scholarly journals Reactive nitrogen in atmospheric emission inventories

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (19) ◽  
pp. 7657-7677 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Reis ◽  
R. W. Pinder ◽  
M. Zhang ◽  
G. Lijie ◽  
M. A. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Dispersion ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
Measured Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion Models

Abstract. Excess reactive Nitrogen (Nr) has become one of the most pressing environmental problems leading to air pollution, acidification and eutrophication of ecosystems, biodiversity impacts, leaching of nitrates into groundwater and global warming. This paper investigates how current inventories cover emissions of Nr to the atmosphere in Europe, the United States of America, and China. The focus is on anthropogenic sources, assessing the state-of-the-art of quantifying emissions of Ammonia (NH3), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O), the different purposes for which inventories are compiled, and to which extent current inventories meet the needs of atmospheric dispersion modelling. The paper concludes with a discussion of uncertainties involved and a brief outlook on emerging trends in the three regions investigated is conducted. Key issues are substantial differences in the overall magnitude, but as well in the relative sectoral contribution of emissions in the inventories that have been assessed. While these can be explained by the use of different methodologies and underlying data (e.g. emission factors or activity rates), they may lead to quite different results when using the emission datasets to model ambient air quality or the deposition with atmospheric dispersion models. Hence, differences and uncertainties in emission inventories are not merely of academic interest, but can have direct policy implications when the development of policy actions is based on these model results. The level of uncertainty of emission estimates varies greatly between substances, regions and emission source sectors. This has implications for the direction of future research needs and indicates how existing gaps between modelled and measured concentration or deposition rates could be most efficiently addressed. The observed current trends in emissions display decreasing NOx emissions and only slight reductions for NH3 in both Europe and the US. However, in China projections indicate a steep increase of both.

scholarly journals Reactive nitrogen in atmospheric emission inventories – a review

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 12413-12464 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Reis ◽  
R. W. Pinder ◽  
M. Zhang ◽  
G. Lijie ◽  
M. A. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Dispersion ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
Measured Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion Models

Abstract. Excess reactive Nitrogen (Nr) has become one of the most pressing environmental problems leading to air pollution, acidification and eutrophication of ecosystems, biodiversity impacts, leaching of nitrates into groundwater and global warming. This paper investigates how current inventories cover emissions of Nr to the atmosphere in Europe, the United States of America, and The People's Republic of China. The focus is on anthropogenic sources, assessing the state-of-the-art of quantifying emissions of Ammonia (NH3), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O), the different purposes for which inventories are compiled, and to which extent current inventories meet the needs of atmospheric dispersion modelling. The paper concludes with a discussion of uncertainties involved and a brief outlook on emerging trends in the three regions investigated is conducted. Key issues are substantial differences in the overall magnitude, but as well in the relative sectoral contribution of emissions in the inventories that have been assessed. While these can be explained by the use of different methodologies and underlying data (e.g. emission factors or activity rates), they may lead to quite different results when using the emission datasets to model ambient air quality or the deposition with atmospheric dispersion models. Hence, differences and uncertainties in emission inventories are not merely of academic interest, but can have direct policy implications when the development of policy actions is based on these model results. The robustness of emission estimates varies greatly between substances, regions and emission source sectors. This has implications for the direction of future research needs and indicates how existing gaps between modelled and measured concentration or deposition rates could be most efficiently addressed. The observed current trends in emissions display decreasing NOx emissions and only slight reductions for NH3 in both Europe and the US. However, in China projections indicate a steep increase of both.

“It Takes a Lot of Planning”: Sexual Minority Young Adult Perceptions of Gay and Lesbian Parenthood

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 1785-1809
Author(s):  
Nicholas Park ◽  
Rachel M. Schmitz ◽  
Kathleen Slauson-Blevins
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sexual Minority ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Gay And Lesbian ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Barriers ◽  
Lesbian Parenting ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
Group Interviews

Lesbian and gay parents are becoming more prevalent, visible, and accepted in the United States. Despite these shifts, legal and social obstacles continue to shape pathways to parenthood. For many lesbians and gay men, access to parenthood is difficult, uncertain, and varies geographically. Using focus group interviews, this study explores how 36 Midwestern gay, lesbian, and bisexual young adults without children perceive gay and lesbian parenting and their own parenthood prospects. Themes included perceptions of legal and social barriers to parenthood, assumptions of the mounting economic obstacles and constraints surrounding parenthood, and concerns with navigating legal relatedness when establishing their families. This research provides insight into how emerging adulthood is experienced by sexual minority young adults in a shifting legal and social climate full of uncertainty regarding LGBTQ rights and parenthood. Policy implications and future research are discussed surrounding sexually diverse people’s accessibility in pursuing parenthood.

scholarly journals Political Business Cycles and Their Policy Implications: An Extension of Alesina`s Model

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-147
Author(s):  
Chung Ji Eun ◽  
Jung Kwang Ho
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycles ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Money Growth ◽  
Political Business Cycles ◽  
Stock Market Performance

This paper reviews and empirically tests the most recent theoretical and empirical work on political business cycles in the United States. It focuses on the rational partisan theory of Alesina et al. (1997) and extends their data from 1994 to 2005. We tested three different political business cycle modles-the opportunistic, traditional partisan, and rational partisan models-to observe whether they remain valid. Overall, our results show that the rational partisan model outperforms both the opportunistic model and the traditional partisan modls in explaining the variations of monetary and fiscal policy outcomes, which are consistent with Alesina et al.'s work (1997). More specifically, we found a significant partisan effect on money growth, a weak partisan effect on the federal funds rate, and no partisan effect on other interest rates including the discount rate, three-month Treasury bill, and ten-year Treasury note. Our finding on the partisan effects of money growth resemble those of Alesina (1988), but our results on interest rates differ. In addition, we found a strong partisan effect on the budget deficit (higher during republican administrations) and no partisan effect on the level of government transfers. Both findings are consistent with Alesina's work (1988). Future research is required to identify how partisan effects vary across both developed and developing countries and how stock market performance and the role of the central bank during presidential elections are related.

scholarly journals Evaluating The Economic Impact Of Marriage Versus Cohabitation In Same-Sex Couples Age 50+

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 876-876
Author(s):  
Setarreh Massihzadegan ◽  
Jan Mutchler
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Same Sex Couples

Abstract Utilizing the first set of 5-year American Community Survey data available since the United States’ legalization of same-sex marriage in mid-2015, this poster investigates the economic security of older adults (age 50+) in same-sex marriages compared to those in same-sex partnerships who are cohabiting but not married. Viewed through the lens of cumulative disadvantage theory, we consider differences in the economic circumstances of same-sex couples by gender and by geographic location. Findings point to gender differences in economic well-being, but relatively few differences based on marital status. For example, rates of low income are somewhat higher among female couples than among their male counterparts, but marital status differences are not substantial. These findings suggest that the benefits of being married that have long been recognized among older adults may not extend equally to same-sex couples. Findings are discussed with respect to the emerging salience of marriage within the LGBTQ older community, future research opportunities, and important policy implications.

scholarly journals A dataset of tracer concentrations and meteorological observations from the Bolzano Tracer EXperiment (BTEX) to characterize pollutant dispersion processes in an Alpine valley

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Falocchi ◽  
Werner Tirler ◽  
Lorenzo Giovannini ◽  
Elena Tomasi ◽  
Gianluca Antonacci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Dispersion ◽  
Pollutant Dispersion ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Tracer Experiment ◽  
Waste Incinerator ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Alpine Valley ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion Models ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Temperature Profiler

Abstract. The paper describes the dataset of concentrations and related meteorological measurements collected during the field campaign of the Bolzano Tracer Experiment (BTEX). The experiment was performed to characterize the dispersion of pollutants emitted from a waste incinerator in the basin of the city of Bolzano, in the Italian Alps. As part of the experiment two controlled releases of a passive gas tracer (sulfure exafluoride, SF6) were performed through the stack of the incinerator on 14 February 2017 for two different time-lags, starting respectively at 07:00 LST and 12:45 LST. Samples of ambient air were collected at target sites with vacuum-filled glass bottles and polyvinyl fluoride bags, and later analyzed by means of a mass spectrometer (detectability limit 30 pptv). Meteorological conditions were monitored by a network of 15 ground weather stations, 1 microwave temperature profiler, 1 SODAR and 1 Doppler Wind-LIDAR. The dataset represents one of the few examples available in the literature concerning dispersion processes in a typical mountain valley environment and provides a useful benchmark for testing atmospheric dispersion models in complex terrain. The dataset described in this paper is available at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.898761 (Falocchi et al., 2019).

The Tyranny of Distance: Assessing and Explaining the Apparent Decline in U.S. Military Performance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Patrick Hulme ◽  
Erik Gartzke
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Military Effectiveness ◽  
Intrastate Conflict ◽  
American Military ◽  
Military Performance ◽  
Us Military ◽  
The Cost

Abstract There is a growing sense that US military effectiveness has been on the wane in recent years. Is this the case? If so, what are the reasons for the decay in American combat performance? We first examine the available systematic evidence for American military decline, showing that the United States has indeed experienced a drop in the quality of outcomes of its military contests. Observers have offered a number of explanations for declining American military success, most predominantly an increase in intrastate conflict after the Second World War. After showing that a decline in performance is observed even after fully excluding intrastate conflict, we propose an alternative explanation: the increasing distance from home at which the United States has been fighting. Distance is tyrannical: it saps military strength and increases the cost of contests, even as it reduces US expertise and motivations to prevail. We then show that the distance from home at which the United States fights is the best predictor of the outcome of the conflict. We conclude by noting some avenues for future research and policy implications as the world returns to great power competition.

Virtual Life Sentences: An Exploratory Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica S. Henry ◽  
Christopher Salvatore ◽  
Bai-Eyse Pugh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Initial Data ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
State Prisons ◽  
Natural Life ◽  
Life Sentences

Virtual life sentences are sentences with a term of years that exceed an individual’s natural life expectancy. This exploratory study is one of the first to collect data that establish the existence, prevalence, and scope of virtual life sentences in state prisons in the United States. Initial data reveal that more than 31,000 people in 26 states are serving virtual life sentences for violent and nonviolent offenses, and suggest racial disparities in the distribution of these sentences. This study also presents potential policy implications and suggestions for future research.

A Dynamic Model of Rational Addiction with Stockpiling and Learning: An Empirical Examination of E-cigarettes

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 5886-5905
Author(s):  
Jialie Chen ◽  
Vithala R. Rao
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Cigarette Taxes ◽  
Smoking Behaviors ◽  
The Impact

Current regulations on e-cigarettes are minimal compared with cigarette regulations, despite their growing popularity globally. Advocates of e-cigarettes claim that they aid in ceasing smoking habits. However, leaving e-cigarettes unregulated has raised growing health concerns. Policymakers in several countries, including the United States and those in Europe, are considering and experimenting with policy interventions. To evaluate current policies and implement potential regulations on e-cigarettes, policymakers must understand the impact of e-cigarettes on consumers’ smoking behaviors. To address this issue, we construct a dynamic structural model that incorporates consumers’ purchases and consumption behaviors of both cigarettes and e-cigarettes. The results from our proposed model indicate that consumption of e-cigarettes promotes, rather than counteracts, smoking. This is because the less costly e-cigarettes incentivize consumers to build their addiction to nicotine, which, in return, increases future consumption of both cigarettes and e-cigarettes. This finding calls for regulations on e-cigarettes. We then conduct counterfactual analyses to evaluate two policy regulations on e-cigarettes: (1) e-cigarette taxes and (2) price regulation. Because both of these policies have been discussed extensively in both the United States and many countries in the European Union, results of our policy simulations address these policy debates. We find that both are effective in reducing overall consumption of cigarettes and e-cigarettes. We also examine the role of consumers’ heterogeneity on the simulation results as well as the policy implications. We conclude with future research directions, such as inclusion of social influence and cross-selling marketing. This paper was accepted by Matthew Shum, marketing.

Evaluation of Safe Streets Treatment Option to Reduce Recidivism Among Repeat Drunk Driving Offenders

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1368-1384
Author(s):  
Tina L. Freiburger ◽  
Alyssa M. Sheeran
Keyword(s):  
Comparison Group ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Drunk Driving ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Drinking And Driving ◽  
Repeat Offenders ◽  
Driving Behaviors ◽  
To Receive

Drinking and driving poses a significant issue in the United States. Repeat offenders are especially problematic as they are responsible for a high proportion of all drunk driving offenses and are more likely to continue in their drinking and driving behaviors. This study examines the effectiveness of the Safe Streets Treatment Options Program (SSTOP) in Outagamie County, Wisconsin, to reduce recidivism among repeat offenders. The results indicate that participants of SSTOP had significantly fewer convictions, fewer subsequent sentences to incarceration, were sentenced to fewer days incarcerated in jail for subsequent offenses, and were less likely to receive another Operating While Intoxicated (OWI) conviction than those in the comparison group. Policy implications and directions for future research also are discussed.

scholarly journals Fundamentals of Odour Assessment in Slovenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 642-654
Author(s):  
Martin Dobeic ◽  
Vincenc Butala ◽  
Matjaž Prek ◽  
Jan Leskovšek ◽  
Žiga Švegelj
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Compliance Level ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion Models ◽  
Impact Area ◽  
Odour Concentration ◽  
The Impact

From a sociological and economic perspective, odour pollution is one of the most complex problems in the field of air quality. Therefore, various approaches and odour impact criteria are particularly relevant when assessing odour exposure in the areas of different land use. The number of odour assessment methods is limited, and the lack of analytical techniques to determine odour concentration makes odour assessment even more complex. It is essential to analyse the spatial and temporal distribution of odour concentrations in order to assess odour nuisance in the ambient air. Since sampling of odorous air in the field for subsequent determination of odour concentrations in a laboratory by dynamic olfactometry is time-consuming, two approaches are used to assess odour concentrations in ambient air: estimating odour concentration by field inspection and calculation of odour concentrations using atmospheric dispersion models. The latter is the most commonly used technique. Our study aimed to provide fundamentals for an odour regulatory framework in Slovenia. While a multitude of approaches is presently applied to establish odour regulation framework, a broader approach remains lacking. Various odour emission sources were identified to evaluate available methods and techniques to assess odour impact. The impact area was selected to analyse and compare the impact of different odour sources in terms of odour concentration, odour frequency, odour offensiveness, land use, and receptor location. Finally, odour impact criteria were set according to odour offensiveness and concentration, percentile compliance level and land use.From a sociological and economic perspective, odour pollution is one of the most complex problems in the field of air quality. Therefore, various approaches and odour impact criteria are particularly relevant when assessing odour exposure in the areas of different land use. The number of odour assessment methods is limited, and the lack of analytical techniques to determine odour concentration makes odour assessment even more complex. It is essential to analyse the spatial and temporal distribution of odour concentrations in order to assess odour nuisance in the ambient air. Since sampling of odorous air in the field for subsequent determination of odour concentrations in a laboratory by dynamic olfactometry is time-consuming, two approaches are used to assess odour concentrations in ambient air: estimating odour concentration by field inspection and calculation of odour concentrations using atmospheric dispersion models. The latter is the most commonly used technique. Our study aimed to provide fundamentals for an odour regulatory framework in Slovenia. While a multitude of approaches is presently applied to establish odour regulation framework, a broader approach remains lacking. Various odour emission sources were identified to evaluate available methods and techniques to assess odour impact. The impact area was selected to analyse and compare the impact of different odour sources in terms of odour concentration, odour frequency, odour offensiveness, land use, and receptor location. Finally, odour impact criteria were set according to odour offensiveness and concentration, percentile compliance level and land use.

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