A Marine Aerosol Reference Tank system as a breaking wave analogue for the production of foam and sea-spray aerosols

Abstract. In order to better understand the processes governing the production of marine aerosols a repeatable, controlled method for their generation is required. The Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (MART) has been designed to closely approximate oceanic conditions by producing an evolving bubble plume and surface foam patch. The tank utilizes an intermittently plunging sheet of water and large volume tank reservoir to simulate turbulence, plume and foam formation, and the water flow is monitored volumetrically and acoustically to ensure the repeatability of conditions.

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A Marine Aerosol Reference Tank system as a breaking wave analogue

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions ◽

10.5194/amtd-5-8701-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 8701-8728 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. D. Stokes ◽

G. B. Deane ◽

K. Prather ◽

T. H. Bertram ◽

M. J. Ruppel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Volume ◽

Breaking Wave ◽

Foam Formation ◽

Marine Aerosol ◽

Marine Aerosols ◽

Bubble Plume ◽

Tank System

Abstract. In order to better understand the processes governing the production of marine aerosols a repeatable, controlled method for their generation is required. The Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (MART) has been designed to closely approximate oceanic conditions by producing an evolving bubble plume and surface foam patch. The tank utilizes an intermittently plunging sheet of water and large volume tank reservoir to simulate turbulence, plume and foam formation, and is monitored volumetrically and acoustically to ensure the repeatability of conditions.

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A miniature Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (miniMART) as a compact breaking wave analogue

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques ◽

10.5194/amt-9-4257-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 4257-4267 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M. Dale Stokes ◽

Grant Deane ◽

Douglas B. Collins ◽

Christopher Cappa ◽

Timothy Bertram ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bulk Water ◽

Breaking Wave ◽

Foam Formation ◽

Marine Aerosol ◽

Marine Aerosols ◽

Bubble Plume ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

Water Wheel ◽

Spilling Breaker ◽

New System

Abstract. In order to understand the processes governing the production of marine aerosols, repeatable, controlled methods for their generation are required. A new system, the miniature Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (miniMART), has been designed after the success of the original MART system, to approximate a small oceanic spilling breaker by producing an evolving bubble plume and surface foam patch. The smaller tank utilizes an intermittently plunging jet of water produced by a rotating water wheel, into an approximately 6 L reservoir to simulate bubble plume and foam formation and generate aerosols. This system produces bubble plumes characteristic of small whitecaps without the large external pump inherent in the original MART design. Without the pump it is possible to easily culture delicate planktonic and microbial communities in the bulk water during experiments while continuously producing aerosols for study. However, due to the reduced volume and smaller plunging jet, the absolute numbers of particles generated are approximately an order of magnitude less than in the original MART design.

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A miniature Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (miniMART) as a compact breaking wave analogue

10.5194/amt-2016-149 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

M. Dale Stokes ◽

Grant Deane ◽

Douglas Collins ◽

Christopher Cappa ◽

Timothy Bertram ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bulk Water ◽

Breaking Wave ◽

Foam Formation ◽

Marine Aerosol ◽

Marine Aerosols ◽

Bubble Plume ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

Water Wheel ◽

Spilling Breaker ◽

New System

Abstract. In order to understand the processes governing the production of marine aerosols, repeatable, controlled methods for their generation are required. A new system, the miniature Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (miniMART) has been designed after the success of the original MART system, to approximate a small oceanic spilling breaker by producing an evolving bubble plume and surface foam patch. The smaller tank utilizes an intermittently plunging jet of water produced by a rotating water wheel, into an approximately 6 L reservoir to simulate bubble plume and foam formation and generate aerosols. This system produces bubble plumes characteristic of small whitecaps without the large external pump inherent in the original MART design. Without the pump it is possible to easily culture delicate planktonic and microbial communities in the bulk water during experiments while continuously producing aerosols for study. However, due to the reduced volume and smaller plunging jet, the absolute numbers of particles generated are approximately an order of magnitude less than in the original MART design.

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Shallow Water Flow with Separation and Breaking Wave

Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Japan ◽

10.2534/jjasnaoe1968.1985.158_10 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 1985 (158) ◽

pp. 10-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hideaki Miyata ◽

Chok Matsukawa ◽

Hisashi Kajitani

Keyword(s):

Shallow Water ◽

Water Flow ◽

Breaking Wave ◽

Shallow Water Flow

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Applications of a Scattering Spectrometer System for Marine Aerosol Measurement

Journal of Engineering for Power ◽

10.1115/1.3446547 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 99 (4) ◽

pp. 533-536

Author(s):

C. N. Shen ◽

E. W. Mihalek

Keyword(s):

Laser Radiation ◽

Real Time ◽

Data Reduction ◽

Coherent Scattering ◽

Distribution Data ◽

Marine Aerosol ◽

Marine Aerosols ◽

Aerosol Measurement ◽

Spectrometer System ◽

Resolution Data

A newly developed instrument has been successfully evaluated and applied to the measurement of marine aerosols. The instrument, known as the Scattering Spectrometer System (SSS), utilizes coherent scattering of laser radiation to size marine aerosols in flight and produce size distribution data in real time. Compared to current methods of using source cascade impactors, the SSS was found superior in terms of resolution, data reduction simplicity, and real-time capability. The application of the SSS at the Naval Air Propulsion Test Center (NAPTC) includes real-time facility diagnostics, control, and calibration. Novel information concerning aerosol separators has also been uncovered using the SSS.

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Finding linkages between ocean ecosystems and natural marine aerosols in the minimally polluted North Atlantic atmosphere

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-5796 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Patricia Quinn ◽

Tim Bates ◽

Eric Saltzman ◽

Tom Bell ◽

Mike Behrenfeld

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽

Sea Spray ◽

Marine Aerosols ◽

Condensation Nuclei ◽

Surface Ocean ◽

Cloud Properties ◽

Sea Spray Aerosol ◽

Ocean Ecosystems ◽

Aerosol Properties

The emission of sea spray aerosol (SSA) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) from the ocean results in marine boundary layer aerosol particles that can impact Earth&#8217;s radiation balance by directly scattering solar radiation and by acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), thereby altering cloud properties. The surface ocean is projected to warm by 1.3 to 2.8&#176;C globally over the 21st century. Impacts of this warming on plankton blooms, ocean ecosystems, and ocean-to-atmosphere fluxes of aerosols and their precursor gases are highly uncertain. A fundamental understanding of linkages between surface ocean ecosystems and ocean-derived aerosols is required to address this uncertainty. One approach for improved understandings of these linkages is simultaneous measurements of relevant surface ocean and aerosol properties in an ocean region with seasonally varying plankton blooms and a minimally polluted overlying atmosphere. The western North Atlantic hosts the largest annual phytoplankton bloom in the global ocean with a large spatial and seasonal variability in plankton biomass and composition. Periods of low aerosol number concentrations associated with unpolluted air masses allow for the detection of linkages between ocean ecosystems and ocean-derived aerosol.&#160;Five experiments were conducted in the western North Atlantic between 2014 and 2018 with the objective of finding links between the bloom and marine aerosols. These experiments include the second Western Atlantic Climate Study (WACS-2) and four North Atlantic Aerosol and Marine Ecosystem Study (NAAMES) cruises. This series of cruises was the first time the western North Atlantic bloom was systematically sampled during every season with extensive ocean and atmosphere measurements able to assess how changes in the state of the bloom might impact ocean-derived aerosol properties. Measurements of unheated and heated number size distributions, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations, and aerosol composition were used to identify primary and secondary aerosol components that could be related to the state of the bloom. Only periods of clean marine air, as defined by radon, particle number concentration, aerosol light absorption coefficient, and back trajectories, were included in the analysis.&#160;CCN concentrations at 0.1% supersaturation were best correlated (r2 = 0.73) with accumulation mode nss SO4=. Sea spray aerosol (SSA) was only correlated with CCN during November when bloom accumulation had not yet occurred and dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentrations were at a minimum. The fraction of CCN attributable to SSA was less than 20% during March, May/June, and September, indicating the limited contribution of SSA to the CCN population of the western North Atlantic atmosphere. The strongest link between the plankton bloom and aerosol and cloud properties appears to be due to biogenic non-seasalt SO4=.&#160;

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A Coupled VOF-Eulerian Multiphase CFD Model to Simulate Breaking Wave Impacts on Offshore Structures

Volume 2: CFD and VIV ◽

10.1115/omae2016-54876 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Pietro D. Tomaselli ◽

Erik Damgaard Christensen

Keyword(s):

Wave Breaking ◽

Bubble Column ◽

Vertical Cylinder ◽

Air Entrainment ◽

Offshore Structures ◽

Laboratory Scale ◽

Breaking Wave ◽

Cfd Model ◽

Bubble Plume ◽

Wave Induced

Breaking wave-induced loads on offshore structures can be extremely severe. The air entrainment mechanism during the breaking process plays a not well-known role in the exerted forces. This paper present a CFD solver, developed in the Open-FOAM environment, capable of simulating the wave breaking-induced air entrainment. Firstly the model was validated against a bubble column flow. Then it was employed to compute the inline force exerted by a spilling breaking wave on a vertical cylinder in a 3D domain at a laboratory scale. Results showed that the entrained bubbles affected the magnitude of the force partially. Further analyses on the interaction of the bubble plume with the flow around the cylinder are needed.

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New index of organic mass enrichment in sea spray aerosols linked with senescent status in marine phytoplankton

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-73718-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yuzo Miyazaki ◽

Koji Suzuki ◽

Eri Tachibana ◽

Youhei Yamashita ◽

Astrid Müller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Marine Phytoplankton ◽

Cloud Formation ◽

Sea Spray ◽

Breakdown Product ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Marine Aerosol ◽

Aerosol Formation ◽

Organic Mass ◽

Western Subarctic Pacific ◽

Highly Correlated

Abstract Linking the amount of organic matter (OM) in sea spray aerosols (SSAs) to biological processes in ocean surface is essential for understanding marine aerosol formation and their potential to affect cloud formation. To date, chlorophyll (Chl) a concentration has been widely used as a surrogate for surface phytoplankton biomass or productivity to predict the relative abundance of OM in SSAs (OMSSA). Here we show a new index to present OMSSA using concentrations of Chl a and chlorophyllide (Chllide) a, which is a breakdown product of Chl a and has been used as a biomarker of senescent algal cells. The index was compared with submicrometer OMSSA, based on surface seawater and aerosol samples obtained during the pre-bloom in the western subarctic Pacific. Our results showed that the OMSSA was highly correlated with this unique index, suggesting that the OMSSA was closely linked with senescent algal cells and/or cell lysis. Furthermore, the hygroscopicity parameters κ derived from water-extracted SSA samples implied a reduction in the SSA hygroscopicity with increasing senescent status of phytoplankton. The index can represent OMSSA on a timescale of a day during the pre-bloom period, which should be further examined over different oceanic regions.

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Experimental Investigation of the Interaction between Rising Bubbles and Swirling Water Flow

International Journal of Chemical Engineering ◽

10.1155/2014/358241 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tomomi Uchiyama ◽

Shunsuke Sasaki

Keyword(s):

Experimental Investigation ◽

Water Flow ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Swirling Flow ◽

Vertical Axis ◽

Central Axis ◽

Bubble Flow ◽

Air Bubbles ◽

Water Tank ◽

Bubble Plume

This study experimentally investigates the interaction between rising bubbles and swirling water flow imposed around the central (vertical) axis of a bubble plume in a cylindrical water tank. Small air bubbles are successively released from the bottom of the tank to generate a bubble plume, and a stirring disc at the bottom of the tank is rotated to impose a swirling water flow around the central axis of the bubble plume. The bubbles disperse further with the increasing rotational speedωof the stirring disc. Some bubbles shift toward the central axis of the swirling flow whenωis high. The nondimensional swirling velocity of water reduces with increasing bubble flow rate whenωis lower than a certain value. However, it is less affected by the bubbles whenωis higher. The precessional amplitude for the upper end of the vortex core increases due to the presence of the bubbles. With increasingω, the nondimensional precessional velocity decreases, and the bubble effect also reduces.

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Field validation of wave-wind-dependent sea spray generation functions

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-16292 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

William Bruch ◽

Jacques Piazzola ◽

Hubert Branger ◽

Alexander M. J. van Eijk ◽

Christopher Luneau ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Wind Wave ◽

Aerosol Concentration ◽

Sea Surface ◽

Atmospheric Environment ◽

Sea Spray ◽

Marine Aerosol ◽

Geophysical Research ◽

Wave Characteristics ◽

The North

Recent studies stress the importance of considering sea surface wave characteristics in sea spray generation functions (SSGFs). To this end, the effect of interacting winds and waves on sea spray generation was studied using data collected during the Marine Aerosol Tunnel Experiments (MATE2019) conducted at the OSU-Pytheas large wind-wave tunnel facility at Luminy, Marseille (France) (Study detailed in Bruch et al., in review). A total of 20 wind and wave combinations were tested, with wind speeds between 8 and 20 m s-1 combined with pure wind waves and waves generated by a wavemaker, allowing for a range of wave characteristics and wave ages. Similar wind speed profiles and whitecapping behavior between the laboratory and the field suggest that the laboratory is appropriate for the study of sea spray production. The sea spray generation flux was estimated from logarithmic vertical sea spray concentration profiles using a flux-profile method using Monin and Obukhov (1954) theory. Results show that the production of larger droplets at 20-35 &#181;m radius is well correlated with the wave slope variance <S2>,&#160;whilst the wind friction velocity cubed u*3 performs best over 7-20 &#181;m.&#160;Two SSGFs are proposed. The original work presented here is an assessment of the validity of the two SSGFs in the field. The two laboratory-derived SSGFs are tested in two numerical models; the stationary Marine Aerosol Concentration Model (MACMod) (used in Laussac et al., 2018), and the non-hydrostatic mesocale atmospheric model Meso-NH (jointly developed by the LA - UMR 5560 - and the CNRM - UMR 3589). The <S2> necessary required by both SSGFs is estimated using a wind-dependent formulation (Cox and Munk, 1956) and a spectral spectral model (Elfouhaily et al., 1997). Results show that the numerical simulations offer good results relative to sea spray measurements obtained in the North-West Mediterranean in fetch-limited conditions (Laussac et al., 2018), as well as other existing SSGFs in the literature. These results suggest that wind-wave tunnel facilities present an interesting alternative for determining the sea spray generation flux, especially in high wind speed conditions in which deployment in the field is difficult.References&#160;: Bruch, W., Piazzola, J., Branger, H., van Eijk, A. M. J., Luneau, C., Bourras, D., Tedeschi, G. (In review). Sea Spray Generation Dependence on Wind and Wave Combinations : A Laboratory Study. Submitted in : Boundary Layer Meteorology.Cox, C., & Munk, W. (1956). Slopes of the sea surface deduced from photographs of sun glitter. University of California Press. Vol. 6,9,401-488.Elfouhaily, T., Chapron, B., Katsaros, K., & Vandemark, D. (1997). A unified directional spectrum for long and short wind driven waves. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 102(C7),15781-15796. Monin, A. S., & Obukhov, A. M. (1954). Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the surface layer of the atmosphere. Contrib. Geophys. Inst. Acad. Sci. USSR,151(163),e187. Laussac, S., Piazzola, J., Tedeschi, G., Yohia, C., Canepa, E., Rizza, U., & Van Eijk, A. M. J. (2018). Development of a fetch dependent sea-spray source function using aerosol concentration measurements in the North-Western Mediterranean. Atmospheric Environment,193,177-189.

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