Assessment of the contribution of natural, technogenic and radionuclide factors to the spread of cattle leukemia in the Chelyabinsk region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Shkaeva ◽  
Artyom Shkaev ◽  
Viktor Budarkov
Keyword(s):  
Probability Model ◽  
Natural Radionuclide ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Technogenic Pollution ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Radiation Background ◽  
Economic Background ◽  
Urbanized Areas ◽  
Chelyabinsk Region

<p>The Chelyabinsk region is located in various geographical countries and zones: the Ural-mountainous country and the West Siberian low-lying country, which, in turn, occupy the mountain-forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones. The tense ecological situation of the region is associated with radioactive and intense technogenic pollution of the territory. Excess of the natural radiation background in the territory occurred after a major radiation accident in Kyshtym, which formed the East Ural Radioactive Trace (EURT), which was formed mainly in the Ural-mountain physiographic region in the north of the region. Industrial pollution caused by industrial emissionslarge enterprises and soil degradation as a result of mining operations.  In general, the EURT covered 384 settlements ( 29.7%) in the Chelyabinsk region .</p><p>The aim of this work is to assess the contribution of natural, radionuclide, and technogenic factors to the level and risk of the spread of cattle leukemia in the Chelyabinsk region , one of the most disadvantaged Russian regions for this disease. cattle. Objects of research: cattle of black-motley breed, calves of different ages, fattening young animals, lactating cows. The monitoring duration was 1993-2018 years. On the EURT and in the zone of influence of the Techa and Bagaryak rivers, 5 regions of the Chelyabinsk region were investigated: Argayashsky, Kaslinsky, Krasnoarmeysky, Kunashaksky and Sosnovsky. The control for them was another 23 districts that were not contaminated with radioactive fallout after the accident at the Mayak Production Association. </p><p>A statistically significant association was established between the degree of radioactive contamination of the territory of the Chelyabinsk region and the intensity of the epizootic situation in cattle leukemia. The degree of influence of factors of the natural and socio-economic background on the frequency of occurrence and the extent of damage to animals from the disease is calculated. For the first time, simulation models are presented reflecting the relationship between the density of radionuclide contamination and the frequency of registration of dysfunctional sites, the number of infected VLCKR, patients rejected due to leukemia of animals. Cartograms of the spatial distribution of indicators of the relative registration frequency (stationarity index) and leukemia livestock infection rate were compiled. A comparative analysis of the cartograms of the epizootic situation with the maps of technogenic pollution, the state of the natural and socio-economic background established the confinement of the highest values ​​of the situation tension to regions of high technogenic pollution, including radioactive (urbanized areas), with intensive dairy farming of forest and forest-steppe landscape zones. Using elements of logical modeling in the form of a logical function of nonlinear logical multiplication of the probability model of the occurrence of the disease and the model of the possible infection of the livestock with leukemia, 5 zones of epizootological risk were identified in the Chelyabinsk region for the period until 2020 . The areas of highest epizootological risk are the northern most urbanized areas of the region.</p>

To syntaxonomy and ecology of communities with participation of alien species Hordeum jubatum L. in the South Urals

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Ya. M. Golovanov ◽  
L. M. Abramova
Keyword(s):  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Belt ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
South Urals ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
The South ◽  
Juncus Gerardii ◽  
Hordeum Jubatum ◽  
The Republic

The synthaxonomy and ecology of communities with predominance of Hordeum jubatum L., included in the «black list» of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Abramova, Golovanov, 2016a), the preliminary «black list» of the Orenburg Region (Abramova et al., 2017) and the «Black book of flora of Middle Russia» (Vinogradova et al., 2010), are discussed in the article, which continues a series of publications on the classification of communities with alien species in the South Urals (Abramova, 2011, 2016; Abramova, Golovanov, 2016b). H. jubatum was first found in the South Urals in 1984 as an adventive plant occurring along streets in the town of Beloretsk, as well as in gardens where it was grown as an ornamental plant. During the 1980s, it was met also at some railway stations and in several rural localities. Its active distribution throughout the South Urals started in XXI century (Muldashev et al., 2017). Currently, H. jubatum, most naturalized in the native salted habitats of the steppe zone, is often found in disturbed habitats in all natural zones within the region. The short vegetating period and resistance to drought allowed it to be naturalized also in dry steppes, where it increasingly acts as the main weed on broken pastures. The aim of the work, conducted during 2011–2017, was further finding the centers of H. jubatum invasion in 3 regions adjacent to the South Urals — the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg Regions (Fig. 1). In the main sites of H. jubatum invasion 71 relevès were performed on 10–100 m² sample plots with the information of location, date, the plot size, the total cover, average and maximum height of herb layer. Classification was carried out following the Braun-Blanquet method (Braun-Blanquet, 1964) with using the Kopecký–Hejný approach (Kopecký, Hejný, 1974). The community ecology was assessed by weighted average values according to the optimal ecological scales by E. Landolt with usfge of the software of IBIS (Zverev, 2007). PCA-ordination method with usage CANOCO 4.5 software package was applied to identify patterns of environmental differentiation of invasive communities. The current wide distribution area of H. jubatum and its naturalization in synanthropic, meadow and saline communities in the South Urals, as well as its occurrence within mountain-forest belt, forest-steppe and steppe zones both in the Cis- and Trans-Urals, indicates species wide ecological amplitude, high adaptive capability and invasive potential. Its vast thickets are known in the steppe zone, both in disturbed steppes around settlements and along the banks of water bodies. The invasion sites are smaller in the northern regions and mountain forest belt, where these are located in settlements or along communication lines. Therefore, the steppe zone is more favorable for invasive populations, and their distribution will continue from the south to the north. Communities with predominance of H. jubatum, described earlier (Abramova, Golovanov, 2016b) in the Cis-Urals as two derivative communities (associations Hordeum jubatum [Scorzonero–Juncetea gerardii], Hordeum jubatum [Artemisietea]) and Polygono avicularis–Hordeetum jubati, were met in other regions of the South Urals. Also a new derivative community Hordeum jubatum–Poa pratensis [Cynosurion cristati], occuring in the northern part of the Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals, was established. In new habitats this species forms three types of communities: ass. Polygono avicularis–Hordeetum jubati (Fig. 2) the most widespread in anthropogenic habitats throughout the South Urals; derivative community Hordeum jubatum–Juncus gerardii [Scorzonero–Juncetalia gerardii] (Fig. 5) which replaces saline meadows mainly in the steppe zone of the region; derivative community Hordeum jubatum–Poa pratensis [Cynosurion cristati] (Fig. 4) which y replaces low-herb meadows in the forest-steppe zone and mountain-forest belt. PCA ordination (Fig. 6) shows that moisture (H) and soil richness-salinization (S) factors are in priority in differentiation of communities with predominance H. jubatum. The first axis is mainly related to the salinization and soil richness. The community pattern along the second axis is associated with wetting factor. The cenoses of the derivative community Hordeum jubatum–Poa pratensis [Cynosurion cristati] (less salted substrates in drier conditions in the northern part of the forest-steppe zone and the mountain forest belt) are grouped in the upper part of the ordination diagram, while communities of ass. Polygono avicularis–Hordeetum jubati (drier conditions in settlements, the steppe zone) in its low left part. Thus, axis 1 also reflects the intensity of trampling. Another group is formed by cenoses of the derivate community Hordeum jubatum–Juncus gerardii [Scorzonero–Juncetalia gerardii], (salt substrates with a high level of moisturization, on not very damaged water body banks). All communities with H. jubatum are well differentiated in the space of the main ordination axes that indirectly confirms the correctness of our syntaxonomic decision. Undoubted is further expansion of H. jubatum with its entering both anthropogenic and natural plant communities within the South Urals that suggests a constant monitoring in centers of species invasion.

Cultivation of Rapeseed in the Southern Urals and Its Rational Use

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-86
Author(s):  
Nikolay S. Sergeev ◽  
Mikhail V. Zapevalov ◽  
Alexander V. Gritsenko
Keyword(s):  
Southern Urals ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Chelyabinsk Region ◽  
Spring Rape

In the continental climate of the southern Urals, rapeseed compares favorably with many forage and traditional silage crops with a high protein content and adaptive properties. The cultivation of rapeseed guarantees the production of its own seeds, up to 40 percent of oil, 60 percent of cake and 98 percent of rapeseed flour. (The research purpose) The research purpose is in improving the efficiency of rapeseed cultivation and rational use of rapeseed seeds, rapeseed flour and oil in the agricultural production in the Chelyabinsk region. (Materials and methods) The influence of various forecrops on the productivity and quality of spring rape seeds in the links of grain-pair crop rotations in the Northern forest-steppe of the Chelyabinsk region were studied. Authors have analyzed the chemical composition of the soil and seeds of spring rape after various forecrops. (Results and discussion) The article proposes to reduce energy costs during pressing and reduce residual oil in the cake after pre-grinding of rapeseed by cutting method using a centrifugal-rotary shredder. The article shows that rapeseed flour has a good flowability and is easily mixed with other feeds. It was found that partial replacement of concentrates with rapeseed flour in the amount of 8-12 percent of the total weight in the diet of lactating cows contributes to an increase in milk productivity by 1.1-1.8 kilograms in terms of milk of 4 percent fat content. (Conclusions) It has been revealed that in order to increase the yield and quality of spring rape seeds, it is necessary to place them on the best forecrops. It was found that when 75 percent of rapeseed oil is mixed with 25 percent of diesel fuel, the obtained biodiesel is not inferior to diesel in terms of energy indicators. The article proves that when cultivating rapeseed for seeds on an area of 100 hectares, it is possible to produce 94.5 tons of biodiesel fuel, 106.0 tons of cake with an oil content of 5 percent and 8.4 tons of oil sludge, the estimated economic effect after sale is of 3,813,325 rubles.

scholarly journals Feeding ecology of the wolf (Canis lupus) in a near-natural ecosystem in Mongolia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Tiralla ◽  
Maika Holzapfel ◽  
Hermann Ansorge
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Ecology ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Siberian Roe Deer ◽  
Northern Mongolia

AbstractThe increasing animosity towards wolves (Canislupus) by livestock-keeping nomads in Mongolia and the accompanying conflicts highlight the urgent need for knowledge about the feeding behavior of wolves, since information on the feeding ecology of wolves in Mongolia is rare, especially in the mountain taiga and mountain forest steppe regions of Northern Mongolia. Those regions are characterized by a relatively high wildlife diversity and are sparsely populated by humans. To face this problem, 137 wolf scats were collected in the Khentii Mountain range in Northern Mongolia between 2008 and 2012. Almost all wolf faeces contained remnants of wild ungulates, which made up 89% of the consumed biomass. Siberian roe deer (Capreoluspygargus) was the most important and positively selected prey species. It was followed by red deer (Cervuselaphus) and wild boar (Susscrofa), which was negatively selected by wolves. Wolves also fed on buffer prey species such as lagomorphs and small mammals. No evidence of domestic ungulates was found in the wolf diet. Thus, near-natural habitats with a diverse fauna of wild animals are important to limit livestock depredation.

scholarly journals “A herder’s duty is to think”: landscape partitioning and folk habitats of Mongolian herders in a mountain forest steppe (Khuvsugul-Murun region)

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Gantuya ◽  
Á. Avar ◽  
D. Babai ◽  
Á. Molnár ◽  
Zs Molnár
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Habitat Classification ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Conducting Research

Abstract Background Traditional habitat knowledge, like the classification of folk habitats and how people partition their landscape into habitats, is an emerging but still understudied part of traditional ecological knowledge. Our objectives were to reconstruct the folk habitats and the partitioning of the landscape into these folk habitats by Mongolian herders in Northern Mongolia and to compare it with other Northern Hemisphere boreal-temperate classifications. Methods The study area is located in Seruun Gilad (Khuvsugul province) and belongs to the mountain forest steppe of the Khangai region (dominated by meadow steppes and larch forests). Most herder families use the area for summer pasturing. Data collection was based on indoor and outdoor, structured and semi-structured interviews and interviews during landscape walks and participatory fieldwork. We interviewed 20 people using 76+ photos of plant species and 25+ photos of habitats and asked them to name and describe the habitats and describe the habitat preferences of the species. Results Mongolian herders distinguished at least 88 folk habitat categories and knew well the habitat preferences of the 76 plant species. They argued that a herder has to be observant of nature. The habitat classification was moderately lexicalized, with many descriptive expressions. Most habitats (77%) belonged to the meso-scale, while macro-scale habitats (like taiga, Gobi) and micro-scale habitats (like marmot burrow, top of the tussock) were few. Habitat names did not reflect directly the usefulness of the habitat. Classification was multidimensional; key dimensions were geomorphological and edaphic. There were some species (e.g., botyuul, hyag, shireg) and species groups (hot plants, leafy plants) that were often used to describe habitat types. Conclusions Landscape partitionings in the Northern Hemisphere differed considerably in the importance of various dimensions used, with edaphic, geomorphological, hydrological, and dominant species-based dimensions having higher importance, while land use, successional, and zoological dimensions having lower importance. We argue that conducting research on folk habitats will contribute to a deeper understanding of how nature is perceived by locals and to a more efficient management of the Mongolian pastures.

Response of white birch (Betula platyphylla Sukaczev) to temperature and precipitation in the mountain forest steppe and taiga of northern Mongolia

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 24-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Gradel ◽  
Christina Haensch ◽  
Batsaikhan Ganbaatar ◽  
Batdorj Dovdondemberel ◽  
Ochirragchaa Nadaldorj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Betula Platyphylla ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Northern Mongolia

scholarly journals Taxonomic composition of weed vegetation in the southern and middle Urals and zonal features of its control in maize crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 03024
Author(s):  
A.E. Panfilov ◽  
N.I. Kazakova ◽  
N.N. Zezin ◽  
E.L. Tikhanskaya ◽  
P.Yu. Ovchinnikov
Keyword(s):  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Middle Urals ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Temperate Soil ◽  
Segetal Flora

As a result of expeditionary-route studies, the impoverishment of the composition of the segetal flora in maize crops was established when moving from the North-West to the South-East of the Ural region: from 37 species in the forest-meadow and mountain-forest zones to 10 in the steppe zone. Zonal features of the composition of weed communities associated with the hydrothermal gradient consist in the mutual substitution of annual monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species with a stable contribution of perennial dicotyledons, as well as the replacement of mesophytic weeds with xerophytic species of the same families. A comparison of cross-spectrum herbicides effectiveness in the forest-steppe and forest-meadow zones showed the advantages of a post-emergent preparation with soil effect of Meister Power. In temperate soil fertility in the Southern area of the region, it is economically feasible to use post-emergent herbicides without soil effect, in Northern areas with stable moisture – soil ones.

scholarly journals Productivity and photosynthetic activity of potatoes depending on the duration and depth of planting

2020 ◽  
Vol 195 (4) ◽  
pp. 2-10
Author(s):  
A. A. Vasiliev ◽  
A. Gorbunov
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
The Third ◽  
Photosynthetic Potential ◽  
Chelyabinsk Region

Abstract. The purpose of the research is to study the influence of the timing and depth of planting potatoes on the photosynthetic productivity, yield and quality of tubers of varieties of different ripening in the forest-steppe zone of the Chelyabinsk region. Research methods. The setting of field experience, analysis and generalization of research results are performed in accordance with classical methods. Results. The optimal time and depth of potato planting in the Chelyabinsk region was established – planting May 12–15 to a depth of 5–6 cm. This combination of agricultural methods provides the greatest photosynthetic potential (Rozara – 3.49 million m2/day, Kuzovok – 4.66 million m2/day), effective assimilation of photosynthetically active radiation (FAR assimilation coefficient: Rozara variety – 3.4 %, body weight – 3.6 %), high yield (Rozara – 35.4 t/ha, body weight – 38.3 t/ha) and the quality of potato tubers (starchiness of Rozara tubers – 16.8 %, Kuzovok – 15.84 %, starch collection per unit area 6.10 and 6.28 t/ha respectively). The late planting period (June 5–12) reduced the photosynthetic potential (Rozara varieties – by 18.7 %, Kuzovok – by 23.6 %) and the FAR coefficient (Rozara – to 2.5–2.6 %, Kuzovok – to 3.0 %). As a result, there was a decrease in the yield of the Rozara variety by 5.1–8.1 t/ha, Kuzovok – by 7.1–7.2 t/ha depending on the depth of planting and a deterioration in the quality of tubers. The dry matter content in late-planted tubers of the Rozara variety decreased by an average of 2.7 %, starch – by 2.29 %, and in the Kuzovok variety – by 2.9 and 1.83 % compared with planting in the second decade of May (accumulation nitrates in tubers increased 2.06 and 2.48 times, respectively). Planting to a depth of 5–6 cm provided an advantage in the second decade of May, and to a depth of 10–12 cm – when planting potatoes in the third decade of May and early June. Scientific novelty. In the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Chelyabinsk region, the dependence of the planting depth on the potato planting period is revealed. When planting at the optimum time (May 12–15), the best results are provided by a planting depth of 5–6 cm, while in the third decade of May and early June, the potato planting depth should be increased to 10–12 cm.

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