Fractionation of soil organic carbon under different land management in dry tropics, south India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eito Nonomura ◽  
Soh Sugihara ◽  
Mayuko Seki ◽  
Hidetoshi Miyazaki ◽  
Muniandi Jegadeesan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Land Management ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Southern India ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Stocks

<p>An understanding of the mechanisms of soil organic carbon (SOC) stabilization is essential to develop the appropriate management for C sequestration and soil health. In southern India, where neutral-alkaline soils are mainly distributed, soil C stocks are inherently low in cropland, despite relatively high clay contents (Clay>ca. 30%, OC<ca. 5 g C kg<sup>-1</sup> soil). To consider this reason of low SOC in this area, we evaluated the fractionated C contents and its controlling factors, by measuring the particulate organic matter (POM). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of land management on the amount and composition of each fraction of soil in southern India. We collected the surface soils (0-10 cm) from two representative sites of southern India; Vertisols with alkaline soil pH (8.4-8.8) and Alfisols with neutral soil pH (6.0-7.0). At each site, two different land management were selected; forest and cropland of Vertisols, and cropland with no organic matter application (no-OM) and with manure application (with-OM) of Alfisols. Soils were separated into the four fractions; (1) Light Fraction; LF (<1.7 g cm<sup>-3</sup>) , (2) Coarse POM; cPOM (>1.7 g cm<sup>-3</sup>, 250-2000 µm), (3) Fine POM; fPOM(>1.7 g cm<sup>-3</sup>, 53-250 µm), and (4) Silt+Clay; S+C (>1.7 g cm<sup>-3</sup>, <53 µm). Each fraction was analyzed by elemental analysis (C, N) and CPMAS <sup>13</sup>C NMR spectroscopy. In Vertisols, C contents of cPOM, fPOM, S+C were significantly higher in forest (0.65, 0.91, 4.8 g kg<sup>-1</sup> soil, respectively) than those of cropland (0.17, 0.22, 4.1 g kg<sup>-1</sup> soil, respectively), causing the higher total SOC in forest (7.8 g kg<sup>-1</sup> soil) than in cropland (4.5 g kg<sup>-1</sup> soil). C concentration of cPOM, fPOM, and S+C fractions were also significantly higher in forest (3.7, 7.6, 6.7 g kg<sup>-1</sup> fraction, respectively) than those of cropland (1.0, 2.7, 5.4 g kg<sup>-1</sup> fraction, respectively). In particular, increasing rates in cPOM and fPOM (180-280 %) were greater than S+C (24 %), possibly suggesting that forest management should increase the relatively active and intermediate SOC pools through the C accumulation in cPOM and fPOM fractions of Vertisols. In Alfisols, C contents in LF and S+C were significantly higher in with-OM (1.1 and 5.2 g kg<sup>-1</sup> soil, respectively) than in no-OM (0.76 and 4.7 g kg<sup>-1</sup> soil, respectively). C concentration of S+C fraction was significantly higher in with-OM (14 g kg<sup>-1</sup> fraction) than in no-OM (11 g kg<sup>-1</sup> fraction), but not of cPOM and fPOM fractions. It suggests that the OM application to cropland should increase the slow SOC pool through the C accumulation in S+C fractions of Alfisols. These results indicate that different fraction may contribute to SOC stabilization between Vertisols and Alfisols in southern India.</p>

scholarly journals Organic matter mineralisation in contrasting agricultural soils amended with sewage sludge .

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Navarro Pedreño ◽  
Ignacio Gómez Lucas ◽  
Jose Martín Soriano Disla
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Multiple Sensor ◽  
Sludge Application

The mineralisation of organic matter (OM) when sewage sludge was used as amendment in 70 contrasting agricultural soils from Spain was analysed. Soils received a single dose of sewage sludge (equivalent to 50t dry weight ha<sup>-1</sup>) and the O<sub>2</sub> consumption was continuously monitored for 30 days using a multiple sensor respirometer in a laboratory experiment. The cumulative O<sub>2</sub> consumption and rates after 8 and 30 days of incubation (O<sub>2 cum</sub> 8d, 30d and O<sub>2 rate</sub> 8d, 30d), the respiratory quotient (RQ), the maximum O<sub>2</sub> rates over the incubation period (O<sub>2 max</sub>) and time from the beginning of the incubation when O<sub>2 max</sub> occurred (T<sub>max</sub>), were determined in both amended and non-amended soils. Sewage sludge application resulted in increased values for O<sub>2 max</sub>, O<sub>2 rate</sub> 8d, and O<sub>2 cum</sub> 30d. Differences were minor for T<sub>max</sub>, RQ 8d and O<sub>2 rate</sub> 30d. A considerable amount of the initial OM applied was mineralised during the first 8 days. Organic matter decomposition (as expressed by O<sub>2 cum</sub> 30d) was favoured in soils with high values of pH, carbonates, soil organic carbon and low values of amorphous Mn. Soils with these characteristics may potentially lose soil C after sewage sludge application.

Soil Organic Carbon Accumulation under Different Forms of Organo-Mineral Fertilizers and Methods of Their Application on Ukrainian Black Soil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Hetmanenko ◽  
Ievgen Skrylnyk ◽  
Anzhela Kutova
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Humus Composition

&lt;p&gt;Soil organic carbon management is a key element in solving such urgent global-scale challenges as overcoming degradation of soils and mitigating climate change. Organic fertilizers application has a significant potential for sequestering C in soils, but their efficiency depends on decomposition characteristics. Firstly, it noted the dependence of resynthesis of humic compounds in a soil on a quality of organic inputs, secondly - a need for zonal approach to fertilizers production based on amphiphile properties of macromolecules.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The present study was conducted in long-term field experiment on black soil in Forrest-Steppe zone of Ukraine. The technology of production of organo-mineral fertilizers (OMFs) was based on the regulated processing of livestock waste with mineral components to stabilize it with hydrophobic bonds. OMFs in amorphous and granular form were compared in case of broadcast and band method of incorporation. The dose of OMF input was equivalent 350 C kg ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; and 80 N, 80 P, 80 K kg ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. Organic carbon content in soil was determined by Turin method. Different organic matter fractions were isolated: humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA), and humin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The soil C accumulation rates in OMF treatment was by 15 % higher than in manure treatment and up to 70 % higher than in chemical fertilizer treatment, respectively. The soil C accumulation was strongly influenced by the form of OMF and method of their application. The highest TOC level was found over band application of amorphous OMF, accumulating 6.2 t C ha&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8211;1&lt;/sup&gt; yr&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8211;1 &lt;/sup&gt;in 0-20 cm soil layer. Lower efficiency of broadcast incorporation OMFs could be explained by more intensive mineralization due to higher aeration. Taking into account the effect of OMFs on C stock an advantage of amorphous form versus granulated OMF with similar composition was proven. Black soil on control plot (without fertilization) had almost equal ratio between HA, FA and humin in humus composition. The content of humic compound increased in all treatments. Applying OMF significantly increased HA content in black soil compared to applying mineral fertilizer. OMFs application promoted the increase of the degree of condensation of organic matter. The highest HA/FA was found under the effect of broadcast incorporation OMF. That means that low molecular weight compounds were rapidly degraded while more resistant to mineralization HA were formed in soil. There was no significant difference in humus composition between amorphous and granulated OMF.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Effects of species-dominated patches on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen storage in a degraded grassland in China

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujuan Zhang ◽  
Shiming Tang ◽  
Shu Xie ◽  
Kesi Liu ◽  
Jinsheng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Biomass Nitrogen ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Artemisia Frigida ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N

Background Patchy vegetation is a very common phenomenon due to long-term overgrazing in degraded steppe grasslands, which results in substantial uncertainty associated with soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics because of changes in the amount of litter accumulation and nutrition input into soil. Methods We investigated soil C and N stocks beneath three types of monodominant species patches according to community dominance. Stipa krylovii patches, Artemisia frigida patches, and Potentilla acaulis patches represent better to worse vegetation conditions in a grassland in northern China. Results The results revealed that the soil C stock (0–40 cm) changed significantly, from 84.7 to 95.7 Mg ha−1, and that the soil organic carbon content (0–10 cm) and microbial biomass carbon (0–10 and 10–20 cm) varied remarkably among the different monodominant species communities (P < 0.05). However, soil total nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen showed no significant differences among different plant patches in the top 0–20 cm of topsoil. The soil C stocks under the P. acaulis and S. krylovii patches were greater than that under the A. frigida patch. Our study implies that accurate estimates of soil C and N storage in degenerated grassland require integrated analyses of the concurrent effects of differences in plant community composition.

scholarly journals Comparing microbial and chemical approaches for modelling soil organic carbon decomposition using the DecoChem v1.0 and DecoBio v1.0 models

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Xenakis ◽  
M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Biological Model ◽  
Chemical Model ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Model Soil ◽  
Carbon Decomposition ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon Decomposition

Abstract. Soil organic matter is a vast store of carbon, with a critical role in the global carbon cycle. Despite its importance the dynamics of soil organic carbon decomposition, under the impact of climate change or changing litter inputs, are poorly understood. Current biogeochemical models usually lack microbial processes and thus miss an important feedback when considering the fate of carbon. Here we use a series of modelling experiments to evaluate two different model structures, one with a standard first order kinetic representation of soil decomposition (DecoChem v1.0, hearafter chemical model) and one with control of soil decomposition through microbial activity (DecoBio v1.0, hereafter biological model). We tested two hypotheses. First, that increased litter inputs and glucose addition prime microbial activity and reduce soil carbon stocks in the biological model, but increase C stocks in the chemical model. Experiments provided some support for this hypothesis, with soil C stocks increasing in the chemical model in response to litter increases. In the biological model, responses to changed litter quantity were more rapid, but with the residence time of soil C altering such that soil C stocks were buffered. However, in the biological model there was a strong response to increased glucose additions (i.e., changes in litter quality), with significant losses to soil C stocks over time, driven by priming. Secondly, we hypothesised that warming will stimulate decomposition in the chemical model, and loss of C, but in the biological model soil C will be less sensitive to warming, due to complex microbial feedbacks. The experiments supported this hypothesis, with the chemical model soil C residence times and steady state C stocks adjusting strongly with temperature changes, extending over decades. On the other hand, the biological model showed a rapid response to temperature that subsided after a few years, with total soil C stocks largely unchanged. The microbial model shows qualitative agreement with experimental warming studies, that found transient increases in soil respiration that decline within a few years. In conclusion, the biological model is largely buffered against bulk changes in litter inputs and climate, unlike the chemical model, while the biological model displays a strong priming response to additions of labile litter. Our result have therefore highlighted significantly different sensitivities between chemical and biological modelling approaches for soil decomposition.

Availability and uptake of boron in a group of pedogenetically related Canterbury, New Zealand soils

Soil Research ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Adams ◽  
Z Hamzah ◽  
RS Swift
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Boron Uptake ◽  
Extractable Soil

Amounts of soil boron extracted from six Canterbury, New Zealand soils by hot water (HWS), hot 0.02 M CaCl2, 0.01 M CaCl2 + 0.05 M mannitol, and a boron specific resin were significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with each other. The soils are all formed from greywacke alluvium and/or loess but cover a range of organic matter and clay contents. Hot water and hot 0.02 M CaCl2 yielded higher levels of extractable boron than did 0.01 M CaCl2 + 0.05 M mannitol and the resin. Amounts of boron extracted by all four reagents were significantly correlated with soil organic carbon contents (and to a lesser extent clay contents), but not with soil pH. Dry matter yield and boron uptake by radishes (Raphanussativus L.) over two harvests increased with increasing extractable soil boron for all four extractants showing that all were suitable for assessing the boron available to radishes. Decreased yields occurred in soils with HWS or hot 0.02 M CaCl2 extractable boron levels less than 1.1 �g g-1 and were associated with a progressively lower allocation of dry matter to roots. For analytical purposes, the hot 0.02 M CaCl2 reagent provided the most convenient measure of available soil boron.

scholarly journals Critical Analysis of the van Bemmelen Conversion Factor used to Convert Soil Organic Matter Data to Soil Organic Carbon Data: Comparative Analyses in a UK Loamy Sand Soil

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Heaton ◽  
Michael A. Fullen ◽  
Ranjan Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Conversion Factor ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
Dry Combustion

Converting soil organic matter (SOM) data to soil organic carbon (SOC) data usually uses the van Bemmelen factor of 0.58 (or in reverse its reciprocal of 1.724) as a universal conversion factor. The accuracy of this conversion factor has been questioned. Under the Kyoto Protocol (1997) dry combustion is recommended to provide reproducible analyses to measure soil carbon stocks. However, dry combustion equipment is expensive and entails high maintenance. For rapid and inexpensive measurements, loss-on-ignition (LOI) is often used. A total of 278 loamy sand topsoil (0-5 cm depth) samples were taken during three soil sampling sessions (9 January 2007, 22 January 2009 and 10 October 2011) from runoff plots, splash erosion plots and grassed/cultivated plots on the Hilton Experimental Site, Shropshire, UK. A total of 124 soil samples were collected from both runoff and splash plots in both 2007 and 2009 (Bhattacharyya et al., 2011a). Some 22 of the collected samples in 2011 were from grassland (Ah horizon) and eight from cultivated soils (Ap horizon). Homogenized soil samples were split and SOM was determined on oven-dried samples by LOI and total SOC was determined by dry combustion. A conversion factor of 0.845 was used to obtain SOC from total soil C, following Rawlins et al. (2011). Results showed strong associations (R² = 0.70, P 0.001, n = 278) between SOM and SOC data. For all data, SOM to SOC conversion factors varied between 0.36-0.98, with a mean value of 0.66 (SD = 0.105). The mean values of the conversion factor were 0.64, 0.69 and 0.56, respectively, for the samples collected in 2007, 2009 and 2011. Results indicate the van Bemmelen factor (0.58) is a reasonable predictor, but both temporal and spatial variations occur around it within a specific soil type. Thus, caution should be exercised in SOM/SOC data conversions using the van Bemmelen factor.

scholarly journals Stable isotopic constraints on global soil organic carbon turnover

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 987-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Wang ◽  
Benjamin Z. Houlton ◽  
Dongwei Liu ◽  
Jianfeng Hou ◽  
Weixin Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Root Decomposition ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Stocks

Abstract. Carbon dioxide release during soil organic carbon (SOC) turnover is a pivotal component of atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global climate change. However, reliably measuring SOC turnover rates on large spatial and temporal scales remains challenging. Here we use a natural carbon isotope approach, defined as beta (β), which was quantified from the δ13C of vegetation and soil reported in the literature (176 separate soil profiles), to examine large-scale controls of climate, soil physical properties and nutrients over patterns of SOC turnover across terrestrial biomes worldwide. We report a significant relationship between β and calculated soil C turnover rates (k), which were estimated by dividing soil heterotrophic respiration rates by SOC pools. ln( − β) exhibits a significant linear relationship with mean annual temperature, but a more complex polynomial relationship with mean annual precipitation, implying strong-feedbacks of SOC turnover to climate changes. Soil nitrogen (N) and clay content correlate strongly and positively with ln( − β), revealing the additional influence of nutrients and physical soil properties on SOC decomposition rates. Furthermore, a strong (R2 = 0.76; p < 0.001) linear relationship between ln( − β) and estimates of litter and root decomposition rates suggests similar controls over rates of organic matter decay among the generalized soil C stocks. Overall, these findings demonstrate the utility of soil δ13C for independently benchmarking global models of soil C turnover and thereby improving predictions of multiple global change influences over terrestrial C-climate feedback.

Characterization of Soil Organic Matter along an elevation gradient at Stelvio Pass (Italian Alps).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Zangrando ◽  
Maria del Carmen Villoslada Hidalgo ◽  
Clara Turetta ◽  
Nicoletta Cannone ◽  
Francesco Malfasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Elevation Gradient ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Plant Component ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Cycle ◽  
C Stocks

&lt;p&gt;Climate Change (CC) has evident impacts on the biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Soil is the third largest reservoir of carbon, next to the lithosphere and the oceans, and stores approximately 1500 Gt in the top1 m depth. &amp;#160;Even small changes in soil C stocks could have a vast impact on atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;concentration. Elevated surface temperature can substantially affect global C budgets and produce positive or negative feedbacks to climate change. Therefore, understanding the response of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks to warming is of critical importance to evaluate the feedbacks between terrestrial C cycle and climate change.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In comparison to other ecosystems, the areas at high altitudes and latitudes are the most vulnerable. In permafrost areas of the Northern Hemisphere the CC has already determined an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, shrub vegetation and variation in the composition of microbial communities. While numerous studies have been performed in Arctic, much less numerous are available for high altitude areas. These areas are a quarter of the emerged lands &amp;#160;and have suffered strong impacts from the CC. Mountain permafrost makes up 14% of global permafrost, stores large quantities of organic carbon (SOC), and can release large quantities of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; due to climate change. However, permafrost contribution to the IPCC global budget has not yet been correctly quantified, in particular for ecosystems of prairie and shrubland, which alone could incorporate over 80Pg of C between soil and biomass. In the last decades, the plant component has undergone migration of species to higher altitudes, expansion of shrubs, variations in floristic composition and dominance, variations in area distribution. The expansion of the shrubs accelerates the regression of alpine meadows and snow valleys.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The sampling activities have been carried out in July and September, from September 2017 to July 2019 in an area near Stelvio Pass (2,758 m a.s.l.) (Italian Central-Eastern Alps) along an altitude gradient. &amp;#160;&amp;#160;Two sampling sites located at 2600 m a.s.l. and 2200 m a.s.l. in altitude, corresponding to about 3&amp;#176; C difference in the average annual air temperature were chosen. At the 2600 m site, warming experiments using open-top chambers (OTCs) to investigate how climate warming affects SOC were performed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In order to characterize the SOM (Soil Organic Matter), Total carbon (TC), Organic carbon (OC), Total Nitrogen (TN) and Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) were determined in soils. TC and TN were determined in biomass. In both soils and biomass were analyzed to quantify the distribution of stable isotopes of C and N, &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C and &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Aggregate structure and stability linked to carbon dynamics in a south Chilean Andisol

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Huygens ◽  
P. Boeckx ◽  
O. Van Cleemput ◽  
R Godoy ◽  
C. Oyarzún
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Carbon Dynamics ◽  
C Mineralization ◽  
Physical Protection ◽  
Soil C

Abstract. The extreme vulnerability of soil organic carbon to climate and land use change emphasizes the need for further research in different terrestrial ecosystems. We have studied the aggregate stability and carbon dynamics in a chronosequence of three different land uses in a south Chilean Andisols: a second growth Nothofagus obliqua forest (SGFOR), a grassland (GRASS) and a Pinus radiata plantation (PINUS). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Al as soil organic matter stabilizing agent in this Andisol. In a case study, we linked differences in carbon dynamics between the three land use treatments to physical protection and recalcitrance of the soil organic matter (SOM). In this study, C aggregate stability and dynamics were studied using size and density fractionation experiments of the SOM, δ13C and total carbon analysis of the different SOM fractions, and mineralization measurements. The results showed that electrostatic attractions between and among Al-oxides and clay minerals are mainly responsible for the stabilization of soil aggregates and the physical protection of the enclosed soil organic carbon. Whole soil C mineralization rate constants were highest for SGFOR and PINUS, followed by GRASS. In contrast, incubation experiments of isolated macro organic matter fractions showed that the recalcitrance of the SOM decreased in another order: PINUS > SGFOR > GRASS. We concluded that physical protection of soil aggregates was the main process determining whole soil C mineralization. Land use changes affected soil organic carbon dynamics in this south Chilean Andisol by altering soil pH and consequently available Al.

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