Effect of polyoxymethylene (POM-H Delrin) off-gassing within the Pandora head sensor on direct-sun and multi-axis formaldehyde column measurements in 2016–2019

Abstract. Analysis of formaldehyde measurements by the Pandora spectrometer systems between 2016 and 2019 suggested that there was a temperature-dependent process inside the Pandora head sensor that emitted formaldehyde. Some parts in the head sensor were manufactured from the thermal plastic polyoxymethylene homopolymer (E.I. Du Pont de Nemour & Co., USA; POM-H Delrin®) and were responsible for formaldehyde production. Laboratory analysis of the four Pandora head sensors showed that internal formaldehyde production had exponential temperature dependence with a damping coefficient of 0.0911±0.0024 ∘C−1 and the exponential function amplitude ranging from 0.0041 to 0.049 DU. No apparent dependency on the head sensor age and heating and cooling rates was detected. The total amount of formaldehyde internally generated by the POM-H Delrin components and contributing to the direct-sun measurements were estimated based on the head sensor temperature and solar zenith angle of the measurements. Measurements in winter, during colder (< 10 ∘C) days in general, and at high solar zenith angles (> 75∘) were minimally impacted. Measurements during hot days (> 28 ∘C) and small solar zenith angles had up to 1 DU (2.69×1016 molec. cm−2) contribution from POM-H Delrin parts. Multi-axis differential slant column densities were minimally impacted (<0.01 DU) due to the reference spectrum being collected within a short time period with a small difference in head sensor temperature. Three new POM-H Delrin free Pandora head sensors (manufactured in summer 2019) were evaluated for temperature-dependent attenuation across the entire spectral range (300 to 530 nm). No formaldehyde absorption or any other absorption above the instrumental noise was observed across the entire spectral range.

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Effect of Polyoxymethylene (POM-H Delrin) offgassing within Pandora head sensor on direct sun and multi-axis formaldehyde column measurements in 2016–2019

10.5194/amt-2020-158 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elena Spinei ◽

Martin Tiefengraber ◽

Moritz Müller ◽

Manuel Gebetsberger ◽

Alexander Cede ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Temperature Dependence ◽

Exponential Function ◽

Zenith Angle ◽

Solar Zenith Angle ◽

Damping Coefficient ◽

Temperature Dependent ◽

Hot Days ◽

Exponential Temperature Dependence ◽

Formaldehyde Production ◽

Sensor Temperature

Abstract. Analysis of formaldehyde measurements by the Pandora spectrometer systems between 2016 and 2019 suggested that there was a temperature dependent process inside Pandora head sensor that emitted formaldehyde. Some parts in the head sensor were manufactured from thermal plastic polyoxymethylene homopolimer (E.I. Du Pont de Nemour & Co., USA: POM-H Delrin®) and were responsible for formaldehyde production. Laboratory analysis of the four Pandora head sensors showed that internal formaldehyde production had exponential temperature dependence with a damping coefficient of 0.0911 ± 0.0024 °C−1 and the exponential function amplitude ranging from 0.0041 DU to 0.049 DU. No apparent dependency on the head sensor age and heating/cooling rates was detected. The total amount of formaldehyde internally generated by the POM-H components and contributing to the direct sun measurements were estimated based on the head sensor temperature and solar zenith angle of the measurements. Measurements in winter, during cold days in general and at high solar zenith angles (> 75 °) were minimally impacted. Measurements during hot days and small solar zenith angles had up to 1 DU contribution from POM-H parts. Multi-axis differential slant column densities were minimally impacted (

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World Economy: Prospects and Barriers for Recovery

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2012-12-61-83 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 61-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Ershov

Keyword(s):

World Economy ◽

Western World ◽

Short Time Period ◽

Market Segments ◽

Junk Bonds ◽

The Past ◽

Time Period ◽

The Us ◽

Global Liquidity ◽

Short Time

According to the latest forecasts, it will take 10 years for the world economy to get back to “decent shape”. Some more critical estimates suggest that the whole western world will have a “colossal mess” within the next 5–10 years. Regulators of some major countries significantly and over a short time‑period changed their forecasts for the worse which means that uncertainty in the outlook for the future persists. Indeed, the intensive anti‑crisis measures have reduced the severity of the past problems, however the problems themselves have not disappeared. Moreover, some of them have become more intense — the eurocrisis, excessive debts, global liquidity glut against the backdrop of its deficit in some of market segments. As was the case prior to the crisis, derivatives and high‑risk operations with “junk” bonds grow; budget problems — “fiscal cliff” in the US — and other problems worsen. All of the above forces the regulators to take unprecedented (in their scope and nature) steps. Will they be able to tackle the problems which emerge?

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Effect of short-term use of oral contraceptive pills on intraocular pressure

Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.36351/pjo.v35i3.871 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Tayyaba Gul Malik ◽

Hina Nadeem ◽

Eiman Ayesha ◽

Rabail Alam

Keyword(s):

Oral Contraceptive ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Short Term ◽

Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽

Contraceptive Pills ◽

Time Period ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Short Time

Objective: To study the effect of short-term use of oral contraceptive pills on intra-ocular pressures of women of childbearing age. Methods: It was a comparative observational study, conducted at Arif memorial teaching hospital and Allied hospital Faisalabad for a period of six months. Hundred female subjects were divided into two groups of 50 each. Group A, included females, who had been taking oral contraceptive pills (OCP) for more than 6 months and less than 36 months. Group B, included 50 age-matched controls, who had never used OCP. Ophthalmic and systemic history was taken. Careful Slit lamp examination was performed and intraocular pressures (IOP) were measured using Goldman Applanation tonometer. Fundus examination was done to rule out any posterior segment disease. After collection of data, we analyzed and compared the intra ocular pressures between the two groups by using ANOVA in SPSS version 21. Results: Average duration of using OCP was 14.9 months. There was no significant difference of Cup to Disc ratios between the two groups (p= 0.109). However, significant difference was noted between the IOP of OCP group and controls. (p=0.000). Conclusion: OCP significantly increase IOP even when used for short time period.

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Political ideology and vaccination willingness: implications for policy design

Policy Sciences ◽

10.1007/s11077-021-09428-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marc Debus ◽

Jale Tosun

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Political Ideology ◽

Policy Design ◽

Public Support ◽

Individual Freedom ◽

Short Time Period ◽

Successful Development ◽

Individual Level ◽

Time Period ◽

Short Time

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments to impose major restrictions on individual freedom in order to stop the spread of the virus. With the successful development of a vaccine, these restrictions are likely to become obsolete—on the condition that people get vaccinated. However, parts of the population have reservations against vaccination. While this is not a recent phenomenon, it might prove a critical one in the context of current attempts to manage the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, the task of designing policies suitable for attaining high levels of vaccination deserves enhanced attention. In this study, we use data from the Eurobarometer survey fielded in March 2019. They show that 39% of Europeans consider vaccines to cause the diseases which they should protect against, that 50% believe vaccines have serious side effects, that 32% think that vaccines weaken the immune system, and that 10% do not believe vaccines are tested rigorously before authorization. We find that—even when controlling for important individual-level factors—ideological extremism on both ends of the spectrum explains skepticism of vaccination. We conclude that policymakers must either politicize the issue or form broad alliances among parties and societal groups in order to increase trust in and public support for the vaccines in general and for vaccines against COVID-19 in particular, since the latter were developed in a very short time period and resulted—in particular in case of the AstraZeneca vaccine—in reservations because of the effectiveness and side effects of the new vaccines.

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Platypnoea–orthodeoxia syndrome induced by short-term weight loss: a case series

European Heart Journal - Case Reports ◽

10.1093/ehjcr/ytaa498 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yudai Tamura ◽

Tomohiro Sakamoto

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Septal Defect ◽

Case Series ◽

Transoesophageal Echocardiography ◽

Sitting Position ◽

Short Time Period ◽

Time Period ◽

Uncommon Condition ◽

The Right ◽

Short Time

Abstract Background Platypnoea–orthodeoxia syndrome (POS) is an uncommon condition characterized by dyspnoea and arterial desaturation in the standing or sitting position that improves in the supine position. Case summary We report two cases of POS caused by an atrial septal defect (ASD) and a patent foramen ovale (PFO). Both cases reported a recent decrease in body weight of more than 10 kg in a short time period. Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) with agitated saline bubble study revealed and a large amount of contrast bubble through the ASD (Patient 1) or the PFO (Patient 2) from the right atrium to the left atrium in the sitting position. Both patients were diagnosed by the finding of positional dyspnoea and the results of TOE using agitated saline bubble contrast. Discussion Taken together, their presentations suggest that weight loss in a short time period could be a pathogenic factor for POS.

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Origins and Destinations – Social Security Claimant Dynamics

Journal of Social Policy ◽

10.1017/s0047279498005327 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 351-369 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

MICHAEL NOBLE ◽

SIN YI CHEUNG ◽

GEORGE SMITH

Keyword(s):

The United States ◽

Data Sets ◽

Income Support ◽

Data Set ◽

Family Structures ◽

Highly Educated ◽

Lone Parents ◽

Lone Mothers ◽

Time Period ◽

Short Time

This article briefly reviews American and British literature on welfare dynamics and examines the concepts of welfare dependency and ‘dependency culture’ with particular reference to lone parents. Using UK benefit data sets, the welfare dynamics of lone mothers are examined to explore the extent to which they inform the debates. Evidence from Housing Benefits data show that even over a relatively short time period, there is significant turnover in the benefits-dependent lone parent population with movement in and out of income support as well as movement into other family structures. Younger lone parents and owner-occupiers tend to leave the data set while older lone parents and council tenants are most likely to stay. Some owner-occupier lone parents may be relatively well off and on income support for a relatively short time between separation and a financial settlement being reached. They may also represent a more highly educated and highly skilled group with easier access to the labour market than renters. Any policy moves paralleling those in the United States to time limit benefit will disproportionately affect older lone parents.

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Retention Of Cardiac Auscultation Skill Requires Paired Visual And Audio Information In New Learners

Journal of Medical Devices ◽

10.1115/1.2927390 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Glenn Nordehn ◽

Spencer Strunic ◽

Tom Soldner ◽

Nicholas Karlisch ◽

Ian Kramer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Information ◽

Heart Sound ◽

Heart Sounds ◽

Sound Recognition ◽

Cardiac Auscultation ◽

Time Period ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Post Test ◽

Short Time ◽

Audio Information

Introduction: Cardiac auscultation accuracy is poor: 20% to 40%. Audio-only of 500 heart sounds cycles over a short time period significantly improved auscultation scores. Hypothesis: adding visual information to an audio-only format, significantly (p<.05) improves short and long term accuracy. Methods: Pre-test: Twenty-two 1st and 2nd year medical student participants took an audio-only pre-test. Seven students comprising our audio-only training cohort heard audio-only, of 500 heart sound repetitions. 15 students comprising our paired visual with audio cohort heard and simultaneously watched video spectrograms of the heart sounds. Immediately after trainings, both cohorts took audio-only post-tests; the visual with audio cohort also took a visual with audio post-test, a test providing audio with simultaneous video spectrograms. All tests were repeated in six months. Results: All tests given immediately after trainings showed significant improvement with no significant difference between the cohorts. Six months later neither cohorts maintained significant improvement on audio-only post-tests. Six months later the visual with audio cohort maintained significant improvement (p<.05) on the visual with audio post-test. Conclusions: Audio retention of heart sound recognition is not maintained if: trained using audio-only; or, trained using visual with audio. Providing visual with audio in training and testing allows retention of auscultation accuracy. Devices providing visual information during auscultation could prove beneficial.

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How much should we believe correlations between Arctic cyclones and sea ice extent?

10.5194/tc-2017-140 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Jamie G. L. Rae ◽

Alexander D. Todd ◽

Edward W. Blockley ◽

Jeff K. Ridley

Keyword(s):

Sea Ice ◽

Climate Model ◽

Arctic Sea Ice ◽

Reanalysis Dataset ◽

Sea Ice Extent ◽

Sea Level Pressure ◽

Temporal Sampling ◽

Time Period ◽

Arctic Sea ◽

Short Time

Abstract. This paper presents an analysis of Arctic summer cyclones in a climate model and in a reanalysis dataset. A cyclone identification and tracking algorithm is run for output from model simulations at two resolutions, and for the reanalysis, using two different tracking variables (mean sea-level pressure and 850 hPa vorticity) for identification of the cyclones. Correlations between characteristics of the cyclones and September Arctic sea ice extent are investigated, and the influence of the tracking variable, the spatial resolution of the model, and spatial and temporal sampling, on the correlations is explored. We conclude that the correlations obtained depend on all of these factors, and that care should be taken when interpreting the results of such analyses, especially when the focus is on one reanalysis, or output from one model, analysed with a single tracking variable for a short time period.

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Estimation of three-dimensional crustal movements in the 2011 Tohoku-oki, Japan earthquake from TerraSAR-X intensity images

Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/nhessd-2-7383-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (12) ◽

pp. 7383-7408

Author(s):

W. Liu ◽

F. Yamazaki ◽

M. Matsuoka ◽

T. Nonaka ◽

T. Sasagawa

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Short Time Period ◽

Sar Images ◽

Crustal Movements ◽

Surface Displacements ◽

Time Period ◽

Intensity Images ◽

Short Time ◽

The Relationship ◽

Gps Observations

Abstract. The Tohoku-Oki earthquake on 11 March 2011 caused significant widespread crustal movements. In a previous study, we proposed a method for capturing two-dimensional (2-D) surface displacements from a pair of pre- and post-event TerraSAR-X (TSX) intensity images. However, it is difficult to detect three-dimensional (3-D) displacements from one pair of TSX images. In this study, three pairs of pre- and post-event TSX images taken on different paths were used to estimate 3-D crustal movements. The relationship between the actual 3-D displacements and the converted 2-D movements in the SAR images was derived based on the observation model of a SAR sensor. The 3-D movements were then calculated from three sets of detected 2-D movements that occurred within a short time period. Compared with GPS observations, the proposed method was found to be capable of detecting the 3-D crustal movements with sub-pixel accuracy.

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Changing Attitudes Towards Territorial Municipal Reforms – The Case of Inland Norway

Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government ◽

10.4335/18.2.271-292(2020) ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 271-292

Author(s):

Ulla Higdem ◽

Hans Christian Høyer ◽

Erik Neslein Mønness ◽

Jon Helge Lesjø

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

National Government ◽

Short Time Period ◽

Time Period ◽

Catch Up ◽

Changing Attitudes ◽

Short Time ◽

Citizens Attitudes ◽

Municipal Reforms

Inland people’s attitude towards municipal amalgamation reform in Norway from 2013 to 2018 has become more positive. However, a majority does not support the ongoing reform, but the changes have been substantial during such a short time period. However, these changes seem not to be a result of new and more positive judgements of the reforms’ results and outcome. By contrast, the majority has been more critical of anticipated consequences of the amalgamation reform into larger municipalities. Instead, we considered the changes as a type of ‘resignation’ towards a reform pressure from the national government and general changes in their environment. More citizens’ assess that positive municipal economic development and more local competence are favourable effects of mergers, and this finding supports this claim. The reform is likely to catch up with their local units anyway, and the citizens’ attitudes are adapting to what they expect will occur in the upcoming years.

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