The effects of mulch (Olea europea and Pinus halepensis) on burned soils: A preliminary study in Adriatic coast (Croatia)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domina Delač ◽  
Paulo Pereira ◽  
Ivica Kisić
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Adriatic Coast ◽  
Olea Europea ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
And Control

<p><strong>The effects of mulch (<em>Olea europea</em> and <em>Pinus halepensis</em>) on burned soils: A preliminary study in Adriatic coast (Croatia)</strong></p><p>Delac, Domina<sup>1*</sup>; Pereira, Paulo<sup>2*</sup>; Kisic, Ivica<sup>1</sup></p><p><sup>1</sup>University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of General Agronomy, Svetosimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. (*[email protected])</p><p><sup>2</sup>Mykolas Romeris University, Environmental Management Laboratory, Ateitis street 20, LT-08303, Vilnius, Lithuania (*[email protected])</p><p> </p><p>In the recent decades the frequency and intensity of summer drought periods is increasing in Adriatic coast. These changes in climate increase the vulnerability to wildfires. Wildfires can change soil physical and chemical properties. However, these effects can be mitigated by mulching. The aim of this work is to study the effects of mulch (<em>Olea europea</em> and <em>Pinus halepensis</em>) on fire affected soils. The wildfire occurred on 28 July 2019 and affected an area of about 900 ha in Dalmatia, near Adriatic Coast (43°45'06.0"N 15°56'02.9"E with an elevation of 105 m a.s.l.).  The mean annual temperature is 15.8 °C, and the annual precipitation is 800 mm. It was affected agricultural land with dominant culture <em>Olea europea</em> and abandoned grassing where dominates <em>Pinus halepensis</em>. Soils are classified as <em>calcocambisols</em>. Twenty-five days after the fire, two plots (5 treatments per plot) were established and covered with <em>Olea europea</em> and <em>Pinus halepensis</em> mulch. A control plot was established as well. Soil were sampled (0 – 5 cm), twenty- days after fire (August, 2019), before mulch application, and then 3 months after fire (November, 2019). A total of 15 samples were collected per treatment (45 each sampling date). The soil properties analysed were soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), mean weight diameter (MWD) to express aggregate stability, and soil water repellency (SWR) measured with water drop penetration time method (WDPT) in different fractions (2 – 1 mm; 1 – 0.5 mm, 0.5 – 0.25 mm, and <0.25 mm). Soil pH was not significantly different among sampling dates and treatments. SOM was significantly different among sampling dates for <em>Olea europeae</em> treatment and control. <em>Olea europeae</em> treatment had a significantly higher SOM then <em>Pinus halepensis</em> and control treatment. MWD was significantly higher within <em>Olea europeae</em> treatment. Within <em>Pinus halepensis</em> and control treatment no significant difference was observed. The soil was classified as slightly water repellent (5 – 60 seconds) in <em>Olea europeae</em> soil finer fraction (0.5 – 0.25 mm and <0.25) in both sampling dates. In <em>Pinus halepensis</em> treatments and control, soil was wettable (<5 seconds), and no significant difference was observed among sampling date. Future sampling and analysis will be conducted during one year to estimate the effect of <em>Olea europeae</em> and <em>Pinus halepensis</em> mulch on soil properties.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Wildfire, <em>Olea europeae</em><strong>, </strong><em>Pinus halepensis</em>, mulch.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Acknowledgments</strong></p><p>This work was supported by Croatian Science Foundation through the project "Influence of Summer Fire on Soil and Water Quality” (IP-01-2018-1645).</p>

scholarly journals Drought reduced monoterpene emissions from the evergreen Mediterranean oak <i>Quercus ilex</i>: results from a throughfall displacement experiment

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 1167-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.-V. Lavoir ◽  
M. Staudt ◽  
J. P. Schnitzler ◽  
D. Landais ◽  
F. Massol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Quercus Ilex ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Monoterpene Emission

Abstract. The effects of water limitations on the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds are not well understood. Experimental approaches studying drought effects in natural conditions are still missing. To address this question, a throughfall displacement experiment was set up in a natural forest of Quercus ilex, an evergreen Mediterranean oak emitting monoterpenes. Mature trees were exposed in 2005 and 2006 either to an additional drought, to irrigation or to natural drought (untreated control). In both years, absolute monoterpene emission rates as well as the respective standard factors of the trees exposed to normal and additional drought strongly declined during the drought periods. Monoterpene emissions were lower in year 2006 than in year 2005 (factor 2) due to a more pronounced summer drought period in this respective year. We observed a significant difference between the irrigation and additional drought or control treatment: irrigated trees emitted 82% more monoterpenes during the drought period 2006 than the trees of the other treatments. However, no significant effect on monoterpene emission was observed between normal and additional drought treatments, despite a significant effect on leaf water potential and photochemical efficiency. During the development of drought, monoterpene emissions responded exponentially rather than linearly to decreasing leaf water potential. Emissions rapidly declined when the water potential dropped below −2 MPa and photosynthesis was persistently inhibited. Monoterpene synthase activities measured in vitro showed no clear reduction during the same period. From our results we conclude that drought significantly reduces monoterpene fluxes of Mediterranean Holm oak forest into the atmosphere due to a lack of primary substrates coming from photosynthetic processes.

scholarly journals Effect of Potassium Humate and Micronic Sulfur on the Chemical Properties of Some Soils of Toshka, Egypt

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Atef A. A. Sweed ◽  
Ahmed A. M. Awad
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Available P ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Soil Drainage ◽  
Potassium Humate ◽  
And Control

Low soil organic matter, low nutrient availability and the higher soil pH (more than 8) are the major problem of agricultural practices in region of Toshka. An incubation trial at October 2019 was conducted to investigate the effect of potassium humate (KH) and micronic sulfur (MS) on some chemical properties of different soils (sandy clay soils, loamy sand and sandy soils). The used amendments (KH and MS) were added to the studied soil at 4 levels of each amendment i.e. 0.0, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0%. A two way randomized completely block design and provided with three replications. Studied parameters were included soil pH, EC, exchange Na and the content of available - P and K. Results showed that, the MS application at 1% level caused a significant decrease in soil pH values compared with the KH application and control treatment. These reductions were more pronounced in case of soil B (loamy sand). Also, KH application gave an increase on exchange Na and available-K. While MS application was cause an increased in soil EC and available-P in the three soils under study. Moreover, the increases in the percentage of available – K with added of KH were higher than added of MS for soils under study. While the percentages of available-P with added of KH were higher than with added of MS for studied soils. It may be recommended to add KH and MS at a rate of 1% to improve the soil chemical properties. But the effect of application from MS has greater than KH to increase dissolved sodium salts on the form of sodium sulfate, which facilitates disposal during soil drainage.

EVALUATION OF TWO DRY PROTEIN SOURCES IN RATIONS FOR GROWING-FURRING MINK

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. SEIER ◽  
R. J. KIRK ◽  
T. J. DEVLIN ◽  
R. J. PARKER
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Priming Phase ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Frozen Fish ◽  
And Control

Forty-five male Sapphire mink kits were allotted to three treatment groups and fed for approximately 100 days (August 1–November 7). The control diet (treatment 1) consisted of horse-meat 10%, cooked chicken by-products 15%, raw cereal 25%, and whole frozen fish 50%. The frozen fish was replaced by either herring meal or soybean meal on an equivalent dry matter basis for treatments 2 and 3. Average mink weights on November 7 were 1.78, 1.87, and 1.92 kg for the soybean meal, herring meal, and control treatment groups, respectively, and were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The feeding period was divided into a growing phase (period 1), a growing and furring phase (period 2), and a maintenance and a priming phase (period 3). The average daily weight gains during these periods were: period 1: 15.2, 18.0 and 11.8 g; period 2: 6.1, 6.7 and 7.8 g; period 3: +0.8, −2.6 and −0.7 g, for the control, herring- and soybean meal-fed mink, respectively. Digestibility trials were carried out during each period. Dry matter and energy digestibilities were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for the herring-fed and control kits than for the soybean meal-fed kits. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in nitrogen balance among treatments. Skin biopsies were taken at pelting time to compare fur density, with values of 19.6, 20.6, and 19.5 hairs per pore, for the soybean-, herring-fed and control kits, respectively.

scholarly journals Evaluation of in vivo anti-malarial potential of omidun obtained from fermented maize in Ibadan, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Favour O. Omeiza ◽  
George O. Ademowo ◽  
Funmilola A. Ayeni
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Malaria Therapy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Final Group ◽  
Ibadan Nigeria

Abstract Background The menace of resistance to anti-malarial drugs is a great challenge to malaria control, necessitating the search for new anti-malarial agents. This search has led to the exploration of natural products for efficacy in malaria therapy. Omidun is the supernatant of fermenting maize (ogi) slurry that has been widely investigated and reported to possess several health benefits and it is used traditionally as solvent for preparing anti-malarial herbs. However, there is no information on the anti-malarial activity of omidun itself. This study was conducted to investigate the prophylactic, curative and suppressive anti-malarial potential of omidun. Methods Experimental mice in the curative group were infected with 1 × 106 cells of Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA and treated with either 0.2 ml of omidun containing 3 × 109 cfu/ml of viable lactic acid bacteria or 0.2 ml of 5 mg/kg of chloroquine (positive control) or 0.2 ml of saline (negative control) for 4 days from day 3 post infection. The prophylactic group of mice were pre-treated with either omidun, chloroquine or saline for 4 days before infection with P. berghei, while the suppressive group was treated with omidun or chloroquine or saline and infected with P. berghei simultaneously. A group of mice were uninfected but treated (with omidun and control samples), while a final group was uninfected and untreated (controls). Parasitaemia and histopathology analysis were done in all groups. Results The curative and suppressive groups showed a significant difference between the omidun-treated mice (100% parasitaemia reduction) and the untreated mice (54.5% parasitaemia increase). There was no significance difference between the omidun treatment and chloroquine (positive control) treatment in suppressive group as both treatment had 100% parasitaemia reduction. The omidun prophylactic treatment however did not show any parasitaemia suppression, but a significant difference was observed between the omidun treatment (85% increase) and the chloroquine (positive control) treatment (100% reduction) in the group. Omidun treatment is non-toxic to the kidney. Conclusion This study provides scientific evidence supporting omidun usage in the treatment of malaria. Consequently, further work may yield the specific component of omidun responsible for the anti-malarial activity.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Geostatistical Techniques for Mapping Spatial Distribution of Soil PH, Salinity and Plant Cover Affected by Environmental Factors in Southern Iran

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 92-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad ZARE-MEHRJARDI ◽  
Ruhollah TAGHIZADEH-MEHRJARDI ◽  
Ali AKBARZADEH
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Plot Sampling ◽  
Significant Difference

The study presented in this paper attempts to evaluate some interpolation techniques for mapping spatial distribution of soil pH, salinity and plant cover in Hormozgan province, Iran. The relationships among environmental factors and distribution of vegetation types were also investigated. Plot sampling was applied in the study area. Landform parameters of each plot were recorded and canopy cover percentages of each species were measured while stoniness and browsing damage were estimated. Results indicated that there was a significant difference in vegetation cover for high and low slope steepness. Also, vegetation cover was greater than other cases in the mountains with calcareous lithology. In general, there were no significant relationships among vegetation cover and soil properties such as pH, EC, and texture. Other soil properties, such as soil depth and gravel percentage were significantly affected by vegetation cover. Moreover, the geostatistical results showed that kriging and cokriging methods were better than inverse distance weighting (IDW) method for prediction of the spatial distribution of soil properties. Also, the results indicated that all the concerned soil and plant parameters were better determined by means of a cokriging method. Land elevation, which was highly correlated with studied parameters, was used as an auxiliary parameter.

scholarly journals Penggunaan Crazy Story Game untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Mahasiswa Berbicara dalam Bahasa Inggris

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Nurdiana Nurdiana
Keyword(s):  
English Education ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cluster Random Sampling

Various ways and efforts have provided by Speaking lecturers to increase students’ motivation, especially in Speaking. However, based on a preliminary study, researchers found that students' speaking motivation was still considered insufficient. For that, the researcher applied a game, namely Crazy Story. The purpose of this study was to see how students’ motivation who were taught and not taught using Crazy Story Game and to find out whether there was a significant difference between students’ motivation who were taught and not taught using Crazy Story Game. This research was an experimental research. This type of research was a quasi-experimental study using an unequal group design. This study consisted of two groups, namely experimental and control group. The population of this study were students of the third semester of the English Education Study Program. Two groups (classes) of students consisted of 60 people were taken as samples using cluster random sampling. The two groups of students were both given a questionnaire to see their motivation in speaking before and after implementing Crazy Story Game. The data collection techniques were questionnaire and observation. Questionnaire was used to determine students’ motivation in speaking English. Meanwhile, observation was used to see the learning process of Speaking by using Crazy Story Game. From the research findings, it was obtained that the Speaking Motivation data of students who joined the experimental class increased by 4.75%. Meanwhile, students’ speaking motivation who joined the control class only increased by 0.98%. The result of data analysis from T-test was 2.028. This result was compared with the t table with a df (Degree of Freedom) level of 78, namely 1.99. Because t count t table (2.028 ≥ 1.99) and the significance was (0.046 0.05), H0 was rejected and Ha was accepted. The researcher concluded that there was a significant difference between students’ motivation those who were taught and not taught using Crazy Story Game.

scholarly journals The response of saline-sodic soils to reclamation using biological and organic amendments under arid regions of Egypt

2021 ◽  
Vol 247 ◽  
pp. 01047
Author(s):  
Mohamed Hafez ◽  
Alexander I. Popov ◽  
Mohamed Rashad
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Spent Grain ◽  
And Control

The study focused on investigating the contribution of reclamation strategies of saline-sodic soils and their impacts on soil fertility characteristics. In this study, the soil treatments were denoted as: SG1 and SG2 (23.8 and 47.7 ton/ha of spent grain); TC1 and TC2 (23.8 and 47.6 ton/ha of compost); Azospirillium in inoculation with seed and soil (Az); Az + SG1 (Az+SG1); Az + TC1 (Az+TC1); mineral fertilizers (NPK); and control (CK). All treatments were mixed in pots with 30 kg soil. The results showed that reclamation with Az and SG2 treatments significantly affected soil pH, EC, and macronutrients. In contrast, no significant (P > 0.05) effects were found with the two compost levels and NPK treatments. The salt contents were maximal in the control treatment, while decreased with Az, SG2, and Az+SG treatments. However, SG2 application decreased the soluble Na+ concentrations in soil solution. The effect of organic and biological reclamations on chemical properties was in the following order: Az+SG > SG2 > Az > TC2 > Az+M > SG1 > TC1 > NPK > CK. Moreover, it positively impacted the salt contents, which improved soil chemical properties in the saline-sodic soil after three months of seed sowing in the greenhouse.

scholarly journals Substitution of Plastics with Organic Pots in Tree Seedlings Production for Sustainable Environmental Conservation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wambui Mwangi ◽  
Samuel Kariuki ◽  
Nyambura Wagara
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Tree Seedling ◽  
Renewable Materials ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Olea Europea ◽  
And Control

The Mau Forest Complex, Kenya, is the location where the study below was done with the aim of investigating if small-scale operators of tree nurseries are will to embrace and use biodegradable seedling pots. These containers include baskets made of plant fibre and bamboo tubes as well as to determine the tree species that could form a denser canopy to be used in reafforestation. This study hypothesized that biodegradable pots could promote better growth of tree seedlings and offer more environmental-friendly benefits in comparison to the extensively utilized polythene containers. Biodegradable seedling pots are options friendly to the environment compared to plastic pots commonly used in activities in the greenhouse and nurseries. The use of compostable and plantable containers based on natural and renewable materials derived from plant materials have a potential market to boost the sustainable character of current tree production systems. Three species were planted including, Hagenia abyssinica in Gatimu, Juniperus procera and Olea europea subsp. africana in Mwisho wa Lami. Basket tubes gave the highest vigor (62.429 cm) with H. abyssinica in Gatimu while bamboo (58.048cm) and control (52.667cm) did not show a significant difference at p = 0.05 level. Olea europea subsp. africana generally demonstrated higher vigor with all the applied treatments than J. procera in Mwisho wa Lami. Basket treatment gave the highest height and number of branches for the two plant species while bamboo and control treatments did not have any significant differences at p = 0.05. In this study it was found that seedling bags made from plant fibres could be adopted in tree seedling propagation to remove the synthetic plastics for sustainable environmental conservation. Hagenia abysinica was also recommended for reafforestation as it formed a quick canopy.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL MICROALGA Chlorella vulgaris FOR BIOREMEDIATION OF HEAVY METAL Pb

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-234
Author(s):  
Asyatul Halima ◽  
Nursyirwani Nursyirwani ◽  
Irwan Effendi ◽  
Hanies Ambarsar
Keyword(s):  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Environmental Technology ◽  
Anova Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Spectrometer Data

This research was conducted from April to July 2019 at the Center for Environmental Technology Laboratory (PTL), Geostech 820 Building, Serpong Region Puspitek, South Tangerang. The aim of this research was to determin growth of Chlorella vulgaris on media added with Pb at different concentrations, and to determine the ability to absorb Pb. The experimental method was conducted by using concentrations of Pb at 3 different levels consisting of 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm in triplicate and control treatment without the addition of Pb. Each sample was analyzed by ICP-OES (Inductivly Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectrometer). Data was analyzed by using ANOVA followed by LSD test. The growth of C. vulgaris biomass during the cultivation were Pb 1 ppm (10.38 g / l), k (9.10 g / l), Pb 5 ppm (8.36 g/l) and Pb 10 ppm (7.13) g/l). ANOVA test showed that different concentrations of Pb gave a very significant difference (Sig. <0.05) on the growth of C. vulgaris. Reduction in the concentration of Pb metal in culture media were Pb 10 ppm (96.8%), Pb 5 ppm (96.2%), Pb 1 ppm (90%) and there is no Pb found in control. ANOVA test results showed that C. vulgaris had a very significant effect (Sig. <0.05) on the decrease of Pb metal concentration. This shows that C. vulgaris has the capacity as bioremediation of Pb with different concentrations.

The Influence of Color Shading Net on the Growing of Lettuce

2017 ◽  
Vol 866 ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
Nithiwatthn Choosakul ◽  
Piyanath Pagamas
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lettuce Growth ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Control ◽  
Color Shading

Nowadays, shading net is widely use in Thailand, especially for vegetable production. Many colors of shading net can be found in the market. In this experiment, we set up three net houses for lettuce by using three colors of 50% transparent shading net, black, red and green. Ten of 15 days after planting (DAP) lettuces were moved to each color net house and control (direct sun). Total 40 lettuces were used for 10 days experiment. The result showed that the leave length and width of lettuce under red shading net respectively were significantly bigger than those under green shading net and control treatment without significant difference with the black shading net. The lettuce under red shading net had a highest stem diameter, fresh weight and dry weight comparing with others color shading net. The spectra of the solar radiations that transmitted through the red shading net were suitable for the photosynthesis of the lettuce leaves that could promote lettuce growth and yield.

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