scholarly journals Modelling long-term blanket peatland development in eastern Scotland

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 3977-3996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ward Swinnen ◽  
Nils Broothaerts ◽  
Gert Verstraeten
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Peat Bogs ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Peatland Development ◽  
Blanket Peatlands

Abstract. Blanket peatlands constitute a rare ecosystem on a global scale, but blanket peatland is the most important peatland type on the British Isles. Most long-term peatland development models have focussed on peat bogs and high-latitude regions. Here, we present a process-based 2-D hillslope model to simulate long-term blanket peatland development along complex hillslope topographies. To calibrate the model, the peatland architecture was assessed along 56 hillslope transects in the headwaters of the river Dee (633 km2) in eastern Scotland, resulting in a dataset of 866 soil profile descriptions. The application of the calibrated model using local pollen-based land cover and regional climate reconstructions (mean annual temperature and mean monthly precipitation) over the last 12 000 years shows that the Early Holocene peatland development was largely driven by a temperature increase. An increase in woodland cover only has a slight positive effect on the peat growth potential contradicting the hypothesis that blanket peatland developed as a response to deforestation. Both the hillslope measurements and the model simulations demonstrate that the blanket peatland cover in the study area is highly variable both in extent and peat thickness stressing the need for spatially distributed peatland modelling. At the landscape scale, blanket peatlands were an important atmospheric carbon sink during the period 9.5–6 kyr BP. However, during the last 6000 years, the blanket peatlands were in a state of dynamic equilibrium with minor changes in the carbon balance.

scholarly journals Modelling long-term blanket peatland development in eastern Scotland

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ward Swinnen ◽  
Nils Broothaerts ◽  
Gert Verstraeten
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Peat Bogs ◽  
Peatland Development ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Blanket Peatlands

Abstract. Blanket peatlands constitute a rare ecosystem on a global scale but is the most important peatland type on the British Isles. Most long-term peatland development models have focussed on peat bogs and high-latitude regions. Here, we present a spatially-explicit hillslope model to simulate long-term blanket peatland development along complex hillslope topographies. To calibrate the model, the peatland architecture was reconstructed along 56 hillslope transects in the headwaters of the river Dee (633 km2) in eastern Scotland, resulting in a dataset of 866 soil profile descriptions. The application of the calibrated model using local pollen-based land cover and regional climate reconstructions over the last 12,000 years shows that the early-Holocene peatland development is largely driven by a temperature increase. An increase in woodland cover only has a slight positive effect on the peat growth potential contradicting the hypothesis that blanket peatland developed as a response to deforestation. Both the hillslope measurements and the model simulations demonstrate that the blanket peatland cover in the study area is highly variable both in extent and peat thickness stressing the need for spatially distributed peatland modelling. At the landscape scale, blanket peatlands were an important atmospheric carbon sink during the period 9.5 ka–6 ka BP. However, during the last six thousand years, the blanket peatlands are in a state of dynamic equilibrium with minor changes in the carbon balance.

Die Kohlenstoff-Senkenkapazität des Schweizer Waldes | Carbon sink capacity of Swiss forests

2008 ◽  
Vol 159 (9) ◽  
pp. 273-280
Author(s):  
Annett Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Sink Capacity ◽  
Climate Influences ◽  
Management Changes

To assess the carbon sink capacity of Swiss forests, we summarize what is known about the carbon content of Swiss forests today, considering carbon stored in the trees as well as in soils. We explain briefly how climate influences carbon uptake and carbon emissions from forest ecosystems. Finally, we analyze simulation studies, which investigate the future development of carbon pools and fluxes in Swiss forests. We found that carbon stocks in Swiss forests are already high today, hence the growth potential that would lead to further carbon uptake is comparatively small. Still, within the next decades Swiss forests are likely to act as carbon sinks as long as management does not change dramatically. The afforestation of abandoned land and the change in treeline will be mainly responsible for the additional uptake of carbon. In the next decades, management decisions will influence the sink strength of Swiss forests more than climatic changes. In the long term, the sink capacity of forests is likely to decrease and in case of drastic climatic or management changes, the forests can even become large-scale carbon sources.

CURRENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES OF THE CASPIAN SPRAT FISHERIES

2018 ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
Tatiana Vasilievna Pomogaeva ◽  
Aliya Ahmetovna Aseinova ◽  
Yuriy Aleksandrovich Paritskiy ◽  
Vjacheslav Petrovich Razinkov
Keyword(s):  
Food Item ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
North West ◽  
Marine Fishery ◽  
The North ◽  
Current State ◽  
West Part ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Intensive Growth

The article presents annual statistical data of the Caspian Research Institute of Fishery. There has been kept track of the long term dynamics of the stocks of three species of Caspian sprat (anchovy, big-eyed kilka, sprat) and investigated a process of substituting a food item of sprats Eurytemora grimmi to a small-celled copepod species Acartia tonsa Dana. According to the research results, there has been determined growth potential of stocks of each species. Ctenophoran-Mnemiopsis has an adverse effect on sprat population by eating fish eggs and larvae. Ctenophoram - Mnemiopsis is a nutritional competitor to the full-grown fishes. The article gives recommendations on reclamation of stocks of the most perspective species - common sprat, whose biological characteristics helped not to suffer during Ctenophoram outburst and to increase its population during change of the main food item. Hydroacoustic survey data prove the intensive growth of common sprat biomass in the north-west part of the Middle Caspian. According to the results of the research it may be concluded that to realize the volumes of recommended sprat catch it is necessary to organize the marine fishery of common sprat at the Russian Middle Caspian shelf.

INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION - A REVIEW ARTICLE

2018 ◽  
pp. 184-195
Author(s):  
Minh Son Pham ◽  
Vu Quoc Huy Nguyen ◽  
Dinh Vinh Tran
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Fetal Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
No Gold Standard

Small for gestational age (SGA) and fetal growth restriction (FGR) is difficult to define exactly. In this pregnancy condition, the fetus does not reach its biological growth potential as a consequence of impaired placental function, which may be because of a variety of factors. Fetuses with FGR are at risk for perinatal morbidity and mortality, and poor long-term health outcomes, such as impaired neurological and cognitive development, and cardiovascular and endocrine diseases in adulthood. At present no gold standard for the diagnosis of SGA/FGR exists. The first aim of this review is to: summarize areas of consensus and controversy between recently published national guidelines on small for gestational age or fetal growth restriction; highlight any recent evidence that should be incorporated into existing guidelines. Another aim to summary a number of interventions which are being developed or coming through to clinical trial in an attempt to improve fetal growth in placental insufficiency. Key words: fetal growth restriction (FGR), Small for gestational age (SGA)

scholarly journals Future Changes in Wave Conditions at the German Baltic Sea Coast Based on a Hybrid Approach Using an Ensemble of Regional Climate Change Projections

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Norman Dreier ◽  
Edgar Nehlsen ◽  
Peter Fröhle ◽  
Diana Rechid ◽  
Laurens M. Bouwer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Wind Wave ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Wave Modelling ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Mean Wave Period ◽  
Wave Conditions ◽  
Sea Coast

In this study, the projected future long-term changes of the local wave conditions at the German Baltic Sea coast over the course of the 21st century are analyzed and assessed with special focus on model agreement, statistical significance and ranges/spread of the results. An ensemble of new regional climate model (RCM) simulations with the RCM REMO for three RCP forcing scenarios was used as input data. The outstanding feature of the simulations is that the data are available with a high horizontal resolution and at hourly timesteps which is a high temporal resolution and beneficial for the wind–wave modelling. A new data interface between RCM output data and wind–wave modelling has been developed. Suitable spatial aggregation methods of the RCM wind data have been tested and used to generate input for the calculation of waves at quasi deep-water conditions and at a mean water level with a hybrid approach that enables the fast compilation of future long-term time series of significant wave height, mean wave period and direction for an ensemble of RCM data. Changes of the average wind and wave conditions have been found, with a majority of the changes occurring for the RCP8.5 forcing scenario and at the end of the 21st century. At westerly wind-exposed locations mainly increasing values of the wind speed, significant wave height and mean wave period have been noted. In contrast, at easterly wind-exposed locations, decreasing values are predominant. Regarding the changes of the mean wind and wave directions, westerly directions becoming more frequent. Additional research is needed regarding the long-term changes of extreme wave events, e.g., the choice of a best-fit extreme value distribution function and the spatial aggregation method of the wind data.

scholarly journals Cool season precipitation projections for California and the Western United States in NA-CORDEX models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Mahoney ◽  
James D. Scott ◽  
Michael Alexander ◽  
Rachel McCrary ◽  
Mimi Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Regional Climate Models ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Projected Change

AbstractUnderstanding future precipitation changes is critical for water supply and flood risk applications in the western United States. The North American COordinated Regional Downscaling EXperiment (NA-CORDEX) matrix of global and regional climate models at multiple resolutions (~ 50-km and 25-km grid spacings) is used to evaluate mean monthly precipitation, extreme daily precipitation, and snow water equivalent (SWE) over the western United States, with a sub-regional focus on California. Results indicate significant model spread in mean monthly precipitation in several key water-sensitive areas in both historical and future projections, but suggest model agreement on increasing daily extreme precipitation magnitudes, decreasing seasonal snowpack, and a shortening of the wet season in California in particular. While the beginning and end of the California cool season are projected to dry according to most models, the core of the cool season (December, January, February) shows an overall wetter projected change pattern. Daily cool-season precipitation extremes generally increase for most models, particularly in California in the mid-winter months. Finally, a marked projected decrease in future seasonal SWE is found across all models, accompanied by earlier dates of maximum seasonal SWE, and thus a shortening of the period of snow cover as well. Results are discussed in the context of how the diverse model membership and variable resolutions offered by the NA-CORDEX ensemble can be best leveraged by stakeholders faced with future water planning challenges.

scholarly journals Long-Term Changes in Floristic Diversity as an Effect of Transforming the Lake into a Retention Reservoir

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7642
Author(s):  
Joanna Sender ◽  
Danuta Urban ◽  
Monika Różańska-Boczula ◽  
Antoni Grzywna
Keyword(s):  
Drainage System ◽  
High Water ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Habitat Diversity ◽  
Peat Bogs ◽  
Ecological Index ◽  
Natural Lakes ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
Low Reaction Temperature

The Łęczna-Włodawa Lake District is one of the most valuable natural regions in Europe. It is an area of numerous lakes, peat bogs, swamps and forests, which has been undergoing intensive transformation for decades. Among the largest projects were the creation of the Wieprz Krzna Canal system along with the drainage system and the transformation of natural lakes into retention reservoirs. Among the transformed lakes is Lake Wytyckie. The land was used for analyses near the lake, and floristic and habitat analyses were carried out within the boundaries of the contemporary embankment. The studies were carried out from the 1950s, when the lake functioned as a natural reservoir, through to the 1980s (the transformation of the lake), to the 2020s. Lake Wytyckie was transformed into a retention reservoir by increasing its size and flooding the areas inhabited mainly by peat bog, meadow and forest vegetation, which contributed to the impoverishment of both species and habitat diversity of the area, while it increased the nutrient richness of the water. This was reflected both in the decline in the value of individual diversity indices as well as in the ecological index numbers. In the first period of the research, the area was dominated by wetlands, not drained, with a large variety of species that preferred good lighting conditions. Additionally, the habitat was characterized by low reaction, temperature and trophic values. In the following period, there was an increase in the depth of the water of the reservoir, characterized by high water visibility values, which contributed to the presence of protected species, as did the low moisture content of the areas within the embankment and a neutral pH. The factors currently influencing the formation of the vegetation structure are the high humidity of the entire embankment area, the increase in pH, and the significant increase in the share of built-up areas in the immediate vicinity.

Treatment of Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patient With Intraoral Tooth Tissue Borne Distractor and Facemask Therapy: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
pp. 105566562199336
Author(s):  
Akansha Bansal Agrawal ◽  
Harshavardhan Kidiyoor ◽  
Anand K. Patil Morth
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Rapid Maxillary Expansion ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Maxillary Expansion ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Tooth Tissue

This case report demonstrates the successful use of intraoral distractor/hygenic rapid expander (HYRAX) for rapid maxillary expansion in anteroposterior direction with an adjunctive use of face mask therapy for anterior orthopedic traction of maxillary complex in a cleft patient with concave profile. The patient was a 13-year-old girl who reported with a chief complaint of backwardly positioned upper jaw and a severely forward positioned lower jaw. Therefore, a treatment was chosen in which acrylic bonded rapid maxillary expansion was done with tooth tissue borne intraoral distractor/HYRAX having a different activation schedule along with Dr Henri Petit facemask to treat maxillary retrognathism. As a result, crossbite got corrected and attained a positive jet with no bone loss in cleft area over a period of 5 months which was followed by fixed mechanotherapy achieving a well settled occlusion in 1 year. After completion of expansion and fixed mechanotherapy, ANB became +1 post-treatment which was −4 pretreatment. The prognathic profile was markedly improved by expansion and taking advantage of the remaining growth potential, thus minimizing the chances of surgery later in life. This provided a viable alternative to orthognathic surgery with good long-term stability.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Agricultural Drought in Bangladesh Using Effective Drought Index

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Kamruzzaman ◽  
Syewoon Hwang ◽  
Jaepil Cho ◽  
Min-Won Jang ◽  
Hanseok Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Drought Index ◽  
Regional Analysis ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Agricultural Drought ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Effective Drought Index ◽  
Spatiotemporal Characteristics ◽  
North Western

This study aims to assess the spatiotemporal characteristics of agricultural droughts in Bangladesh during 1981–2015 using the Effective Drought Index (EDI). Monthly precipitation data for 36 years (1980–2015) obtained from 27 metrological stations, were used in this study. The EDI performance was evaluated for four sub-regions over the country through comparisons with historical drought records identified by regional analysis. Analysis at a regional level showed that EDI could reasonably detect the drought years/events during the study period. The study also presented that the overall drought severity had increased during the past 35 years. The characteristics (severity and duration) of drought were also analyzed in terms of the spatiotemporal evolution of the frequency of drought events. It was found that the western and central regions of the country are comparatively more vulnerable to drought. Moreover, the southwestern region is more prone to extreme drought, whereas the central region is more prone to severe droughts. Besides, the central region was more prone to extra-long-term droughts, while the coastal areas in the southwestern as well as in the central and north-western regions were more prone to long-term droughts. The frequency of droughts in all categories significantly increased during the last quinquennial period (2011 to 2015). The seasonal analysis showed that the north-western areas were prone to extreme droughts during the Kharif (wet) and Rabi (dry) seasons. The central and northern regions were affected by recurring severe droughts in all cropping seasons. Further, the most significant increasing trend of the drought-affected area was observed within the central region, especially during the pre-monsoon (March–May) season. The results of this study can aid policymakers in the development of drought mitigation strategies in the future.

scholarly journals Long-term changes of river discharge regime in Latvia

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maris Klavins ◽  
Valery Rodinov
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
High Water ◽  
Regime Changes ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Discharge Regime

The study of changes in river discharge is important for regional climate variability characterization and for development of an efficient water resource management system. The hydrological regime of rivers and their long-term changes in Latvia were investigated. Four major types of river hydrological regimes, which depend on climatic and physicogeographic factors, were characterized. These factors are linked to the changes observed in river discharge. Periodic oscillations of discharge, and low- and high-water flow years are common for the major rivers in Latvia. A main frequency of river discharge regime changes of about 20 and 13 years was estimated for the studied rivers. A significant impact of climate variability on the river discharge regime has been found.

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