scholarly journals Quantification of basal ice microbial cell delivery to the glacier margin

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Toubes-Rodrigo ◽  
Simon J. Cook ◽  
David Elliott ◽  
Robin Sen
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Primary Succession ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Microbial Cell ◽  
Cell Delivery ◽  
Cell Transfer ◽  
Cell Discharge ◽  
Basal Ice ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Valley Glacier

Abstract. We present the first assessment of microbial cell discharge from sediment-laden glacier basal ice. At Svínafellsjökull, a temperate valley glacier in Iceland, approximately 1017 cells a−1 are transferred through basal ice to the proglacial environment, and between 101 and 106 cells g−1 basal ice were cultured from our samples under laboratory conditions. We suggest that the delivery of viable cells and dead microbial matter to proglacial ecosystems could be playing a crucial role in soil formation and primary succession during deglaciation, but further quantification of cell transfer from a range of glacier contexts is required.

Development of a cell delivery system using alginate microbeads for tissue regeneration

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (20) ◽  
pp. 3515-3525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirae K. Leslie ◽  
Anthony M. Nicolini ◽  
Gobalakrishnan Sundaresan ◽  
Jamal Zweit ◽  
Barbara D. Boyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Cell Delivery ◽  
Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
A Cell

Alginate microbeads incorporating adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have potential for delivering viable cells capable of facilitating tissue regeneration.

scholarly journals The Gut Microbiota and Human Health with an Emphasis on the Use of Microencapsulated Bacterial Cells

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satya Prakash ◽  
Catherine Tomaro-Duchesneau ◽  
Shyamali Saha ◽  
Arielle Cantor
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Harsh Conditions

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining health. Alterations of the gut bacterial population have been associated with a number of diseases. Past and recent studies suggest that one can positively modify the contents of the gut microbiota by introducing prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and other therapeutics. This paper focuses on probiotic modulation of the gut microbiota by their delivery to the lower gastrointestinal tract (GIT). There are numerous obstacles to overcome before microorganisms can be utilized as therapeutics. One important limitation is the delivery of viable cells to the lower GIT without a significant loss of cell viability and metabolic features through the harsh conditions of the upper GIT. Microencapsulation has been shown to overcome this, with various types of microcapsules available for resolving this limitation. This paper discusses the gut microbiota and its role in disease, with a focus on microencapsulated probiotics and their potentials and limitations.

scholarly journals Dynamics of succession processes on sulphide-containing mine dumps as a result of their optimization

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Plugatar ◽  
V. V. Korzhenevsky ◽  
N. E. Opanasenko ◽  
M. L. Novitsky
Keyword(s):  
Primary Succession ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Biotic Factors ◽  
Mine Dumps ◽  
Species Composition Of Vegetation ◽  
Progressive Succession ◽  
Succession Processes ◽  
Mine Dump ◽  
Over Time

When optimizing the relief at the top of the trapezoidal sulfide-containing mine dump, young soil (embryozem) was formed as a result of abio- and biotic factors. In parallel with the formation of embryozems, primary succession processes are developing. As a result, the species composition of vegetation, the staging and intensity of progressive succession were studied depending on the mesorelief of dumps in accordance with the weathering and soil formation processes developing over time. The properties and indicators of young soil in depressions and sulfide rock (control) 25 years after the completion of the dumping of the rock pile were studied. As a result of optimization at the top of the dump, the processes of formation of embryozems in the depressions are significantly accelerated.

scholarly journals Mycorrhiza and primary succession

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 49-51
Author(s):  
Håkan Wallander ◽  
Ari Jumpponen ◽  
James Trappe
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Primary Succession ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Mount Fuji

The importance of mycorrhizal fungi for soil formation and carbon sequestration has been highlighted in recent research. Here we discuss these findings in relation to primary successions by use of data from Surtsey and from lava fields around Mount Fuji in Japan.

An investigation of the debris-rich basal ice from Worthington Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (149) ◽  
pp. 54-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane K. Hart ◽  
Richard I. Waller
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Compressive Deformation ◽  
Glacial Sediments ◽  
Partial Melt ◽  
Basal Ice ◽  
Valley Glacier ◽  
Glacier Ice ◽  
Small Valley

AbstractThis paper examines the debris-rich basal ice layer from Worthington Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., a small valley glacier overlying rigid bedrock. The debris-rich basal ice layer studied shows evidence for large-scale longitudinal compressive deformation (isoclinal folds and nappes), similar in style and magnitude features to that reported from push moraines formed in glacial sediments. The debris-rich ice largely comprisedstratified solid ice(layers of alternating debris-rich and debris-poor ice) which we suggest results from the tectonic attenuation of folds produced from the deformation of the frozen debris, glacier ice and bubble-rich ice that comprise the initial basal layer of Worthington Glacier. Beneath the glacier lies a thin bed of saturated diamicton which contains evidence of limited movement. It is suggested that this is the result of the partial melt-out of the debris-rich basal ice layer which then behaved as a local (and seasonal) thin deforming layer.It is suggested that this example, from a valley glacier flowing over rigid bedrock, provides further evidence that the processes of sediment transport, incorporation and deposition in the debris-rich basal ice are similar to and linked with those in the deforming layer.

scholarly journals An investigation of the debris-rich basal ice from Worthington Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (149) ◽  
pp. 54-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane K. Hart ◽  
Richard I. Waller
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Compressive Deformation ◽  
Glacial Sediments ◽  
Partial Melt ◽  
Basal Ice ◽  
Valley Glacier ◽  
Glacier Ice ◽  
Small Valley

AbstractThis paper examines the debris-rich basal ice layer from Worthington Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., a small valley glacier overlying rigid bedrock. The debris-rich basal ice layer studied shows evidence for large-scale longitudinal compressive deformation (isoclinal folds and nappes), similar in style and magnitude features to that reported from push moraines formed in glacial sediments. The debris-rich ice largely comprised stratified solid ice (layers of alternating debris-rich and debris-poor ice) which we suggest results from the tectonic attenuation of folds produced from the deformation of the frozen debris, glacier ice and bubble-rich ice that comprise the initial basal layer of Worthington Glacier. Beneath the glacier lies a thin bed of saturated diamicton which contains evidence of limited movement. It is suggested that this is the result of the partial melt-out of the debris-rich basal ice layer which then behaved as a local (and seasonal) thin deforming layer.It is suggested that this example, from a valley glacier flowing over rigid bedrock, provides further evidence that the processes of sediment transport, incorporation and deposition in the debris-rich basal ice are similar to and linked with those in the deforming layer.

scholarly journals Former dynamic behaviour of a cold-based valley glacier on Svalbard revealed by basal ice and structural glaciology investigations

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (226) ◽  
pp. 309-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Lovell ◽  
Edward J. Fleming ◽  
Douglas I. Benn ◽  
Bryn Hubbard ◽  
Sven Lukas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ice Age ◽  
Stress Regime ◽  
Thermal Switch ◽  
Basal Ice ◽  
Sequential Development ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Valley Glacier ◽  
Sediment Deformation ◽  
Shear Planes ◽  
Small Valley

AbstractLarge numbers of small valley glaciers on Svalbard were thicker and more extensive during the Little Ice Age (LIA), demonstrated by prominent ice-cored moraines up to several kilometres beyond present-day margins. The majority of these glaciers have since experienced a long period of strongly negative mass balance during the 20th century and are now largely frozen to their beds, indicating they are likely to have undergone a thermal transition from a polythermal to a cold-based regime. We present evidence for such a switch by reconstructing the former flow dynamics and thermal regime of Tellbreen, a small cold-based valley glacier in central Spitsbergen, based on its basal sequence and glaciological structures. Within the basal sequence, the underlying matrix-supported diamict is interpreted as saturated subglacial traction till which has frozen at the bed, indicating that the thermal switch has resulted in a cessation of subglacial sediment deformation due to freezing of the former deforming layer. This is overlain by debris-poor dispersed facies ice, interpreted to have formed through strain-induced metamorphism of englacial ice. The sequential development of structures includes arcuate fracture traces, interpreted as shear planes formed in a compressive/transpressive stress regime; and fracture traces, interpreted as healed extensional crevasses. The formation of these sediment/ice facies and structures is indicative of dynamic, warm-based flow, most likely during the LIA when the glacier was significantly thicker.

scholarly journals Glacier-bed characteristics of midtre Lovénbreen, Svalbard, from high-resolution seismic and radar surveying

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (184) ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.C. King ◽  
A.M. Smith ◽  
T. Murray ◽  
G.W. Stuart
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Acoustic Impedance ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Multiple Reflections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Basal Ice ◽  
Valley Glacier ◽  
Internal Deformation ◽  
Fast Flow ◽  
Bed Material

AbstractWe conducted a seismic and radar survey of the central part of midtre Lovénbreen, a small, polythermal valley glacier in Svalbard. We determined the physical properties of the material beneath the glacier by measuring the reflection coefficient of the bed by comparing the energy of the primary and multiple reflections, and deriving the acoustic impedance. By making reasonable assumptions about the properties of the basal ice, we determined the acoustic impedance of the bed material as (6.78 ± 1.53) × 106 kg m−2 s−1. We interpret the material beneath the glacier to be permafrost with up to 50% ice, and we speculate that the material may be frozen talus similar to a deposit observed directly by others beneath another Svalbard glacier. The implication for midtre Lovénbreen is that the basal material beneath the present glacier is not able to support fast flow. We conclude that midtre Lovénbreen has most likely had limited capability for faster flow in the past, with motion dominated by internal deformation. Midtre Lovénbreen is used as a ‘study glacier’ for the scientific community in Svalbard, and a large number of studies have been based there. Our results show that it cannot be used as an analogue for larger glaciers in Svalbard, having distinct basal boundary conditions.

scholarly journals Active microbial ecosystem in glacier basal ice fuelled by iron and silicate comminution-derived hydrogen

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Toubes-Rodrigo ◽  
Sanja Potgieter-Vermaak ◽  
Robin Sen ◽  
Edda Oddsdottir ◽  
David Elliott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Formation ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Basal Ice ◽  
Carbon Release ◽  
Chemolithotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Methane Metabolism ◽  
16S Rrna Diversity ◽  
Carbon Concentrations

The basal zone of glaciers is characterised by physicochemical properties that are distinct from firnified ice because of strong interactions with underlying substrate. Basal ice ecology and the roles that the microbiota play in biogeochemical cycling, weathering, and proglacial soil formation, remains poorly known. We report bacterial diversity and potential ecological roles at three temperate Icelandic glaciers. We sampled three physically distinct basal ice facies (stratified, dispersed, debris bands) and found biological similarities and differences between them; basal ice character is therefore an important sampling consideration in future studies. High abundance of silicates and Fe-containing minerals could sustain the basal ice ecosystem, in which chemolithotrophic bacteria (~23%), especially Fe-oxidisers and hydrogenotrophs, can fix C, which can be utilised by heterotrophs. Methanogenic-affiliated detected sequences showed that silicate comminution-derived hydrogen can also be utilised for methanogenesis. Metabolism predicted by 16S rRNA diversity revealed that methane metabolism and C-fixation are the most common pathways, indicating the importance of these metabolic routes. Carbon concentrations were low compared to other ecosystems, but we report the highest carbon concentration in basal ice to date. Carbon release from melting basal ice may play an important role in promoting pioneering communities establishment and soil development in deglaciating forelands.

Introduction and overview of a study dealing with the role of salt-affected soils in primary succession on the Tanana River floodplain, interior Alaska

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 879-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Van Cleve ◽  
L.A. Viereck ◽  
G.M. Marion
Keyword(s):  
Primary Succession ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Vegetation Development ◽  
River Floodplain ◽  
Interior Alaska ◽  
Salt Affected Soils

This paper provides an overview of the environmental setting, rationale, and organization of a multidisciplinary research program designed to examine the role of salt-affected soils in primary succession on the Tanana River floodplain of interior Alaska. The papers included in this series report results of studies designed to examine the controls of salt-affected soil formation and vegetation development and their interaction in this fluvial environment. The association of pedogenic salts and forests is largely restricted to northern latitudes where both low precipitation and moderate potential evapotranspiration occur simultaneously. In contrast with upland secondary-successional sites, where fire is the principal determinant of forest type distribution and successional change, ecosystem processes on the floodplain are determined by the fluvial nature of the environment. Consequently, the research presented an opportunity to evaluate some of the markedly contrasting controls of development that exist between forests in the two topographic locations. This study makes a substantial contribution to our understanding of how soil and vegetation interact on interior Alaskan floodplains to give rise to productive, commercially valuable forests.

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