scholarly journals A miniature Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (miniMART) as a compact breaking wave analogue

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 4257-4267 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Dale Stokes ◽  
Grant Deane ◽  
Douglas B. Collins ◽  
Christopher Cappa ◽  
Timothy Bertram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Water ◽  
Breaking Wave ◽  
Foam Formation ◽  
Marine Aerosol ◽  
Marine Aerosols ◽  
Bubble Plume ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Water Wheel ◽  
Spilling Breaker ◽  
New System

Abstract. In order to understand the processes governing the production of marine aerosols, repeatable, controlled methods for their generation are required. A new system, the miniature Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (miniMART), has been designed after the success of the original MART system, to approximate a small oceanic spilling breaker by producing an evolving bubble plume and surface foam patch. The smaller tank utilizes an intermittently plunging jet of water produced by a rotating water wheel, into an approximately 6 L reservoir to simulate bubble plume and foam formation and generate aerosols. This system produces bubble plumes characteristic of small whitecaps without the large external pump inherent in the original MART design. Without the pump it is possible to easily culture delicate planktonic and microbial communities in the bulk water during experiments while continuously producing aerosols for study. However, due to the reduced volume and smaller plunging jet, the absolute numbers of particles generated are approximately an order of magnitude less than in the original MART design.

scholarly journals A miniature Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (miniMART) as a compact breaking wave analogue

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Dale Stokes ◽  
Grant Deane ◽  
Douglas Collins ◽  
Christopher Cappa ◽  
Timothy Bertram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Water ◽  
Breaking Wave ◽  
Foam Formation ◽  
Marine Aerosol ◽  
Marine Aerosols ◽  
Bubble Plume ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Water Wheel ◽  
Spilling Breaker ◽  
New System

Abstract. In order to understand the processes governing the production of marine aerosols, repeatable, controlled methods for their generation are required. A new system, the miniature Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (miniMART) has been designed after the success of the original MART system, to approximate a small oceanic spilling breaker by producing an evolving bubble plume and surface foam patch. The smaller tank utilizes an intermittently plunging jet of water produced by a rotating water wheel, into an approximately 6 L reservoir to simulate bubble plume and foam formation and generate aerosols. This system produces bubble plumes characteristic of small whitecaps without the large external pump inherent in the original MART design. Without the pump it is possible to easily culture delicate planktonic and microbial communities in the bulk water during experiments while continuously producing aerosols for study. However, due to the reduced volume and smaller plunging jet, the absolute numbers of particles generated are approximately an order of magnitude less than in the original MART design.

scholarly journals A Marine Aerosol Reference Tank system as a breaking wave analogue

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 8701-8728 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Stokes ◽  
G. B. Deane ◽  
K. Prather ◽  
T. H. Bertram ◽  
M. J. Ruppel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Volume ◽  
Breaking Wave ◽  
Foam Formation ◽  
Marine Aerosol ◽  
Marine Aerosols ◽  
Bubble Plume ◽  
Tank System

Abstract. In order to better understand the processes governing the production of marine aerosols a repeatable, controlled method for their generation is required. The Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (MART) has been designed to closely approximate oceanic conditions by producing an evolving bubble plume and surface foam patch. The tank utilizes an intermittently plunging sheet of water and large volume tank reservoir to simulate turbulence, plume and foam formation, and is monitored volumetrically and acoustically to ensure the repeatability of conditions.

scholarly journals A Marine Aerosol Reference Tank system as a breaking wave analogue for the production of foam and sea-spray aerosols

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1085-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Stokes ◽  
G. B. Deane ◽  
K. Prather ◽  
T. H. Bertram ◽  
M. J. Ruppel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Large Volume ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Breaking Wave ◽  
Foam Formation ◽  
Marine Aerosol ◽  
Marine Aerosols ◽  
Bubble Plume ◽  
Tank System

Abstract. In order to better understand the processes governing the production of marine aerosols a repeatable, controlled method for their generation is required. The Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (MART) has been designed to closely approximate oceanic conditions by producing an evolving bubble plume and surface foam patch. The tank utilizes an intermittently plunging sheet of water and large volume tank reservoir to simulate turbulence, plume and foam formation, and the water flow is monitored volumetrically and acoustically to ensure the repeatability of conditions.

KrioBlastTM: A Hyper-Fast Cooling and Thawing Scalable Device for Vitrification of Stem and Other Cells in Large Volumes

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir F. Bolyukh ◽  
Igor I. Katkov ◽  
Vsevolod Katkov ◽  
Ilya Yakhnenko
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Ice Formation ◽  
Intracellular Ice Formation ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Leidenfrost Effect ◽  
Intracellular Ice ◽  
Fast Cooling ◽  
New System

Kinetic (very rapid) vitrification (KVF) is a very promising approach in cryopreservation (CP) of biological materials as it is simple, avoids lethal intracellular ice formation (IIF) and minimizes damaging dehydration effects of extracellular crystallization. Moreover, achieving the ultra-high rates, which would prevent IIF during cooling and devitrification during resuscitation, and achieve KVF for practically any type of cells with one protocol of cooling and re-warming would be the “Holy Grail” of cell cryobiology [3]. However such hyperrapid rates currently require very small sample size which, however, is insufficient for many applications such as stem cells, blood or sperm. As the result, even smallest droplets of 0.25 microliters cannot be vitrified sufficiently fast to avoid the use of potentially toxic external vitrification agents such as DMSO or EG due to the Leidenfrost effect (LFE). In this presentation, we describe an entirely new system for hyperfast cooling of one-two order of magnitude larger samples that we call “KrioBlastTM”, which completely eliminates LFE. We have successfully vitrified up to 4,000 microliters of 15% glycerol solutions, which theoretically corresponds to the critical cooling rate of hundreds of thousands °C/min. We believe that such a system can revolutionize the future cryobiological paradigm.

Applications of a Scattering Spectrometer System for Marine Aerosol Measurement

1977 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-536
Author(s):  
C. N. Shen ◽  
E. W. Mihalek
Keyword(s):  
Laser Radiation ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Data Reduction ◽  
Coherent Scattering ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Marine Aerosol ◽  
Marine Aerosols ◽  
Aerosol Measurement ◽  
Spectrometer System ◽  
Resolution Data

A newly developed instrument has been successfully evaluated and applied to the measurement of marine aerosols. The instrument, known as the Scattering Spectrometer System (SSS), utilizes coherent scattering of laser radiation to size marine aerosols in flight and produce size distribution data in real time. Compared to current methods of using source cascade impactors, the SSS was found superior in terms of resolution, data reduction simplicity, and real-time capability. The application of the SSS at the Naval Air Propulsion Test Center (NAPTC) includes real-time facility diagnostics, control, and calibration. Novel information concerning aerosol separators has also been uncovered using the SSS.

A Coupled VOF-Eulerian Multiphase CFD Model to Simulate Breaking Wave Impacts on Offshore Structures

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro D. Tomaselli ◽  
Erik Damgaard Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Wave Breaking ◽  
Bubble Column ◽  
Vertical Cylinder ◽  
Air Entrainment ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Breaking Wave ◽  
Cfd Model ◽  
Bubble Plume ◽  
Wave Induced

Breaking wave-induced loads on offshore structures can be extremely severe. The air entrainment mechanism during the breaking process plays a not well-known role in the exerted forces. This paper present a CFD solver, developed in the Open-FOAM environment, capable of simulating the wave breaking-induced air entrainment. Firstly the model was validated against a bubble column flow. Then it was employed to compute the inline force exerted by a spilling breaking wave on a vertical cylinder in a 3D domain at a laboratory scale. Results showed that the entrained bubbles affected the magnitude of the force partially. Further analyses on the interaction of the bubble plume with the flow around the cylinder are needed.

scholarly journals Hidden Water in Magma Ocean Exoplanets

2021 ◽  
Vol 922 (1) ◽  
pp. L4
Author(s):  
Caroline Dorn ◽  
Tim Lichtenberg
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Composition ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Experimental Petrology ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Magma Ocean ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Magma Oceans ◽  
Current Accuracy ◽  
Water In Magma

Abstract We demonstrate that the deep volatile storage capacity of magma oceans has significant implications for the bulk composition, interior, and climate state inferred from exoplanet mass and radius data. Experimental petrology provides the fundamental properties of the ability of water and melt to mix. So far, these data have been largely neglected for exoplanet mass–radius modeling. Here we present an advanced interior model for water-rich rocky exoplanets. The new model allows us to test the effects of rock melting and the redistribution of water between magma ocean and atmosphere on calculated planet radii. Models with and without rock melting and water partitioning lead to deviations in planet radius of up to 16% for a fixed bulk composition and planet mass. This is within the current accuracy limits for individual systems and statistically testable on a population level. Unrecognized mantle melting and volatile redistribution in retrievals may thus underestimate the inferred planetary bulk water content by up to 1 order of magnitude.

scholarly journals Spaceborne observations of the lidar ratio of marine aerosols

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 3241-3255 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. Dawson ◽  
N. Meskhidze ◽  
D. Josset ◽  
S. Gassó
Keyword(s):  
Optical Depth ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
Orthogonal Polarization ◽  
Aerosol Layer ◽  
Marine Aerosol ◽  
Marine Aerosols ◽  
Lidar Ratio ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. Retrievals of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) satellite sensor require the assumption of the extinction-to-backscatter ratio, also known as the lidar ratio. This paper evaluates a new method to calculate the lidar ratio of marine aerosols using two independent sources: the AOD from the Synergized Optical Depth of Aerosols (SODA) project and the integrated attenuated backscatter from CALIOP. With this method, the particulate lidar ratio can be derived for individual CALIOP retrievals in single aerosol layer, cloud-free columns over the ocean. Global analyses are carried out using CALIOP level 2, 5 km marine aerosol layer products and the collocated SODA nighttime data from December 2007 to November 2010. The global mean lidar ratio for marine aerosols was found to be 26 sr, roughly 30% higher than the current value prescribed by the CALIOP standard retrieval algorithm. Data analysis also showed considerable spatiotemporal variability in the calculated lidar ratio over the remote oceans. The calculated marine aerosol lidar ratio is found to vary with the mean ocean surface wind speed (U10). An increase in U10 reduces the mean lidar ratio for marine regions from 32 ± 17 sr (for 0 < U10 < 4 m s−1) to 22 ± 7 sr (for U10 > 15 m s−1). Such changes in the lidar ratio are expected to have a corresponding effect on the marine AOD from CALIOP. The outcomes of this study are relevant for future improvements of the SODA and CALIOP operational product and could lead to more accurate retrievals of marine AOD.

scholarly journals Tara Pacific Expedition’s Atmospheric Measurements of Marine Aerosols across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: Overview and Preliminary Results

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. E536-E554 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Flores ◽  
G. Bourdin ◽  
O. Altaratz ◽  
M. Trainic ◽  
N. Lang-Yona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Number Concentration ◽  
Marine Atmosphere ◽  
Marine Aerosol ◽  
Marine Aerosols ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Production Mechanisms

Abstract Marine aerosols play a significant role in the global radiative budget, in clouds’ processes, and in the chemistry of the marine atmosphere. There is a critical need to better understand their production mechanisms, composition, chemical properties, and the contribution of ocean-derived biogenic matter to their mass and number concentration. Here we present an overview of a new dataset of in situ measurements of marine aerosols conducted over the 2.5-yr Tara Pacific Expedition over 110,000 km across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Preliminary results are presented here to describe the new dataset that will be built using this novel set of measurements. It will characterize marine aerosols properties in detail and will open a new window to study the marine aerosol link to the water properties and environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Deriving the effect of wind speed on clean marine aerosol optical properties using the A-Train satellites

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 11401-11413 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. Kiliyanpilakkil ◽  
N. Meskhidze
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Surface Wind Speed ◽  
Marine Aerosol ◽  
Marine Aerosols ◽  
Aerosol Optical Properties ◽  
The Mean ◽  
532 Nm

Abstract. The relationship between "clean marine" aerosol optical properties and ocean surface wind speed is explored using remotely sensed data from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) on board the CALIPSO satellite and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) on board the AQUA satellite. Detailed data analyses are carried out over 15 regions selected to be representative of different areas of the global ocean for the time period from June 2006 to April 2011. Based on remotely sensed optical properties the CALIPSO algorithm is capable of discriminating "clean marine" aerosols from other types often present over the ocean (such as urban/industrial pollution, desert dust and biomass burning). The global mean optical depth of "clean marine" aerosol at 532 nm (AOD532) is found to be 0.052 ± 0.038 (mean plus or minus standard deviation). The mean layer integrated particulate depolarization ratio of marine aerosols is 0.02 ± 0.016. Integrated attenuated backscatter and color ratio of marine aerosols at 532 nm were found to be 0.003 ± 0.002 sr−1 and 0.530 ± 0.149, respectively. A logistic regression between AOD532 and 10-m surface wind speed (U10) revealed three distinct regimes. For U10 ≤ 4 m s−1 the mean CALIPSO-derived AOD532 is found to be 0.02 ± 0.003 with little dependency on the surface wind speed. For 4 < U10 ≤ 12 m s−1, representing the dominant fraction of all available data, marine aerosol optical depth is linearly correlated with the surface wind speed values, with a slope of 0.006 s m−1. In this intermediate wind speed region, the AOD532 vs. U10 regression slope derived here is comparable to previously reported values. At very high wind speed values (U10 > 18 m s−1), the AOD532-wind speed relationship showed a tendency toward leveling off, asymptotically approaching value of 0.15. The conclusions of this study regarding the aerosol extinction vs. wind speed relationship may have been influenced by the constant lidar ratio used for CALIPSO-derived AOD532. Nevertheless, active satellite sensor used in this study that allows separation of maritime wind induced component of AOD from the total AOD over the ocean could lead to improvements in optical properties of sea spray aerosols and their production mechanisms.

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