What do we know about how the terrestrial multicellular soil fauna reacts to microplastic?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Büks ◽  
Loes van Schaik ◽  
Martin Kaupenjohann
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Soil Food Webs ◽  
Soil Ecosystems ◽  
Plastic Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Using Data

<p><span>The ubiquitous accumulation of microplastic particles across all global ecosystems comes along with the uptake into soil food webs. In this work, we evaluated studies on passive translocation, active ingestion, bioaccumulation and adverse effects within the phylogenetic tree of multicellular soil faunal life. The representativity of these studies for natural soil ecosystems was assessed using data on the type of plastic, shape, composition, concentration and time of exposure.</span></p><p><span>Available studies cover a wide range of soil organisms, with emphasis on earthworms, nematodes, springtails, beetles and lugworms, each focused on well known model organisms. Most of the studies applied microplastic concentrations similar to amounts in slightly to very heavily polluted soils. In many cases, however, polystyrene microspheres have been used, a combination of plastic type and shape, that is easily available, but do not represent the main plastic input into soil ecosystems. In turn, microplastic fibres are strongly underrepresented compared to their high abundance within contaminated soils. Further properties of plastic such as aging, coating and additives were insufficiently documented. Despite of these limitations, there is a recurring pattern of active intake followed by a population shift within the gut microbiome and adverse effects on motility, growth, metabolism, reproduction and mortality in various combinations, especially at high concentrations and small particle sizes.</span></p><p><span>For future experiments<span>, we recommend a </span><span>modus operandi</span><span> that takes into account </span><span>the</span> <span>type, shape, grade of aging and specific concentrations of microplastic </span><span>fractions</span><span> in natural and contaminated soils </span><span>as well as long-term incubation within</span><span> soil </span><span>meso</span><span>cosms.</span></span></p>

scholarly journals What do we know about how the terrestrial multicellular soil fauna reacts to microplastic?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Büks ◽  
Nicolette Loes van Schaik ◽  
Martin Kaupenjohann
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Soil Food Webs ◽  
Soil Ecosystems ◽  
Plastic Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Using Data

Abstract. The ubiquitous accumulation of microplastic (MP) particles across all global ecosystems comes along with the uptake into soil food webs. In this review, we analyzed studies on passive translocation, active ingestion, bioaccumulation and adverse effects within the phylogenetic tree of multicellular soil faunal life. The representativity of these studies for natural soil ecosystems was assessed using data on the type of plastic, shape, composition, concentration and time of exposure. Available studies cover a wide range of soil organisms, with emphasis on earthworms, nematodes, springtails, beetles and lugworms, each focused on well known model organisms. Most of the studies applied MP concentrations similar to amounts in slightly to very heavily polluted soils. In many cases, however, polystyrene microspheres have been used, a combination of plastic type and shape, that is easily available, but does not represent the main plastic input into soil ecosystems. In turn, MP fibres are strongly underrepresented compared to their high abundance within contaminated soils. Further properties of plastic such as aging, coating and additives were insufficiently documented. Despite these limitations, there is a recurring pattern of active intake followed by a population shift within the gut microbiome and adverse effects on motility, growth, metabolism, reproduction and mortality in various combinations, especially at high concentrations and small particle sizes. For the improvement of future studies, we identified problems of past experiments and give recommendations that take into account the type, shape, grade of aging, specific concentrations of MP fractions and long-term incubation in natural and contaminated soils.

scholarly journals What do we know about how the terrestrial multicellular soil fauna reacts to microplastic?

SOIL ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Büks ◽  
Nicolette Loes van Schaik ◽  
Martin Kaupenjohann
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Soil Fauna ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Soil Ecosystems ◽  
Plastic Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Using Data

Abstract. The ubiquitous accumulation of microplastic (MP) particles across all global ecosystems accompanies their uptake into soil food webs. In this review, we analyzed studies on passive translocation, active ingestion, bioaccumulation and adverse effects within the phylogenetic tree of multicellular soil faunal life. The representativity of these studies for natural soil ecosystems was assessed using data on the type of plastic, the shape, the composition, the concentration and the time of exposure. Available studies cover a wide range of soil organisms, with emphasis on earthworms, nematodes, springtails, beetles and lugworms, each focused on well-known model organisms. Thus, about 58 % of the studies used inappropriate concentrations or units, whereas 42 % applied MP concentrations similar to amounts in slightly to very heavily polluted soils. In many cases, however, polystyrene microspheres were used, which represent a combination of plastic type and shape that is easily available but does not reflect the main plastic input into soil ecosystems. In turn, MP fibers are strongly underrepresented compared with their high abundance within contaminated soils. A few studies also examined the comminution of macroplastic by the soil fauna. Further properties of plastic such as aging, coating and additives have been insufficiently documented. Despite these limitations, there is a recurring pattern of active intake followed by a population shift within the gut microbiome and adverse effects on motility, growth, metabolism, reproduction and mortality in various combinations, especially at high concentrations and small particle sizes. For the improvement of future studies, we identified the problems with past experiments, and we recommend that coming studies consider the type, shape, grade of aging, specific concentrations of MP fractions and long-term incubation in both natural and contaminated soils.

Water quality of lowland, permeable Chalk rivers: the Frome and Piddle catchments, west Dorset, UK

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. K. Howden ◽  
C. Neal ◽  
H. S. Wheater ◽  
S. Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Hydrograph Separation ◽  
Agricultural Catchments ◽  
Chemical Gradients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Using Data

This paper provides a baseline interpretation of extensive hydrochemical characteristics of UK Chalk catchments based on the Frome/Piddle (west Dorset), a major component of the LOCAR (Lowland Catchment Research) programme. It examines a wide range of chemical determinands using data from two long-term (1979–2000) river water monitoring sites. The water quality of the Frome and Piddle is very similar to that of agricultural catchments associated with Chalk aquifers. Waters are of a calcium bicarbonate type and nutrient bearing. In general, there are poor correlations between major ion determinands and between chemical concentrations and flow due to the large groundwater storage which buffers chemical variability. Hence, there are no major chemical gradients within the aquifer to provide distinct water end-member chemistries for contrasting hydrochemical environments to allow chemical hydrograph separation on the basis of flow. NO3-N and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) are the dominant species of dissolved N and P, respectively. NO3-N sources both within the aquifer and within the soils contribute to relatively high concentrations, with average values close to those of other agriculturally impacted catchments. SRP concentrations are generally lower than for high agriculturally, urban and industrially impacted catchments. High correlations between Al, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn occur due to the association of these trace metals with the soil-forming oxide and hydroxide ions present in suspended solids. Biological process influence SiO2, pH and EpCO2 levels. Average levels of EpCO2 at 4.15 and 5.52 times atmospheric pressure in the Frome and Piddle, respectively, indicates that the river waters have not fully degassed to equilibrium with the atmosphere, suggesting a short residence time of spring waters in the river channel.

An Investigation on the Performance of an Oxidation Catalyst Using Two-dimensional Simulation with Detailed Reaction Mechanism

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sreeharsh Nair ◽  
Mayank Mittal
Keyword(s):  
Single Channel ◽  
Catalytic Converter ◽  
Oxidation Catalyst ◽  
Low Temperature Combustion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Detailed Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Temperature Combustion ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Dimensional Simulation ◽  
Surface Reaction Kinetics

AbstractThe advent of stricter emission standards has increased the importance of aftertreatment devices and the role of numerical simulations in the evolution of better catalytic converters in order to satisfy these emission regulations. In this paper, a 2-D numerical simulation of a single channel of the monolith catalytic converter is presented by using detailed surface reaction kinetics aiming to investigate the chemical behaviour inside the converter. The model has been developed to study the conversion of carbon monoxide (CO) in the presence of propene (C3H6) for low-temperature combustion (LTC) engine application. The inhibition effect of C3H6 over a wide range of CO inlet concentrations is investigated. Considering both low and high levels of CO concentration at the inlet, the 2-D model predicted better results than their corresponding 1-D counterparts when compared with the experimental data from literature. It was also observed that C3H6 inhibition at high temperatures was significant, particularly for high concentrations of CO compared to low concentrations of CO at the inlet.

scholarly journals The Sustainable Production of a Novel Laccase from Wheat Bran by Bordetella sp. JWO16: Toward a Total Environment

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 677
Author(s):  
John Onolame Unuofin
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Dye Decolorization ◽  
Fermentation Medium ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Synthetic Dyes ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Capital Intensive ◽  
Agroindustrial Residue

Laccase is increasingly adopted in diverse industrial and environmental applications, due to its readily accessible requirements for efficient catalytic synthesis and biotransformation of chemicals. However, it is perceived that its industrial production might incur some unfavorable overhead, which leads to expensive market products, and the corresponding negative environmental feedback, due to the use of capital-intensive and precarious chemicals. To this end, this study was designed to evaluate the performance indicators of the valorization of wheat bran by a novel Jb1b laccase and its subsequent application in waste minimization and water management, on a laboratory scale. Optimal Jb1b laccase was produced in submerged fermentation medium containing wheat bran, an agroindustrial residue, through response surface methodology (RSM) algorithm, and was applied in dye decolorization and denim bioscouring, respectively. Results showed that the resultant enzyme manifested unique biochemical properties, such as enhanced tolerance at certain physicochemical conditions, with a residual activity of at least ca. 76%. Furthermore, phenomenally high concentrations of synthetic dyes (0.2% w v−1) were decolorized over 56 h, and a 6 h mediator-supported simultaneous denim bleaching and decolorization of wash effluent was observed. The sustainability of the production and application processes were inferred from the reusability of the fermentation sludge as a potential biofertilizer, with subsequent prospects for the biostimulation and bioaugmentation of contaminated soils, whereas the decolorized water could be adopted for other uses, amongst which horticulture and forestry are typical examples. These phenomena therefore authenticate the favorable environmental feedbacks and overhead realized in this present study.

scholarly journals mtDNAcombine: tools to combine sequences from multiple studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor F. Miller ◽  
Andrea Manica
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Bayesian Skyline Plot ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Handling ◽  
Online Database ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Existing Data

Abstract Background Today an unprecedented amount of genetic sequence data is stored in publicly available repositories. For decades now, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been the workhorse of genetic studies, and as a result, there is a large volume of mtDNA data available in these repositories for a wide range of species. Indeed, whilst whole genome sequencing is an exciting prospect for the future, for most non-model organisms’ classical markers such as mtDNA remain widely used. By compiling existing data from multiple original studies, it is possible to build powerful new datasets capable of exploring many questions in ecology, evolution and conservation biology. One key question that these data can help inform is what happened in a species’ demographic past. However, compiling data in this manner is not trivial, there are many complexities associated with data extraction, data quality and data handling. Results Here we present the mtDNAcombine package, a collection of tools developed to manage some of the major decisions associated with handling multi-study sequence data with a particular focus on preparing sequence data for Bayesian skyline plot demographic reconstructions. Conclusions There is now more genetic information available than ever before and large meta-data sets offer great opportunities to explore new and exciting avenues of research. However, compiling multi-study datasets still remains a technically challenging prospect. The mtDNAcombine package provides a pipeline to streamline the process of downloading, curating, and analysing sequence data, guiding the process of compiling data sets from the online database GenBank.

scholarly journals An In Vitro Cell Culture Model for Pyoverdine-Mediated Virulence

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Donghoon Kang ◽  
Natalia V. Kirienko
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Cell Culture Model ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
In Vitro Cell Culture ◽  
Mitochondrial Homeostasis ◽  
Culture Model ◽  
Wide Range

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a multidrug-resistant, opportunistic pathogen that utilizes a wide-range of virulence factors to cause acute, life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients, especially those in intensive care units. It also causes debilitating chronic infections that shorten lives and worsen the quality of life for cystic fibrosis patients. One of the key virulence factors in P. aeruginosa is the siderophore pyoverdine, which provides the pathogen with iron during infection, regulates the production of secreted toxins, and disrupts host iron and mitochondrial homeostasis. These roles have been characterized in model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans and mice. However, an intermediary system, using cell culture to investigate the activity of this siderophore has been absent. In this report, we describe such a system, using murine macrophages treated with pyoverdine. We demonstrate that pyoverdine-rich filtrates from P. aeruginosa exhibit substantial cytotoxicity, and that the inhibition of pyoverdine production (genetic or chemical) is sufficient to mitigate virulence. Furthermore, consistent with previous observations made in C. elegans, pyoverdine translocates into cells and disrupts host mitochondrial homeostasis. Most importantly, we observe a strong correlation between pyoverdine production and virulence in P. aeruginosa clinical isolates, confirming pyoverdine’s value as a promising target for therapeutic intervention. This in vitro cell culture model will allow rapid validation of pyoverdine antivirulents in a simple but physiologically relevant manner.

scholarly journals Native Plant Capacity for Gentle Remediation in Heavily Polluted Mines

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1769
Author(s):  
María Noelia Jiménez ◽  
Gianluigi Bacchetta ◽  
Francisco Bruno Navarro ◽  
Mauro Casti ◽  
Emilia Fernández-Ondoño
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Aerial Part ◽  
Bioaccumulation Factor ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Dittrichia Viscosa ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cistus Salviifolius ◽  
Plant Capacity

The use of plant species to stabilize and accumulate trace elements in contaminated soils is considered of great usefulness given the difficulty of decontaminating large areas subjected to mining for long periods. In this work, the bioaccumulation of trace elements is studied by relating the concentrations in leaves and roots of three plants of Mediterranean distribution (Dittrichia viscosa, Cistus salviifolius, Euphorbia pithyusa subsp. cupanii) with the concentrations of trace elements in contaminated and uncontaminated soils. Furthermore, in the case of D. viscosa, to know the concentration of each element by biomass, the pool of trace elements was determined both in the aerial part and in the roots. The bioaccumulation factor was not high enough in any of the species studied to be considered as phytoextractors. However, species like the ones studied in this work that live on soils with a wide range of concentration of trace elements and that develop a considerable biomass could be considered for stabilization of contaminated soils. The plant species studied in this work are good candidates for gentle-remediation options in the polluted Mediterranean.

scholarly journals Risk factors for severity on admission and the disease progression during hospitalisation in a large cohort of patients with COVID-19 in Japan

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. e047007
Author(s):  
Mari Terada ◽  
Hiroshi Ohtsu ◽  
Sho Saito ◽  
Kayoko Hayakawa ◽  
Shinya Tsuzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Obesity Hypertension

ObjectivesTo investigate the risk factors contributing to severity on admission. Additionally, risk factors of worst severity and fatality were studied. Moreover, factors were compared based on three points: early severity, worst severity and fatality.DesignAn observational cohort study using data entered in a Japan nationwide COVID-19 inpatient registry, COVIREGI-JP.SettingAs of 28 September 2020, 10480 cases from 802 facilities have been registered. Participating facilities cover a wide range of hospitals where patients with COVID-19 are admitted in Japan.ParticipantsParticipants who had a positive test result on any applicable SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic tests were admitted to participating healthcare facilities. A total of 3829 cases were identified from 16 January to 31 May 2020, of which 3376 cases were included in this study.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrimary outcome was severe or nonsevere on admission, determined by the requirement of mechanical ventilation or oxygen therapy, SpO2 or respiratory rate. Secondary outcome was the worst severity during hospitalisation, judged by the requirement of oxygen and/orinvasive mechanical ventilation/extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.ResultsRisk factors for severity on admission were older age, men, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, diabetes, obesity and hypertension. Cerebrovascular disease, liver disease, renal disease or dialysis, solid tumour and hyperlipidaemia did not influence severity on admission; however, it influenced worst severity. Fatality rates for obesity, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia were relatively lower.ConclusionsThis study segregated the comorbidities influencing severity and death. It is possible that risk factors for severity on admission, worst severity and fatality are not consistent and may be propelled by different factors. Specifically, while hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and obesity had major effect on worst severity, their impact was mild on fatality in the Japanese population. Some studies contradict our results; therefore, detailed analyses, considering in-hospital treatments, are needed for validation.Trial registration numberUMIN000039873. https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000045453

Application of the EYTEX™ System to the Evaluation of Cosmetic Products and their Ingredients

1992 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-163
Author(s):  
Francis H. Kruszewski ◽  
Laura H. Hearn ◽  
Kyle T. Smith ◽  
Janice J. Teal ◽  
Virginia C. Gordon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Double Blind ◽  
Eye Irritation ◽  
Ocular Irritation ◽  
Rabbit Eye ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Alkaline Membrane ◽  
Positive Agreement

465 cosmetic product formulations and raw ingredients were evaluated with the EYTEX™ system to determine the potential of this in vitro alternative for identifying eye irritation potential. The EYTEX™ system is a non-animal, biochemical procedure developed by Ropak Laboratories, Irvine, CA, that was designed to approximate the Draize rabbit eye irritation assay for the evaluation of ocular irritation. Avon Products Inc. provided all the test samples, which included over 30 different product types and represented a wide range of eye irritancy. All the EYTEX™ protocols available at the time of this study were used. Samples were evaluated double-blind with both the membrane partition assay (MPA) and the rapid membrane assay (RMA). When appropriate, the standard assay (STD) and the alkaline membrane assay (AMA) were used, as well as specific, documented protocol modifications. EYTEX™ results were correlated with rabbit eye irritation data which was obtained from the historical records of Avon Products Inc. A positive agreement of EYTEX™ results with the in vivo assay was demonstrated by an overall concordance of 80%. The assay error was 20%, of which 18% was due to an overestimation of sample irritancy (false positives) and 2% was attributed to underestimation (false negatives). Overestimation error in this study was due in part to the inability of the protocols to accurately classify test samples with very low irritation potential. Underestimation of sample irritancy was generally associated with ethoxylated materials and high concentrations of specific types of surfactants. 100% sensitivity and 85% predictability were described by the data, indicating the efficiency of EYTEX™ in identifying known irritants. A specificity rate of 39% showed the EYTEX™ assay to be weak in discerning non-irritants. However, the EYTEX™ protocols used in this study were not designed to identify non-irritants. A compatibility rate of 99% proved the effectiveness of the EYTEX™ assay in accommodating a diversity of product types. The EYTEX™ system protocols, when used appropriately, can provide a conservative means of assessing the irritant potential of most cosmetic formulations and their ingredients.

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