Composition of lipids from the First Lusatian lignite seam of the Konin Basin (Poland): relations to vegetation, climate and carbon cycling during the mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achim Bechtel ◽  
Marek Widera ◽  
Michal Woszczyk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycling ◽  
Carbon Isotopic Composition ◽  
Carbon Preference Index ◽  
Pentacyclic Triterpenoids ◽  
Global Database ◽  
Preference Index ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Relative Abundances ◽  
Climatic Optimum ◽  
Long Chain

<p>Samples of detrital lignite have been collected for organic geochemical and carbon isotope analyses from the First Lusatian lignite seam at the Adamów, Jóźwin IIB and TomisÅ‚awice opencast mines, deposited after the last peak of the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum. The aim of the study is to improve the chemotaxonomic value of biomarkers by relating the results to existing paleobotanical data, and to gain information about the influencing factors on δ<sup>13</sup>C of lignite and lipids. Furthermore, biomarker and isotopic proxies are tested for their applicability in paleoclimate studies.</p><p>The relative abundances of mid-chain (C<sub>23</sub>, C<sub>25</sub>) <em>n</em>-alkanes and their 1–2‰ higher δ<sup>13</sup>C values compared to long-chain <em>n</em>-alkanes (C<sub>29</sub>, C<sub>31</sub>) argue for a minor contribution of macrophytes (graminoids, etc.) to peat formation, enhanced during periods of raised water level. The presence of ferruginol and dehydroferruginol testifies the contribution of taxodioid Cupressaceae. The abundances of pimarane-type diterpenoids and the presence of non-aromatic abietane-derivatives argue for the contribution of Pinaceae. Based on the presence of lupeol and lupane-type triterpenoids, an input of Betulaceae can be concluded. The contribution of further angiosperms cannot be specified based on the composition of pentacyclic triterpenoids. However, the results indicate mixed vegetation, and are in agreement with paleobotanical data highlighting abundant conifers of the Cupressaceae and Pinaceae families, as well as angiosperms of various families (e.g., <em>Nyssa, Quercus, Fagus</em>), including Betulaceae (e.g., <em>Alnus, Betula, Corylus</em>). Based on the relationship between the carbon preference index of <em>n</em>-alkanes and mean annual air temperatures, obtained from a global database of peatlands, an average temperature of 24.5 °C is obtained. This value is significantly higher as estimated from paleobotanical data (15.7–19.7 °C), probably due to the influence of changes in vegetation on carbon preference index.</p><p>The relative abundances of diterpenoids versus di- plus angiosperm-derived triterpenoids in detrital lignite samples revealed variable contributions of gymnosperms and angiosperms during the middle Miocene. Consistent with these results, a positive relationship exists between the di-/(di- + tri-) terpenoid biomarker ratios and δ<sup>13</sup>C of lignite samples, indicating the dominating role of varying gymnosperm/angiosperm contributions on the carbon isotopic composition of lignite. The C-isotope data of long-chain n-alkanes, diterpenoids, and angiosperm-derived triterpenoids co-vary within the profiles, arguing for an overall control of changes in δ<sup>13</sup>C of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> on δ<sup>13</sup>C of plant lipids. Fluctuations in δ<sup>13</sup>C of individual compounds may also be related to changes in carbon cycling within the peat, humidity and air temperature.</p>

scholarly journals Nonacosan-10-ol and n-Alkanes in Leaves of Pinus pinaster

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2092607
Author(s):  
Biljana Nikolić ◽  
Marina Todosijević ◽  
Iris Đorđević ◽  
Jovana Stanković ◽  
Zorica S. Mitić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chain Length ◽  
Pinus Pinaster ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Average Chain Length ◽  
Carbon Preference Index ◽  
Preference Index ◽  
Long Chain

In leaf cuticular wax of Pinus pinaster, content of nonacosan-10-ol is high (77.1% on average). n-Alkanes ranged from C18 to C35 with the most dominant C29 (24.8%). The carbon preference index (CPItotal) ranged from 3.1 to 5.6 (4.0 on average), while the average chain length (ACLtotal) ranged from 14.0 to 17.0 (14.8 on average). Long-chain n-alkanes ( n-C25-35) strongly dominated (80.1%) over middle-chain ( n-C21-24 = 18.9%) and short-chain ( n -C18-20 = 0.9%) n-alkanes.

scholarly journals n-Alkane Profile of Argemone mexicana Leaves

2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 533-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indranil Bhattacharjee ◽  
Anupam Ghosh ◽  
Nandita Chowdhury ◽  
Soroj Kumar Chatterjee ◽  
Goutam Chandra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Number ◽  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
Carbon Preference Index ◽  
Argemone Mexicana ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Preference Index ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
First Time ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Carbon Number Predominance

An n-hexane extract of fresh, mature leaves of Argemone mexicana (Papaveraceae), containing thin-layer epicuticular waxes, has been analysed for the first time by TLC, IR and GLC using standard hydrocarbons. Seventeen long-chain alkanes (n-C18 to n-C34) were identified and quantified. Nonacosane (n-C29) was established as the n-alkane with the highest amount, whilst octadecane (n-C18) was the least abundant component of the extracted wax fraction. The carbon preference index (CPI) calculated for the hydrocarbon sample with the chain lengths between C18 and C34 was 1.2469, showing an odd to even carbon number predominance.

Holocene vegetation signals in the Alashan Desert of northwest China revealed by lipid molecular proxies from calcareous root tubes

2017 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuolun Li ◽  
Youhong Gao ◽  
Lang Han
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Pollen Concentration ◽  
Carbon Preference Index ◽  
Effective Moisture ◽  
Preference Index ◽  
Desert Regions ◽  
Root Tube ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractIn the hinterland of deserts, it is difficult to reconstruct paleovegetation using fossil pollen because of the low pollen concentration. Therefore, an efficient method is needed to reconstruct the paleovegetation of desert regions. In this study, 34 Holocene calcareous root tube (CRT) samples were collected from the Alashan Desert in northwest China, and lipid molecular proxies from CRTs were selected to address this deficiency. The results show that n-alkanes mainly maximized at C27, C29, and C16, and that the carbon preference index is close to 1. Thus, the sources of n-alkanes from CRTs were the roots of higher plants and microorganisms, and thus changes in n-alkanes from CRTs could reveal variations in vegetation cover. The n-alkane Cmax of long-chain n-alkanes (C>25) in CRTs, maximizing at C27, indicated that vegetation in the Alashan Desert was characterized by shrub vegetation during the Holocene. Changes in the ratio of (C27+C29)/(C31+C33) indicated that the biomass of shrub vegetation increased during the period 7–2 cal ka BP. Moreover, the relative concentration of short-chain to long-chain n-alkanes decreased from 7 to 2 cal ka BP, suggesting that the effective moisture decreased during that period.

scholarly journals Nonacosan-10-ol and n-Alkanes in Needles of Pinus halepensis

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2092097
Author(s):  
Biljana Nikolić ◽  
Marina Todosijević ◽  
Iris Đorđević ◽  
Jovana Stanković ◽  
Zorica S. Mitić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chain Length ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Average Chain Length ◽  
Carbon Preference Index ◽  
Preference Index ◽  
Long Chain

In needle cuticular wax of Pinus halepensis, nonacosan-10-ol is high (77.08% on average). n-Alkanes ranged from C18 to C35 with the most dominant C27 and C29 (32.4% and 25.8%, respectively). The carbon preference index ranged from 3.2 to 5.4 (3.4 on average), while the average chain length ranged from 14.0 to 18.0 (17.2 on average). Long-chain n-alkanes strongly dominated (95.1%).

scholarly journals Syngenetic rapid growth of ellipsoidal silica concretions with bitumen cores

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidekazu Yoshida ◽  
Ryusei Kuma ◽  
Hitoshi Hasegawa ◽  
Nagayoshi Katsuta ◽  
Sin-iti Sirono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Early Diagenesis ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Carbon Preference Index ◽  
Diffusion Growth ◽  
Silica Precipitation ◽  
Precipitated Silica ◽  
Preference Index ◽  
Decomposition Of Organic Matter ◽  
Growth Diagram

AbstractIsolated silica concretions in calcareous sediments have unique shapes and distinct sharp boundaries and are considered to form by diagenesis of biogenic siliceous grains. However, the details and rates of syngenetic formation of these spherical concretions are still not fully clear. Here we present a model for concretion growth by diffusion, with chemical buffering involving decomposition of organic matter leading to a pH change in the pore-water and preservation of residual bitumen cores in the concretions. The model is compatible with some pervasive silica precipitation. Based on the observed elemental distributions, C, N, S, bulk carbon isotope and carbon preference index (CPI) measurements of the silica-enriched concretions, bitumen cores and surrounding calcareous rocks, the rate of diffusive concretion growth during early diagenesis is shown using a diffusion-growth diagram. This approach reveals that ellipsoidal SiO2 concretions with a diameter of a few cm formed rapidly and the precipitated silica preserved the bitumen cores. Our work provides a generalized chemical buffering model involving organic matter that can explain the rapid syngenetic growth of other types of silica accumulation in calcareous sediments.

scholarly journals Bacterial precursors and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids are biomarkers of North-Atlantic demosponges

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna de Kluijver ◽  
Klaas G.J. Nierop ◽  
Teresa M. Morganti ◽  
Martijn C. Bart ◽  
Beate M. Slaby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Carbon Isotopic Composition ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Functional Ecology ◽  
The North ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractSponges produce distinct fatty acids (FAs) that (potentially) can be used as chemotaxonomic and ecological biomarkers to study endosymbiont-host interactions and the functional ecology of sponges. Here, we present FA profiles of five common habitat-building deep-sea sponges (class Demospongiae, order Tetractinellida), which are classified as high microbial abundance (HMA) species. Geodia hentscheli, G. parva, G. atlantica, G. barretti, and Stelletta rhaphidiophora were collected from boreal and Arctic sponge grounds in the North-Atlantic Ocean. Bacterial FAs dominated in all five species and particularly isomeric mixtures of mid-chain branched FAs (MBFAs, 8- and 9-Me-C16:0 and 10 and 11-Me-C18:0) were found in high abundance (together ≥ 20% of total FAs) aside more common bacterial markers. In addition, the sponges produced long-chain linear, mid- and a(i)-branched unsaturated FAs (LCFAs) with a chain length of 24‒28 C atoms and had predominantly the typical Δ5,9 unsaturation, although also Δ9,19 and (yet undescribed) Δ11,21 unsaturations were identified. G. parva and S. rhaphidiophora each produced distinct LCFAs, while G. atlantica, G. barretti, and G. hentscheli produced similar LCFAs, but in different ratios. The different bacterial precursors varied in carbon isotopic composition (δ13C), with MBFAs being more enriched compared to other bacterial (linear and a(i)-branched) FAs. We propose biosynthetic pathways for different LCFAs from their bacterial precursors, that are consistent with small isotopic differences found in LCFAs. Indeed, FA profiles of deep-sea sponges can serve as chemotaxonomic markers and support the conception that sponges acquire building blocks from their endosymbiotic bacteria.

A GEOCHEMICAL METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF THE THERMAL HISTORIES OF SEDIMENTS: A TWO-WELL CASE STUDY FROM THE GIPPSLAND BASIN, AUSTRALIA

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Alexander ◽  
P.G. Kralert ◽  
R. Marzi ◽  
R.I. Kagi ◽  
E J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
Stable Phase ◽  
Carbon Preference Index ◽  
Preference Index ◽  
History Of ◽  
Thermal Histories ◽  
Gippsland Basin ◽  
Geochemical Method ◽  
Kinetics Of

The ester content in kerogen is depleted as sediment maturation progresses in a process which has been shown to correlate with change in the carbon preference index (CPI) of the associated soluble organic matter. We have carried out accurate laboratory measurements of the kinetics of the reaction which causes ester depletion in sediments, and we show how this information can be used to assess the thermal history of sediments. Two wells were selected, Grunter-1 and Volador-1, to provide samples from the Latrobe Group in the Gippsland Basin. The CPI values were measured to assess the extent of reaction at points down each well, and these values were then used with the kinetic parameters for the ester depletion process to obtain thermal histories which are consistent with the available maturity information.This treatment enabled the heat flow from 50 Ma to the present to be assessed and it suggests that at both locations a constant low heat flow during the Gippsland stable phase was followed by a gradual increase from the beginning of the Miocene to present-day values.

scholarly journals Penggunaan Parameter Geokimia Isoprenoid untuk Menentukan Tingkat Kematangan Minyak Bumi (Crude Oil) Sumur Minyak Langgak Riau

2015 ◽  
pp. 70-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emrizal Mahidin Tamboesai
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Thermal Maturity ◽  
Maturity Level ◽  
Carbon Preference Index ◽  
Preference Index ◽  
Petroleum Wells ◽  
Saturated Fraction ◽  
Area Determination

In this study, crude oil samples from Distric Langgak, Riau were tested and characterized with isoprenoid parameters. Determination of thermal maturity level aims to determine the feasibility of petroleum wells to be exploited because there are many new wells of petroleum unexploited in the Riau area. Determination of maturity crude oil performed by analysis saturated fractions. Saturated fraction of the wells Langgak used to determine the maturity of crude oil based on parameters isoprenoid, n-alkane and carbon preference index were analyzed using gas chromatography-flame ionize detector (GC-FID). Based on the value Pr / Ph, Pr / n-C17, Ph / n-C18 and its CPI, the maturity level of petroleum from oil wells, Langgak levels of maturity and quality of the oil is indicated by the value of Pr / Ph (2.27), the value of Pr / n-C17 (0.57), the value of Ph / n-C18 (0.22) and the CPI (1.087) respectively.DOI :http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v0i0.3142

scholarly journals Leaf wax composition and distribution of Tillandsia landbeckii reflects moisture gradient across the hyperarid Atacama Desert

2022 ◽  
Vol 308 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Contreras ◽  
Manlio Landahur ◽  
Karla García ◽  
Claudio Latorre ◽  
Mark Reyers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Atacama Desert ◽  
Average Chain Length ◽  
Carbon Preference Index ◽  
Leaf Wax ◽  
Preference Index ◽  
Lipid Biomarker ◽  
Northern Zone ◽  
Structural Adaptations ◽  
Total Average

AbstractIn the hyperarid Atacama Desert, water availability plays a crucial role in allowing plant survival. Along with scant rainfall, marine advective fog frequently occurs along the coastal escarpment fueling isolated mono-specific patches of Tillandsia vegetation. In this study, we investigate the lipid biomarker composition of the bromeliad Tillandsia landbeckii (CAM plant) to assess structural adaptations at the molecular level as a response to extremely arid conditions. We analyzed long-chain n-alkanes and fatty acids in living specimens (n = 59) collected from the main Tillandsia dune ecosystems across a 350 km coastal transect. We found that the leaf wax composition was dominated by n-alkanes with concentrations (total average 160.8 ± 91.4 µg/g) up to three times higher than fatty acids (66.7 ± 40.7 µg/g), likely as an adaptation to the hyperarid environment. Significant differences were found in leaf wax distribution (Average Chain Length [ACL] and Carbon Preference Index [CPI]) in the northern zone relative to the central and southern zones. We found strong negative correlations between fatty acid CPI and n-alkane ACL with precipitation and surface evaporation pointing at fine-scale adaptations to low moisture availability along the coastal transect. Moreover, our data indicate that the predominance of n-alkanes is reflecting the function of the wax in preventing water loss from the leaves. The hyperarid conditions and good preservation potential of both n-alkanes and fatty acids make them ideal tracers to study late Holocene climate change in the Atacama Desert.

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