Nitrogen addition accelerates ecosystem phosphorus cycling at multiple scales in a temperate grassland of Northeast China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiying Cui ◽  
Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo ◽  
Wei Sun ◽  
Jian-Ying Ma ◽  
Wenzheng Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Nitrogen Addition ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Organic P ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Resorption Efficiency ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
P Mineralization ◽  
N Enrichment

<p>Plant phosphorus (P) resorption, mutualistic symbiosis with mycorrhizas, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and soil organic P mineralization are crucial strategies for acquiring sufficient P to meet plant nutrient demand. Which is the main strategy, however, responding to elevated nitrogen (N) addition to alleviate P deficiency caused by N enrichment remains unclear in terrestrial ecosystems. We explored the responses of foliar P resorption of dominate species (Leymus chinensis), soil microbial properties and organic P mineralization to multi-level N addition in a temperate meadow steppe, Northeast China. We found the enhancements in plant biomass, microbial biomass C and N (MBC, MBN), alkaline phosphatase activities (ALP), and phoD gene abundance (main gene coded soil ALP), while the reductions in soil pH, available P, microbial biomass P, and AMF abundance, and no significant responses of foliar P content under simulative N deposition. When the rates exceeded the threshold 10 g N m<sup>-2</sup>yr<sup>-1</sup>, plants and microbes had little additional responses to N enrichment. Notably, N addition had distinct effects on three plant P acquisition strategies, that no conspicuous increase in P resorption efficiency, reduced dependence on mutualistic with AMF symbiosis and accelerated organic P mineralization. A positive correlation between ALP activity, phoD gene abundance and P mineralization rate suggested increases in phosphatase activities and its functional gene copies play crucial roles in organic P mineralization. Nitrogen addition aggravated P deficiency to the production of plant and microbial biomass, which further accelerated soil organic P mineralization and foliar P resorption. Due to lack of plasticity in P resorption efficiency and reduced dependence on mutualistic with AMF symbiosis, however, the organic P mineralization dominated in P acquisition to meet increased P demand. Furthermore, the increase in ALP activities, activation of phoD genes and decrease in soil pH were the main pathways to accelerate organic P mineralization and consequently alleviated P deficiency caused by anthropogenic N deposition, especially at conditions of N saturation. Our results provide strong evidences that N addition can accelerate the rate of P cycling and mobilize plant P uptake strategies such as soil organic P mineralization and leaf P resorption, which are important to better maintain sustainable ecosystem development in the more fertilized word.</p><p>Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC0500602), National Natural Science Foundation of China (31570470, 31870456), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2412018ZD010), and the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (B16011). H.C. acknowledges support from Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC).</p>

scholarly journals Contrasting Responses of Soil Respiration Components in Response to Five-Year Nitrogen Addition in a Pinus tabulaeformis Forest in Northern China

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Zhao ◽  
Yan Geng ◽  
Jing Cao ◽  
Lu Yang ◽  
Xiuhai Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Nitrogen Addition ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Pinus Tabulaeformis ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Addition ◽  
N Enrichment

Increasing atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has profound effects on carbon (C) cycling in forest ecosystems. As an important part of belowground C dynamics, soil respiration is potentially affected by changing N availability. However, the responses of total soil respiration (RST) and its three components, soil respiration derived from plant roots (RSR), root-free soil (RSS) and the litter layer (RSL), to such N enrichment remains poorly understood. To assess the effects of N enrichment on soil respiration components, three levels of N addition, namely low (LN, 50 kg N ha−1 year−1), medium (MN, 100 kg N ha−1 year−1) and high (HN, 150 kg N ha−1 year−1), were conducted over five growing seasons from 2011 to 2015 in a temperate Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) forest in northern China. A control plot without N addition (CK) was also established. The five-year mean annual rate of RST was 2.18 ± 0.43 μmol m−2 s−1, and the contributions of RSR, RSS and RSL were 8.8 ± 3.1%, 82.2 ± 4.5% and 9.0 ± 5.5%, respectively. Compared with CK, RST was significantly increased by 16.5% in the HN plots, but not in the LN or MN treatments. RSS was significantly decreased by 18.1%, 26.6% and 18.4% in the LN, MN and HN plots, respectively, due to the reduction of both microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and enzyme activity. In contrast, RSR was increased by more than twice under the MN treatment, which promoted root growth and activity (higher fine root biomass and N concentration). A significant elevation in RSL was only detected in the HN plots, where the increased litter input enhanced litter decomposition and hence RSL. Our findings clearly demonstrated that N addition of different intensities had different effects on soil components. In particular, the above- and belowground components of heterotrophic respiration, RSL and RSR, showed contrasting responses to high level addition of N. Thus, we highlight that the response of soil respiration components to N addition should be examined individually. Our results may contribute to a better understanding of soil respiration dynamics under future N scenarios, and have important implications in forest management.

scholarly journals Nitrogen addition decreases methane uptake caused by methanotroph and methanogen imbalances in a Moso bamboo forest

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan Li ◽  
Changhui Peng ◽  
Junbo Zhang ◽  
Yongfu Li ◽  
Xinzhang Song
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Nitrogen Addition ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Moso Bamboo ◽  
Bamboo Forest ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Atmospheric Methane ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Moso Bamboo Forest

AbstractForest soils play an important role in controlling global warming by reducing atmospheric methane (CH4) concentrations. However, little attention has been paid to how nitrogen (N) deposition may alter microorganism communities that are related to the CH4 cycle or CH4 oxidation in subtropical forest soils. We investigated the effects of N addition (0, 30, 60, or 90 kg N ha−1 yr−1) on soil CH4 flux and methanotroph and methanogen abundance, diversity, and community structure in a Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) forest in subtropical China. N addition significantly increased methanogen abundance but reduced both methanotroph and methanogen diversity. Methanotroph and methanogen community structures under the N deposition treatments were significantly different from those of the control. In N deposition treatments, the relative abundance of Methanoculleus was significantly lower than that in the control. Soil pH was the key factor regulating the changes in methanotroph and methanogen diversity and community structure. The CH4 emission rate increased with N addition and was negatively correlated with both methanotroph and methanogen diversity but positively correlated with methanogen abundance. Overall, our results suggested that N deposition can suppress CH4 uptake by altering methanotroph and methanogen abundance, diversity, and community structure in subtropical Moso bamboo forest soils.

scholarly journals Effect of Short-Term Low-Nitrogen Addition on Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus of Vegetation-Soil in Alpine Meadow

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (20) ◽  
pp. 10998
Author(s):  
Zhen’an Yang ◽  
Wei Zhan ◽  
Lin Jiang ◽  
Huai Chen
Keyword(s):  
Alpine Meadow ◽  
Nitrogen Addition ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Rhizosphere ◽  
And Function

As one of the nitrogen (N) limitation ecosystems, alpine meadows have significant effects on their structure and function. However, research on the response and linkage of vegetation-soil to short-term low-level N deposition with rhizosphere processes is scant. We conducted a four level N addition (0, 20, 40, and 80 kg N ha−1 y−1) field experiment in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) from July 2014 to August 2016. We analyzed the community characteristics, vegetation (shoots and roots), total carbon (TC), nutrients, soil (rhizosphere and bulk) properties, and the linkage between vegetation and soil under different N addition rates. Our results showed that (i) N addition significantly increased and decreased the concentration of soil nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) and ammonium nitrogen, and the soil pH, respectively; (ii) there were significant correlations between soil (rhizosphere and bulk) NO3−-N and total nitrogen (TN), and root TN, and there was no strong correlation between plant and soil TC, TN and total phosphorus, and their stoichiometry under different N addition rates. The results suggest that short-term low-N addition affected the plant community, vegetation, and soil TC, TN, TP, and their stoichiometry insignificantly, and that the correlation between plant and soil TC, TN, and TP, and their stoichiometry were insignificant.

scholarly journals Nitrogen input <sup>15</sup>N-signatures are reflected in plant <sup>15</sup>N natural abundances of sub-tropical forests in China

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geshere Abdisa Gurmesa ◽  
Xiankai Lu ◽  
Per Gundersen ◽  
Yunting Fang ◽  
Qinggong Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Nitrogen Addition ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
N Cycling ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Old Growth Forest

Abstract. Natural abundance of 15N (δ15N) in plants and soils can provide integrated information on ecosystem nitrogen (N) cycling, but it has not been well tested in warm and humid sub-tropical forests. In this study, we examined the measurement of δ15N for its ability to assess changes in N cycling due to increased N deposition in an old-growth broadleaved forest and a secondary pine forest in a high N deposition area in southern China. We measured δ15N of inorganic N in input and output fluxes under ambient N deposition, and N concentration (N %) and δ15N of major ecosystem compartments under ambient and after decadal N addition at 50 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Our results showed that the N deposition was δ15N-depleted (−12 ‰) mainly due to high input of depleted NH4&amp;plus;-N. Plant leafs in both forest were also δ15N-depleted (−4 to −6 ‰). The old-growth forest had higher plant and soil N %, and was more 15N-enriched in most ecosystem compartments relative to the pine forest. Nitrogen addition did not significantly affect N % in both forests, indicating that the ecosystem pools are already N-rich. Soil δ15N was not changed significantly by the N addition in both forests. However, the N addition significantly increased the δ15N of plants toward the 15N signature of the added N (~ 0 ‰), indicating incorporation of added N into plants. Thus, plant δ15N was sensitive to ecosystem N input manipulation although N % was unchanged in these N-rich sub-tropical forests. We interpret the depleted δ15N values of plants as an imprint from the high and δ15N-depleted N deposition. The signal from the input (deposition or N addition) may override the enrichment effects of fractionation during the steps of N cycling that are observed in most warm and humid forests. Thus, interpretation of ecosystem δ15N values from high N deposition regions need to include data on the deposition δ15N signal.

Carbon storage in phosphorus limited grasslands may decline in response to elevated nitrogen deposition: a long term field manipulation and modelling study 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Taylor ◽  
Victoria Janes-Bassett ◽  
Gareth Phoenix ◽  
Ben Keane ◽  
Iain Hartley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
N Deposition ◽  
Calcareous Grassland ◽  
Organic P ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Soil C ◽  
P Limitation ◽  
P Cycling ◽  
Nutrient Manipulation ◽  
N And P Cycling

&lt;p&gt;In ecosystems where nitrogen (N) limits plant productivity, N deposition can stimulate plant growth, and consequently, promote carbon (C) sequestration by increasing input of detrital C and other forms of plant C to the soil. However, other forms of nutrient limitation such as phosphorus (P) limitation and N-P co-limitation are widespread and may increase in prevalence with N deposition. Our understanding of how terrestrial ecosystem C, N and P cycling may be affected by N deposition when N is not the sole limiting resource is fairly limited. In this work, we investigate the consequences of enhanced N addition on C, N and P cycling in grasslands that exhibit contrasting forms of nutrient limitation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We do so by collecting data from a long-term nutrient manipulation experiment on two N-P co-limited grasslands; an acidic grassland of stronger N-limitation and a calcareous grassland of stronger P limitation, and integrating this into a mechanistic C, N and P cycling model (N14CP). To simulate the experimental grasslands and explore the role of P access mechanisms in determining ecosystem state, we allowed P access to vary, and compared the outputs to plant-soil C, N and P data. Combinations of organic P access and inorganic P availability most closely representing data were used to simulate the grasslands and quantify their temporal response to nutrient manipulation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The modelled grasslands showed contrasting responses to simulated N deposition. In the acidic grassland, N addition greatly increased C stocks by stimulating biomass productivity, but the same N treatments reduced the organic C pool in the calcareous grassland. Nitrogen deposition exacerbated P limitation in the calcareous grassland by reducing the size of the bioavailable P pool to plants, reducing biomass input to the soil C pool. Plant acquisition of organic P played an important role in determining the nutrient conditions of the grasslands, as both simulated grasslands increased organic P uptake to meet enhanced P demand driven by N deposition. Greater access to organic P in the acidic grassland prevented a shift to P limitation under elevated levels of N deposition, but organic P access was too low in the calcareous grassland to prevent worsening P limitation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We conclude that grasslands of differing limiting nutrients may respond to N deposition in contrasting ways, and stress that as N deposition shifts ecosystems toward P limitation, a globally important carbon sink risks degradation.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Nitrogen Addition Affects Soil Respiration Primarily through Changes in Microbial Community Structure and Biomass in a Subtropical Natural Forest

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiacong Zhou ◽  
Xiaofei Liu ◽  
Jinsheng Xie ◽  
Maokui Lyu ◽  
Yong Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Microbial Community Structure ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
N Addition ◽  
C Cycling ◽  
Total Plfa

Forest soil respiration plays an important role in global carbon (C) cycling. Owing to the high degree of C and nitrogen (N) cycle coupling, N deposition rates may greatly influence forest soil respiration, and possibly even global C cycling. Soil microbes play a crucial role in regulating the biosphere–atmosphere C exchange; however, how microbes respond to N addition remains uncertain. To better understand this process, the experiment was performed in the Castanopsis kawakamii Hayata Nature Reserve, in the subtropical zone of China. Treatments involved applying different levels of N (0, 40, and 80 kg ha−2 year−1) over a three-year period (January 2013–December 2015) to explore how soil physicochemical properties, respiration rate, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentration, and solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance responded to various N addition rate. Results showed that high levels of N addition significantly decreased soil respiration; however, low levels of N addition significantly increased soil respiration. High levels of N reduced soil pH and enhanced P and C co-limitation of microorganisms, leading to significant reductions in total PLFA and changes in the structure of microbial communities. Significant linear relationships were observed between annual cumulative respiration and the concentration of microbial biomass (total PLFA, gram-positive bacteria (G+), gram-negative bacteria (G−), total bacteria, and fungi) and the microbial community structure (G+: G− ratio). Taken together, increasing N deposition changed microbial community structure and suppressed microbial biomass, ultimately leading to recalcitrant C accumulation and soil C emissions decrease in subtropical forest.

Effects of nitrogen addition on soil oxidisable organic carbon fractions in the rhizospheric and bulk soils of Chinese pines in north-western China

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongfei Liu ◽  
Sha Xue ◽  
Guoliang Wang ◽  
Guobin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Nitrogen Addition ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Western China ◽  
Bulk Soil ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Labile C ◽  
Soc Fractions

Increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition caused by human activities has potentially important effects on ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics and different effects on C fractions with different stabilities and chemical compositions. A better understanding of the responses of different C fractions to N addition is vital for maintaining soil quality and protecting vegetation. In order to investigate the differential effects of N addition on total soil organic carbon (SOC) and four SOC fractions with increasing degrees of oxidisability in Pinus tabuliformis rhizospheric and bulk soils, a 6-year pot experiment was performed testing the effects of the addition of N at rates of 2.8, 5.6, 11.2, 22.4 and 44.8 g m–2 year–1 compared with a control (CK) group (no N addition). Addition of N addition had significant (P < 0.05) effects on SOC fractions of very labile C (C1) and recalcitrant C (C4), but negligible effects on total SOC (TOC) and SOC fractions of labile C (C2) and less labile C (C3). The C1 content and ratio of C1 to TOC in rhizospheres decreased following the addition of low levels (N2.8–N5.6) of N, but increased after the addition of high levels (N11.2–N44.8) of N, with minimum values obtained after the addition of 11.2 N g m–2 year–1. Low rates (N2.8–N5.6) of N addition considerably increased C4 and the ratio of C4 to TOC in the rhizosphere, whereas addition of high rates (N11.2–N44.8) of N decreased these parameters. The responses of C1 and C4 in the bulk soil to N addition were opposite. The SOC fraction was significantly higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil, indicating large rhizospheric effects. However, increased N addition weakened these effects. These findings suggest that low rates (N2.8–N5.6) of N addition stabilise SOC against chemical and biological degradation, whereas increased rates of N addition increase the lability of SOC in the bulk soil. Thus, the rhizosphere plays a vital role in soil carbon stability and sequestration in response to N addition.

scholarly journals Testing mechanisms of N-enrichment-induced species loss in a semiarid Inner Mongolia grassland: critical thresholds and implications for long-term ecosystem responses

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1606) ◽  
pp. 3125-3134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhichun Lan ◽  
Yongfei Bai
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Rare Species ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Global Environmental Change ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Species Loss ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Precipitation Regimes ◽  
N Enrichment

The increase in nutrient availability as a consequence of elevated nitrogen (N) deposition is an important component of global environmental change. This is likely to substantially affect the functioning and provisioning of ecosystem services by drylands, where water and N are often limited. We tested mechanisms of chronic N-enrichment-induced plant species loss in a 10-year field experiment with six levels of N addition rate. Our findings on a semi-arid grassland in Inner Mongolia demonstrated that: (i) species richness (SR) declined by 16 per cent even at low levels of additional N (1.75 g N m –2 yr −1 ), and 50–70% species were excluded from plots which received high N input (10.5–28 g N m −2 yr −1 ); (ii) the responses of SR and above-ground biomass (AGB) to N were greater in wet years than dry years; (iii) N addition increased the inter-annual variations in AGB, reduced the drought resistance of production and hence diminished ecosystem stability; (iv) the critical threshold for chronic N-enrichment-induced reduction in SR differed between common and rare species, and increased over the time of the experiment owing to the loss of the more sensitive species. These results clearly indicate that both abundance and functional trait-based mechanisms operate simultaneously on N-induced species loss. The low initial abundance and low above-ground competitive ability may be attributable to the loss of rare species. However, shift from below-ground competition to above-ground competition and recruitment limitation are likely to be the key mechanisms for the loss of abundant species, with soil acidification being less important. Our results have important implications for understanding the impacts of N deposition and global climatic change (e.g. change in precipitation regimes) on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Inner Mongolian grassland and beyond.

scholarly journals Response of CH<sub>4</sub> emissions to moss removal and N addition in boreal peatland of northeast China

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 4809-4816 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. N. Meng ◽  
C. C. Song ◽  
Y. Q. Miao ◽  
R. Mao ◽  
X. W. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Northeast China ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Atmospheric Methane ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Boreal Peatlands ◽  
N Enrichment ◽  
Hinggan Mountain

Abstract. Boreal peatlands are an important natural source of atmospheric methane (CH4). Recently, boreal peatlands have been experiencing increased nitrogen (N) availability and decreased moss production. However, little is known about the interactive effect of moss and N availability on CH4 emissions in boreal peatlands. In this study, the effects of moss removal and N addition (6 g N m−2 yr−1) on CH4 emissions were examined during the growing seasons of 2011, 2012 and 2013 in a boreal peatland in the Great Hinggan Mountain of northeast China. Notably, the response of CH4 emissions to moss removal and N addition varied with experimental duration. Moss removal and N addition did not affect CH4 emissions in 2011 and 2012, but respectively reduced CH4 emissions by 50% and 66% in 2013. However, moss removal and N addition did not produce an interactive effect on CH4 emissions. Consequently, moss removal plus N addition had no effect on CH4 emissions in 2011 and 2012, but decreased CH4 emissions by 68% in 2013. These results suggest that the effects of moss removal and N enrichment on CH4 emissions are time-dependent in boreal peatlands, and also imply that increased N availability and decreased moss growth would independently inhibit CH4 emissions in the boreal peatlands of northeast China.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Addition Alleviates Microbial Nitrogen Limitations and Promotes Soil Respiration in a Subalpine Coniferous Forest

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Qianmei Chen ◽  
Zexi Wang ◽  
Haifeng Zheng ◽  
Yamei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Microbes ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Subalpine Forests ◽  
N Application ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Groups

Soil microbes are an important component of soil ecosystems that influence material circulation and are involved in the energy flow of ecosystems. The increase in atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition affects all types of terrestrial ecosystems, including subalpine forests. In general, alpine and high-latitude ecosystems are N limited. Increased N deposition could therefore affect microbial activity and soil respiration. In this study, four levels of N addition, including CK (no N added), N1 (2 g m−2 a−1), N2 (5 g m−2 a−1), and N3 (10 g m−2 a−1), were carried out in a Sichuan redwood forest at the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The dynamics of soil respiration, major microbial groups, ecoenzymatic stoichiometry, and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen (MBC and MBN, respectively) were investigated over a year. The results showed that N application significantly increased soil respiration (11%–15%), MBC (5%–9%), MBN (23%–34%), N-acetylglucosidase (56.40%–204.78%), and peroxidase (42.28%–54.87%) activities. The promotion of soil respiration, N-acetylglucosidase, and peroxidase was highest under the N2 treatment. The carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus metabolism of soil microbes in subalpine forests significantly responded to N application. In the latter stages of N application, microbial metabolism changed from being N restricted to phosphorus restricted, especially under the N2 treatment. Soil bacteria (B) and gram-positive (G+) bacteria were the dominant microbial groups affecting soil respiration. Structural equation modelling indicated that N application significantly promoted soil respiration and microbial biomass, whereas the main microbial groups did not significantly respond to N application. Therefore, we conclude that short-term N addition alleviates microbial nitrogen limitation and promotes soil respiration in the subalpine forest ecosystem that accelerates soil carbon (C) and N cycling. Continuous monitoring is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms under long-term N deposition, which may help in forecasting C, N, and P cycling in the alpine region under global climate change.

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