scholarly journals Impact of earthworm <i>Lumbricus terrestris</i> living sites on the greenhouse gas balance of no-till arable soil

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 5481-5493 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nieminen ◽  
T. Hurme ◽  
J. Mikola ◽  
K. Regina ◽  
V. Nuutinen
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Climatic Effects ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Balance ◽  
No Till

Abstract. We studied the effect of the deep-burrowing earthworm Lumbricus terrestris on the greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes and global warming potential (GWP) of arable no-till soil using both field measurements and a controlled 15-week laboratory experiment. In the field, the emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were on average 43 and 32 % higher in areas occupied by L. terrestris (the presence judged by the surface midden) than in adjacent, unoccupied areas (with no midden). The fluxes of methane (CH4) were variable and had no consistent difference between the midden and non-midden areas. Removing the midden did not affect soil N2O and CO2 emissions. The laboratory results were consistent with the field observations in that the emissions of N2O and CO2 were on average 27 and 13 % higher in mesocosms with than without L. terrestris. Higher emissions of N2O were most likely due to the higher content of mineral nitrogen and soil moisture under the middens, whereas L. terrestris respiration fully explained the observed increase in CO2 emissions in the laboratory. In the field, the significantly elevated macrofaunal densities in the vicinity of middens likely contributed to the higher emissions from areas occupied by L. terrestris. The activity of L. terrestris increased the GWP of field and laboratory soil by 50 and 18 %, but only 6 and 2 % of this increase was due to the enhanced N2O emission. Our results suggest that high N2O emissions commonly observed in no-till soils can partly be explained by the abundance of L. terrestris under no-till management and that L. terrestris can markedly regulate the climatic effects of different cultivation practises.

scholarly journals Earthworm impact on the global warming potential of a no-tillage arable soil

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 6325-6359
Author(s):  
M. Nieminen ◽  
T. Hurme ◽  
J. Mikola ◽  
K. Regina ◽  
V. Nuutinen
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Climatic Effects ◽  
No Till

Abstract. We studied the effect of the deep-burrowing earthworm Lumbricus terrestris on the greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes and global warming potential (GWP) of arable no-till soil using both field measurements and a controlled 15 week laboratory experiment. In the field, the emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were on average 43 and 32% higher in areas occupied by L. terrestris (the presence judged by the surface midden) than in adjacent, unoccupied areas (with no midden). The fluxes of methane (CH4) were variable and had no consistent difference between the midden and non-midden areas. Removing the midden did not affect soil N2O and CO2 emissions. The laboratory results were consistent with the field observations in that the emissions of N2O and CO2 were on average 27 and 13% higher in mesocosms with than without L. terrestris. Higher emissions of N2O were most likely due to the higher content of mineral nitrogen and soil moisture under the middens, whereas L. terrestris respiration fully explained the observed increase in CO2 emissions. The activity of L. terrestris increased the GWP of field and laboratory soil by 50 and 18%, but only 6 and 2% of this increase was due to the enhanced N2O emission. Our results suggest that high N2O emissions commonly observed in no-tillage soils can partly be explained by the abundance of L. terrestris under no-till management and that L. terrestris can markedly regulate the climatic effects of different cultivation practises.

scholarly journals Effect of Organic Amendment Addition on Soil Properties, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Grape Yield in Semi-Arid Vineyard Agroecosystems

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1477
Author(s):  
Antonio Marín-Martínez ◽  
Alberto Sanz-Cobeña ◽  
Mª Angeles Bustamante ◽  
Enrique Agulló ◽  
Concepción Paredes
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Grape Yield

In semi-arid vineyard agroecosystems, highly vulnerable in the context of climate change, the soil organic matter (OM) content is crucial to the improvement of soil fertility and grape productivity. The impact of OM, from compost and animal manure, on soil properties (e.g., pH, oxidisable organic C, organic N, NH4+-N and NO3−-N), grape yield and direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in vineyards was assessed. For this purpose, two wine grape varieties were chosen and managed differently: with a rain-fed non-trellising vineyard of Monastrell, a drip-irrigated trellising vineyard of Monastrell and a drip-irrigated trellising vineyard of Cabernet Sauvignon. The studied fertiliser treatments were without organic amendments (C), sheep/goat manure (SGM) and distillery organic waste compost (DC). The SGM and DC treatments were applied at a rate of 4600 kg ha−1 (fresh weight, FW) and 5000 kg ha−1 FW, respectively. The use of organic amendments improved soil fertility and grape yield, especially in the drip-irrigated trellising vineyards. Increased CO2 emissions were coincident with higher grape yields and manure application (maximum CO2 emissions = 1518 mg C-CO2 m−2 d−1). In contrast, N2O emissions, mainly produced through nitrification, were decreased in the plots showing higher grape production (minimum N2O emissions = −0.090 mg N2O-N m−2 d−1). In all plots, the CH4 fluxes were negative during most of the experiment (−1.073−0.403 mg CH4-C m−2 d−1), indicating that these ecosystems can represent a significant sink for atmospheric CH4. According to our results, the optimal vineyard management, considering soil properties, yield and GHG mitigation together, was the use of compost in a drip-irrigated trellising vineyard with the grape variety Monastrell.

scholarly journals Effect of Biochar on Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions at the Laboratory and Field Scales

Soil Systems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rivka Fidel ◽  
David Laird ◽  
Timothy Parkin
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Continuous Corn ◽  
The Impact

Biochar application to soil has been proposed as a means for reducing soil greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change. The effects, however, of interactions between biochar, moisture and temperature on soil CO2 and N2O emissions, remain poorly understood. Furthermore, the applicability of lab-scale observations to field conditions in diverse agroecosystems remains uncertain. Here we investigate the impact of a mixed wood gasification biochar on CO2 and N2O emissions from loess-derived soils using: (1) controlled laboratory incubations at three moisture (27, 31 and 35%) and three temperature (10, 20 and 30 °C) levels and (2) a field study with four cropping systems (continuous corn, switchgrass, low diversity grass mix and high diversity grass-forb mix). Biochar reduced N2O emissions under specific temperatures and moistures in the laboratory and in the continuous corn cropping system in the field. However, the effect of biochar on N2O emissions was only significant in the field and no effect on cumulative CO2 emissions was observed. Cropping system also had a significant effect in the field study, with soils in grass and grass-forb cropping systems emitting more CO2 and less N2O than corn cropping systems. Observed biochar effects were consistent with previous studies showing that biochar amendments can reduce soil N2O emissions under specific but not all, conditions. The disparity in N2O emission responses at the lab and field scales suggests that laboratory incubation experiments may not reliably predict the impact of biochar at the field scale.

Towards a benchmarking tool for minimizing wastewater utility greenhouse gas footprints

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 2483-2495 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Guo ◽  
J. Porro ◽  
K. R. Sharma ◽  
Y. Amerlinck ◽  
L. Benedetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N2o Production ◽  
Average Value ◽  
And Control

A benchmark simulation model, which includes a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)-wide model and a rising main sewer model, is proposed for testing mitigation strategies to reduce the system's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The sewer model was run to predict methane emissions, and its output was used as the WWTP model input. An activated sludge model for GHG (ASMG) was used to describe nitrous oxide (N2O) generation and release in activated sludge process. N2O production through both heterotrophic and autotrophic pathways was included. Other GHG emissions were estimated using empirical relationships. Different scenarios were evaluated comparing GHG emissions, effluent quality and energy consumption. Aeration control played a clear role in N2O emissions, through concentrations and distributions of dissolved oxygen (DO) along the length of the bioreactor. The average value of N2O emission under dynamic influent cannot be simulated by a steady-state model subjected to a similar influent quality, stressing the importance of dynamic simulation and control. As the GHG models have yet to be validated, these results carry a degree of uncertainty; however, they fulfilled the objective of this study, i.e. to demonstrate the potential of a dynamic system-wide modelling and benchmarking approach for balancing water quality, operational costs and GHG emissions.

scholarly journals Greenhouse gas and energy fluxes in a boreal peatland forest after clearcutting

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika Korkiakoski ◽  
Juha-Pekka Tuovinen ◽  
Timo Penttilä ◽  
Sakari Sarkkola ◽  
Paavo Ojanen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Energy Fluxes ◽  
C Stocks

Abstract. The most common forest management method in Fennoscandia is rotation forestry including clearcutting and forest regeneration. In clearcutting, stem wood is removed and the logging residues are either removed or left on site. Clearcutting changes the microclimate and vegetation structure at the site, both of which impact the site's carbon balance. Peat soils with poor aeration and high carbon (C) densities are especially prone to such changes, and significant changes in C stocks and greenhouse gas exchange can be expected. We measured carbon dioxide (CO2) and energy fluxes with the eddy covariance method for two years (April 2016–March 2018) on a peatland drained for forestry. After the clearcutting, we observed a significant rise (23 cm) in the water table level. The site was also a large CO2 source (first year: 3086 ± 120 g CO2 m−2yr−1, second year: 2072 ± 141 g CO2 m−2 yr−1) after the clearcutting. These large CO2 emissions resulted from the collapse of gross primary production (GPP) following the removal of photosynthesizing trees and the decline of ground vegetation. During the second summer (June–August) after the clearcutting, GPP had already increased by 96 % and total ecosystem respiration decreased by 14 % from the previous summer. As a result, net CO2 emissions decreased during the second summer after clearcutting compared to the first one. The Bowen ratios were different in 2016 and 2017, starting at 2.6 in May 2016 and decreasing to less than 1.0 in August 2016, while in 2017 it varied mostly within 0.6–1.0. This was due to a 33 % decrease in the sensible heat flux and a 40 % increase in the latent heat flux from the 2016 values, probably due to the recovery of ground vegetation that increased evapotranspiration and albedo of the site. In addition to CO2 and energy fluxes, we measured methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes with manual chambers. After the clearcutting, the site turned from a small CH4 sink into a small source and from N2O-neutral to a significant N2O source. Compared to the large CO2 emissions, the global warming potential (GWP100) of the CH4 emissions was negligible. Also, the GWP100 due to increased N2O emissions was less than 10 % of that of the CO2 emission change.

scholarly journals Effect of Manure and Urea Fertilization on Yield, Carbon Speciation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Vegetable Production Systems of Nigeria and Republic of Benin: A Phytotron Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abimfoluwa Olaleye ◽  
Derek Peak ◽  
Akeem Shorunke ◽  
Gurbir Dhillon ◽  
Durodoluwa Oyedele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Republic Of Benin ◽  
Urea Fertilization

Fertility management techniques being promoted in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) seek to grow indigenous vegetables economically and sustainably. This study was conducted in a phytotron chamber and compared yield, soil carbon (C) speciation and greenhouse gas (nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)) emissions from SSA soils of two ecoregions; the dry savanna (lna, Republic of Benin) and rainforest (Ife, Nigeria) cultivated with local amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) under manure (5 t/ha) and/or urea (80 kg N/ha) fertilization. Vegetable yield ranged from 1753 kg/ac to 3198kg/ac in the rainforest, RF, soils and 1281 kg/ac to 1951 kg/ac in the dry savanna, DS, soils. Yield in the urea treatment was slightly higher compared to the manure+urea treatment, but the difference was not statistically significant. Cumulative CO2 emissions over 21 days ranged from 497.06 to 579.47 g CO2 in the RF, and 322.96 to 624.97 g CO2 in the DS, while cumulative N2O emissions ranged from 60.53 to 220.86 mg N2O in the RF, and 24.78 to 99.08 mg N2O in the DS. In the RF samples, the combined use of manure and urea reduced CO2 and N2O emissions but led to an increase in the DS samples. ATR-FTIR analysis showed that the combined use of manure and urea increased the rate of microbial degradation in the soils of the DS, but no such effect was observed in soils of the RF. We conclude that combining manure and urea fertilization has different effects on soils of the two ecoregions, and that RF farmers can reduce agricultural emissions without compromising soil productivity and yield potential.

scholarly journals Effect of Biochar on Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions at the Laboratory and Field Scales

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rivka B. Fidel ◽  
David A. Laird ◽  
Timothy B. Parkin
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Continuous Corn ◽  
The Impact

Biochar application to soil has been proposed as a means for reducing soil greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change. The effects, however, of interactions between biochar, moisture and temperature on soil CO2 and N2O emissions, remain poorly understood.&nbsp; Furthermore, the applicability of lab-scale observations to field conditions in diverse agroecosystems remains uncertain. Here we investigate the impact of a mixed wood gasification biochar on CO2 and N2O emissions from loess-derived soils using: (1) controlled laboratory incubations at three moisture (27, 31 and 35%) and three temperature (10, 20 and 30&deg;C) levels, and (2) a field study with four cropping systems (continuous corn, switchgrass, low diversity grass mix, and high diversity grass-forb mix). Biochar reduced N2O emissions under specific temperatures and moistures in the laboratory and in the continuous corn cropping system in the field. However, the effect of biochar on N2O emissions was only significant in the field, and no effect on cumulative CO2 emissions was observed. Cropping system also had a significant effect in the field study, with soils in grass and grass-forb cropping systems emitting more CO2 and less N2O than corn cropping systems. Observed biochar effects were consistent with previous studies showing that biochar amendments can reduce soil N2O emissions under specific, but not all, conditions. The disparity in N2O emission responses at the lab and field scales suggests that laboratory incubation experiments are not reliable for predicting the impact of biochar at the field scale.

scholarly journals Returning Tea Pruning Residue and Its Biochar Had a Contrasting Effect on Soil N2O and CO2 Emissions from Tea Plantation Soil

Atmosphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aung Oo ◽  
Shigeto Sudo ◽  
Khin Win ◽  
Akira Shibata ◽  
Tomohito Sano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Tea Plantation ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Surface Application ◽  
Contrasting Effect ◽  
Soil Co2 Emissions ◽  
Different Depths

A laboratory incubation experiment is conducted for 90 days under controlled conditions where either pruning residue or its biochar is applied to determine which application generates the lowest amount of greenhouse gas from tea plantation soil. To study the effect of incorporation depth on soil N2O and CO2 emissions, experiment 1 is performed with three treatments: (1) control; (2) tea pruning residue; and (3) residue biochar mixed with soil from two different depths (0–5 cm and 0–10 cm layers). In experiment 2, only the 0–10 cm soil layer is used to study the effect of surface application of tea pruning residue or its biochar on soil N2O and CO2 emissions compared with the control. The results show that biochar significantly increases soil pH, total C and C/N ratio in both experiments. The addition of pruning residue significantly increases soil total C content, cumulative N2O and CO2 emissions after 90 days of incubation. Converting pruning residue to biochar and its application significantly decreases cumulative N2O emission by 17.7% and 74.2% from the 0–5 cm and 0–10 cm soil layers, respectively, compared to their respective controls. However, biochar addition increases soil CO2 emissions for both the soil layers in experiment 1. Surface application of biochar to soil significantly reduces both N2O and CO2 emissions compared to residue treatment and the control in experiment 2. Our results suggest that converting pruning residue to biochar and its addition to soil has the potential to mitigate soil N2O emissions from tea plantation.

Simulation of N2O emissions and mitigation options for rainfed wheat cropping on a Vertosol in the subtropics

Soil Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Li ◽  
Weijin Wang ◽  
Steven Reeves ◽  
Ram C. Dalal
Keyword(s):  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Deep Placement ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
No Till ◽  
Rainfed Wheat ◽  
Fertiliser Application

The Water and Nitrogen Management Model (WNMM) was applied to simulate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from a wheat-cropped Vertosol under long-term management of no-till, crop residue retention, and nitrogen (N) fertiliser application in southern Queensland, Australia, from July 2006 to June 2009. For the simulation study, eight treatments of combinations of conventional tillage (CT) or no-till (NT), stubble burning (SB) or stubble retention (SR), and N fertiliser application at nil (0N) or 90 (90N) kg N/ha.year were used. The results indicated that WNMM satisfactorily simulated the soil water content of the topsoil, mineral N content of the entire soil profile (0–1.5 m), and N2O emissions from the soil under the eight treatments, compared with the corresponding field measurements. For simulating daily N2O emissions from soil, WNMM performed best for the treatment CT-SB-90N (R2 = 0.48, P < 0.001; RMSE = 10.2 g N/ha.day) and worst for the treatment CT-SB-0N (R2 = 0.03, P = 0.174; RMSE = 1.2 g N/ha.day). WNMM predicted N2O emissions from the soil more accurately for the fertilised treatments (i.e. 90N v. 0N), and for the residue retained treatments (SR v. SB). To reduce N2O emissions from the no-till and fertilised treatments, three scenarios were examined: application of nitrification inhibitor, application of controlled-release fertiliser, and deep placement of liquid fertiliser (UAN32). Only the deep placement of UAN32 below the 35 cm depth was effective, and could reduce the N2O emissions from the soil by almost 40%.

scholarly journals Ten years of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, CO and N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes over Western Europe inferred from atmospheric measurements at Mace Head, Ireland

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1191-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Messager ◽  
M. Schmidt ◽  
M. Ramonet ◽  
P. Bousquet ◽  
P. Simmonds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Total Data ◽  
Many Sources

Abstract. We estimated CO2, CH4, CO and N2O emission fluxes over the British Isles and Western Europe using atmospheric radon observations and concentrations recorded at the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station between 1996 and 2005. We classified hourly concentration data into either long-range European or regional sources from Ireland and UK, by using local wind speed data in conjunction with 222Rn and 212Pb threshold criteria. This leads to the selection of about 7% of the total data for both sectors. We then used continuous 222Rn measurements and assumptions on the surface emissions of 222Rn to deduce the unknown fluxes of CO2, CH4, CO and N2O. Our results have been compared to the UNFCCC, EMEP and EDGAR statistical inventories and to inversion results for CH4. For Western Europe, we found yearly mean fluxes of 4.1±1.5 106 kg CO2 km−2 yr−1 , 11.9±2.0 103 kg CH4 km−2 yr−1, 12.8±4.2 103 kg CO km−2 yr−1 and 520.2±129.2 kg N2O km−2 yr−1, respectively, for CO2, CH4, CO and N2O over the period 1996–2005. The method based upon 222Rn to infer emissions has many sources of systematic errors, in particular its poorly known and variable footprint, uncertainties in 222Rn soil fluxes and in atmospheric mixing of air masses with background air. However, these biases are likely to remain constant in the long-term, which makes the method quite efficient to detect trends in fluxes. Over the last ten years period, the decrease of the anthropogenic CH4, CO and N2O emissions in Europe estimated by inventories (respectively −30%, −35% and −23%) is confirmed by the Mace Head data within 2%. Therefore, the 222Rn method provides an independent way of verification of changes in national emissions derived from inventories. Using European-wide estimates of the CO/CO2 emission ratio, we also found that it is possible to separate the fossil fuel CO2 emissions contribution from the one of total CO2 fluxes. The fossil fuel CO2 emissions and their trends derived in that manner agree very well with inventories.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document