture industry is one of the largest industries worldwide and has significant importance in the global economy. Considering the high stakes and high risks in the industry, forecast models and decision support systems are gaining importance. Several attempts have been made to estimate the theatrical performance of a movie before or at the early stages of its release. Nevertheless, these models are mostly used for predicting domestic performances and the industry still struggles to predict box office performances in overseas markets. In this study, the aim is to design a forecast model using different machine learning algorithms to estimate the theatrical success of US movies in Turkey. From various sources, a dataset of 1559 movies is constructed. Firstly, independent variables are grouped as pre-release, distributor type, and international distribution based on their characteristic. The number of attendances is discretized into three classes. Four popular machine learning algorithms, artificial neural networks, decision tree regression and gradient boosting tree and random forest are employed, and the impact of each group is observed by compared by the performance models. Then the number of target classes is increased into five and eight and results are compared with the previously developed models in the literature.

Impact Load Buffering Method Based on Stress Wave Attenuation Principle

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 1950019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Gan ◽  
He Zhang ◽  
Cheng Zhou ◽  
Lin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Stress Wave ◽  
Wave Attenuation ◽  
Impact Load ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Scanning System ◽  
Isolation Method ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
System A ◽  
High Emission ◽  
The Impact

Rotating scanning motor is the important component of synchronous scanning laser fuze. High emission overload environment in the conventional ammunition has a serious impact on the reliability of the motor. Based on the theory that the buffer pad can attenuate the impact stress wave, a new motor buffering Isolation Method is proposed. The dynamical model of the new buffering isolation structure is established by ANSYS infinite element analysis software to do the nonlinear impact dynamics simulation of rotating scanning motor. The effectiveness of Buffering Isolation using different materials is comparatively analyzed. Finally, the Macht hammer impact experiment is done, the results show that in the experience of the 70,000[Formula: see text]g impact acceleration, the new buffering Isolation method can reduce the impact load about 15 times, which can effectively alleviate the plastic deformation of rotational scanning motor and improve the reliability of synchronization scanning system. A new method and theoretical basis of anti-high overload research for Laser Fuze is presented.

scholarly journals Autism Tsunami: the Impact of Rising Prevalence on the Societal Cost of Autism in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Blaxill ◽  
Toby Rogers ◽  
Cynthia Nevison
Keyword(s):  
Forecast Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Total Base ◽  
Cost Categories ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe cost of ASD in the U.S. is estimated using a forecast model that for the first time accounts for the true historical increase in ASD. Model inputs include ASD prevalence, census population projections, six cost categories, ten age brackets, inflation projections, and three future prevalence scenarios. Future ASD costs increase dramatically: total base-case costs of $223 (175–271) billion/year are estimated in 2020; $589 billion/year in 2030, $1.36 trillion/year in 2040, and $5.54 (4.29–6.78) trillion/year by 2060, with substantial potential savings through ASD prevention. Rising prevalence, the shift from child to adult-dominated costs, the transfer of costs from parents onto government, and the soaring total costs raise pressing policy questions and demand an urgent focus on prevention strategies.

scholarly journals Agricultural subsidies and global greenhouse gas emissions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Laborde ◽  
Abdullah Mamun ◽  
Will Martin ◽  
Valeria Piñeiro ◽  
Rob Vos
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Consumer Prices ◽  
High Emission ◽  
The Government ◽  
Agriculture And Food ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Global Emissions

AbstractAgricultural production is strongly affected by and a major contributor to climate change. Agriculture and land-use change account for a quarter of total global emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). Agriculture receives around US$600 billion per year worldwide in government support. No rigorous quantification of the impact of this support on GHG emissions has been available. This article helps fill the void. Here, we find that, while over the years the government support has incentivized the development of high-emission farming systems, at present, the support only has a small impact in terms of inducing additional global GHG emissions from agricultural production; partly because support is not systematically biased towards high-emission products, and partly because support generated by trade protection reduces demand for some high-emission products by raising their consumer prices. Substantially reducing GHG emissions from agriculture while safeguarding food security requires a more comprehensive revamping of existing support to agriculture and food consumption.

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