Evaluation of the seismic response at the Arquata Del Tronto hamlet through 3D numerical analyses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Primofiore ◽  
Julie Marie-Pierre Baron ◽  
Giovanna Laurenzano ◽  
Peter Klin ◽  
Cristina Muraro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Response ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Seismic Microzonation ◽  
Numerical Analyses ◽  
Topographic Effects ◽  
Ground Response ◽  
Relevant Role

<p><sub>([email protected]; </sub><sub>[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; </sub><sub>[email protected]; [email protected])</sub></p><p> </p><p>The 2016 Italian seismic sequence showed, once again, the relevant role of the differentiated seismic effects at short distance in varied geological environments. In the case study of Arquata del Tronto hamlet, several response analyses have been performed in order to reproduce the ground response through 2D finite element numerical codes (Primofiore, 2019; Pagliaroli et al., 2019). According to the Italian Guidelines for Seismic microzonation ICMS (2010), in the case of hills, the topographic effects of seismic amplification must be studied by numerical methods. In those cases, when the relieves are made up of soil deposits, 2D numerical analyses are used, indeed. Instead, when rocky hills are considered, the amplification effects due to the topography are considered by means of 1D simplified analyses or at most, 2D ground response analyses. The recent damages of old settlements located on the top of rocky hills, such as Arquata del Tronto hill, put in evidence the relevant role of three-dimensional movements of asymmetrical isolated rocky reliefs in generating heavy disruptions during the seismic shaking. In addition, on surface there are commonly fracturing layers of rocks, which played an important role in amplifying seismic waves according to their thicknesses. 3D numerical analyses at Arquata del Tronto hill have been carried out through the spectral element method implemented in SPECFEM3D code. Results suggested that an accurate simulation of the topographic effects of isolated asymmetrical rocky hills can be appreciated only through 3D numerical analyses, because they capture the out-of-plane bending moment (torsional effect) that asymmetry induces. The results showed that seismic behaviour of articulated morphology of the isolated relieves cannot be simulated by means of 2D seismic response analyses.</p><p> </p><p><sub>References</sub></p><p> </p><p><sub>Pagliaroli, A., Pergalani, F., Ciancimino, A., et al. (2019). Site response analyses for complex geological and morphological conditions: relevant case-histories from 3rd level seismic microzonation in Central Italy. </sub></p><p><sub>Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 1-37.</sub></p><p> </p><p><sub>Primofiore, I. (2019). Studio della risposta sismica in località Arquata del Tronto mediante modellazioni numeriche 3D. Master Degree thesis (in Italian), University “G. d’ Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara.</sub></p><p> </p><p><sub>Working group M. S. (2010). ICMS - Indirizzi e Criteri per la Microzonazione Sismica. In Conferenza delle Regioni e delle Provincie autonome. Dipartimento della protezione civile, Roma (Vol. 3).</sub></p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Site response analyses for complex geological and morphological conditions: relevant case-histories from 3rd level seismic microzonation in Central Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 5741-5777 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pagliaroli ◽  
F. Pergalani ◽  
A. Ciancimino ◽  
A. Chiaradonna ◽  
M. Compagnoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Site Response ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Seismic Microzonation ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Relevant Case

scholarly journals Seismological analyses of the seismic microzonation of 138 municipalities damaged by the 2016–2017 seismic sequence in Central Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 5553-5593 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Priolo ◽  
F. Pacor ◽  
D. Spallarossa ◽  
G. Milana ◽  
G. Laurenzano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Site Response ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Response Spectra ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Seismic Microzonation ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Civil Protection ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Resonance Frequencies ◽  
Short Period

Abstract This paper describes the seismological analyses performed within the framework of the seismic microzonation study for the reconstruction of 138 municipalities damaged by the 2016–2017 sequence in Central Italy. Many waveforms were recorded over approximately 15 years at approximately 180 instrumented sites equipped with permanent or temporary stations in an area that includes all the damaged localities. Site response was assessed using earthquake and noise recordings at the selected stations through different parameters, such as spectral amplification curves, fundamental resonance frequencies, site-specific response spectra, and average amplification factors. The present study was a collaboration of many different institutions under the coordination of the Italian Center for Seismic Microzonation and its applications. The results were homogenized and gathered into site-specific forms, which represent the main deliverable for the benefit of Italian Civil Protection. It is remarkable that the bulk of this study was performed in a very short period (approximately 2 months) to provide quantitative information for detailed microzonation and future reconstruction of the damaged municipalities.

scholarly journals Detection of directivity in seismic site response from microtremor spectral analysis

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Del Gaudio ◽  
S. Coccia ◽  
J. Wasowski ◽  
M. R. Gallipoli ◽  
M. Mucciarelli
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Response ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Vertical Component ◽  
Spectral Ratios ◽  
Maximum Slope ◽  
Resonance Properties ◽  
Landslide Body ◽  
Accelerometric Network ◽  
Slope Direction

Abstract. Recent observations have shown that slope response to seismic shaking can be characterised by directional variations of a factor of 2–3 or larger, with maxima oriented along local topography features (e.g. maximum slope direction). This phenomenon appears influenced by slope material properties and has occasionally been detected on landslide-prone slopes, where a down-slope directed amplification could enhance susceptibility to seismically-induced landsliding. The exact conditions for the occurrence of directional amplification remain still unclear and the implementation of investigation techniques capable to reveal the presence of such phenomena is desirable. To this purpose we tested the applicability of a method commonly used to evaluate site resonance properties (Horizontal to Vertical Noise Ratio – HVNR or Nakamura's method) as reconnaissance technique for the identification of site response directivity. Measurements of the azimuthal variation of H/V spectral ratios (i.e. between horizontal and vertical component) of ambient microtremors were conducted in a landslide-prone study area of central Italy where a local accelerometric network had previously provided evidence of directivity phenomena on some slopes. The test results were compared with average H/V spectral ratios obtained for low-to-moderate earthquakes recorded by the accelerometric stations. In general, noise and seismic recordings provided different amplitudes of spectral ratios at similar frequencies, likely because of differences in signal and instrument characteristics. Nevertheless, both kinds of recordings showed that at sites affected by site response directivity major H/V peaks have orientations consistent (within 20°–30°) with the direction of maximum shaking energy. Therefore, HVNR appears to be a promising technique for identifying seismic response directivity. Furthermore, in a comparative test conducted on a slope mantled in part by a deep-seated landslide we detected spectral peaks with orientations close to the maximum slope direction, whereas no evidence of directivity was found outside the slide boundaries. This indicates the influence of the landslide body on seismic response directivity.

scholarly journals Investigation of topographic site effects using 3D waveform modelling: amplification, polarization and torsional motions in the case study of Arquata del Tronto (Italy)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Baron ◽  
Ilaria Primofiore ◽  
Peter Klin ◽  
Giovanna Vessia ◽  
Giovanna Laurenzano
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Seismic Response ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Frequency Band ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Torsional Motion ◽  
Near Surface

AbstractThe combined effect of topography and near-surface heterogeneities on the seismic response is hardly predictable and may lead to an aggravation of the ground motion. We apply physics-based numerical simulations of 3D seismic wave propagation to highlight these effects in the case study of Arquata del Tronto, a municipality in the Apennines that includes a historical village on a hill and a hamlet on the flat terrain of an alluvial basin. The two hamlets suffered different damage during the 2016 seismic sequence in Central Italy. We analyze the linear visco-elastic seismic response for vertically incident plane waves in terms of spectral amplification, polarization and induced torsional motion within the frequency band 1–8 Hz over a 1 km2 square area, with spatial resolution 25 m. To discern the effects of topography from those of the sub-surface structure we iterate the numerical simulations for three different versions of the sub-surface model: one homogeneous, one with a surficial weathering layer and a soil basin and one with a complex internal setting. The numerical results confirm the correlation between topographic curvature and amplification and support a correlation between the induced torsional motion and the topographic slope. On the other hand we find that polarization does not necessarily imply ground motion amplification. In the frequency band above 4 Hz the topography-related effects are mainly aggravated by the presence of the weathering layer, even though they do not exceed the soil-related effects in the flat-topography basin. The geological setting below the weathering layer plays a recognizable role in the topography-related site response only for frequencies below 4 Hz.

scholarly journals Investigation of Topographic Site Effects using 3D Waveform Modelling: Amplification, Polarization and Torsional Motions in the Case Study of Arquata del Tronto (Italy)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Baron ◽  
Ilaria Primofiore ◽  
Peter Klin ◽  
Giovanna Laurenzano ◽  
Giovanna Vessia
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Seismic Response ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Frequency Band ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Torsional Motion ◽  
Near Surface

Abstract The combined effect of topography and near-surface heterogeneities on the seismic response is hardly predictable and may lead to an aggravation of the ground motion. We apply physics-based numerical simulations of 3D seismic wave propagation to highlight these effects in the case study of Arquata del Tronto, a hamlet in the Apennines that suffered irregularly distributed damage during the 2016 seismic sequence in Central Italy. We analyze the linear visco-elastic seismic response for vertically incident plane waves in terms of spectral amplification, polarization and induced torsional motion within the frequency band 1–8 Hz over a 1 km2 square area, with spatial resolution 25 m. To discern the effects of topography from those of the sub-surface structure we iterate the numerical simulations for three different versions of the structural model: one homogeneous, one with a surficial weathering layer and a soil basin and one with a complex internal structure. The numerical results confirm the correlation between topographic curvature and amplification and support a correlation between the induced torsional motion and the topographic slope. On the other hand we find that polarization does not necessarily imply ground motion amplification. In the frequency band above 4 Hz the topography-related effects are mainly aggravated by the presence of the weathering layer, even though they do not exceed the soil-related effects in the flat-topography basin. The structure below the weathering layer plays a recognizable role in the topography-related site response only for frequencies below 4 Hz.

scholarly journals Seismic response of a masonry church in Central Italy: the role of interventions on the roof

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gessica Sferrazza Papa ◽  
Vito Tateo ◽  
Maria Adelaide Parisi ◽  
Siro Casolo
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Response ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Structural Interventions ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Finite Element Model

Abstract The seismic response of a medieval church in Central Italy is analyzed considering the two roof configurations, i.e., reinforced concrete and timber roofs, that the church had in different periods of its existence. Structural interventions and changes are common in the churches of this territory, where frequent earthquakes put these buildings at risk. The church studied here, St. Salvatore in Acquapagana (Serravalle di Chienti, province of Macerata), was damaged by the 1997 Umbria-Marche and the 2016 Central Italy earthquakes. Between these two seismic events, the church was repaired, and the concrete roof was substituted with a lighter timber roof. To investigate the influence of this change on the seismic response, a study was performed at the building and façade macroelement scales using the finite element model and rigid body spring model, respectively. For each approach, the two roof configurations were considered, and two strong motion records, from September 26, 1997, and October 30, 2016, were applied. The results show that the concrete roof improves the box-like behavior, but it increases the vulnerability of the masonry structures, characterized by a limited tensile strength. Conversely, in the timber roof configuration, the most vulnerable areas of the structure are the intersections between structural elements.

scholarly journals The Role of Extracellular Vesicles as Shuttles of RNA and Their Clinical Significance as Biomarkers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 902
Author(s):  
Eva Costanzi ◽  
Carolina Simioni ◽  
Gabriele Varano ◽  
Cinzia Brenna ◽  
Ilaria Conti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Tumor Metastasis ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Relevant Role

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted interest as mediators of intercellular communication following the discovery that EVs contain RNA molecules, including non-coding RNA (ncRNA). Growing evidence for the enrichment of peculiar RNA species in specific EV subtypes has been demonstrated. ncRNAs, transferred from donor cells to recipient cells, confer to EVs the feature to regulate the expression of genes involved in differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. These multiple actions require accuracy in the isolation of RNA content from EVs and the methodologies used play a relevant role. In liver, EVs play a crucial role in regulating cell–cell communications and several pathophysiological events in the heterogeneous liver class of cells via horizontal transfer of their cargo. This review aims to discuss the rising role of EVs and their ncRNAs content in regulating specific aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma development, including tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and tumor metastasis. We analyze the progress in EV-ncRNAs’ potential clinical applications as important diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for liver conditions.

scholarly journals The Role of Faults in Groundwater Circulation before and after Seismic Events: Insights from Tracers, Water Isotopes and Geochemistry

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1499
Author(s):  
Davide Fronzi ◽  
Francesco Mirabella ◽  
Carlo Cardellini ◽  
Stefano Caliro ◽  
Stefano Palpacelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Tracer Tests ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Tectonic Structures ◽  
Fault Systems ◽  
Isotopic Analyses ◽  
Before And After

The interaction between fluids and tectonic structures such as fault systems is a much-discussed issue. Many scientific works are aimed at understanding what the role of fault systems in the displacement of deep fluids is, by investigating the interaction between the upper mantle, the lower crustal portion and the upraising of gasses carried by liquids. Many other scientific works try to explore the interaction between the recharge processes, i.e., precipitation, and the fault zones, aiming to recognize the function of the abovementioned structures and their capability to direct groundwater flow towards preferential drainage areas. Understanding the role of faults in the recharge processes of punctual and linear springs, meant as gaining streams, is a key point in hydrogeology, as it is known that faults can act either as flow barriers or as preferential flow paths. In this work an investigation of a fault system located in the Nera River catchment (Italy), based on geo-structural investigations, tracer tests, geochemical and isotopic recharge modelling, allows to identify the role of the normal fault system before and after the 2016–2017 central Italy seismic sequence (Mmax = 6.5). The outcome was achieved by an integrated approach consisting of a structural geology field work, combined with GIS-based analysis, and of a hydrogeological investigation based on artificial tracer tests and geochemical and isotopic analyses.

scholarly journals The Relevance of the SH2 Domain for c-Src Functionality in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 462
Author(s):  
Víctor Mayoral-Varo ◽  
María Pilar Sánchez-Bailón ◽  
Annarica Calcabrini ◽  
Marta García-Hernández ◽  
Valerio Frezza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Triple Negative Breast Cancer ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
Sh2 Domain ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
System A ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Target ◽  
Relevant Role ◽  
Inactivating Mutation

The role of Src family kinases (SFKs) in human tumors has been always associated with tyrosine kinase activity and much less attention has been given to the SH2 and SH3 adapter domains. Here, we studied the role of the c-Src-SH2 domain in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). To this end, SUM159PT and MDA-MB-231 human cell lines were employed as model systems. These cells conditionally expressed, under tetracycline control (Tet-On system), a c-Src variant with point-inactivating mutation of the SH2 adapter domain (R175L). The expression of this mutant reduced the self-renewal capability of the enriched population of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), demonstrating the importance of the SH2 adapter domain of c-Src in the mammary gland carcinogenesis. In addition, the analysis of anchorage-independent growth, proliferation, migration, and invasiveness, all processes associated with tumorigenesis, showed that the SH2 domain of c-Src plays a very relevant role in their regulation. Furthermore, the transfection of two different aptamers directed to SH2-c-Src in both SUM159PT and MDA-MB-231 cells induced inhibition of their proliferation, migration, and invasiveness, strengthening the hypothesis that this domain is highly involved in TNBC tumorigenesis. Therefore, the SH2 domain of c-Src could be a promising therapeutic target and combined treatments with inhibitors of c-Src kinase enzymatic activity may represent a new therapeutic strategy for patients with TNBC, whose prognosis is currently very negative.

scholarly journals Lights and Shadows in the Genetics of Syndromic and Non-Syndromic Hearing Loss in the Italian Population

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1237
Author(s):  
Anna Morgan ◽  
Stefania Lenarduzzi ◽  
Beatrice Spedicati ◽  
Elisabetta Cattaruzzi ◽  
Flora Maria Murru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Disease Genes ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Whole Exome ◽  
Relevant Role ◽  
Multiplex Ligation Probe Amplification ◽  
Syndromic Hearing Loss

Hearing loss (HL), both syndromic (SHL) and non-syndromic (NSHL), is the most common sensory disorder, affecting ~460 million people worldwide. More than 50% of the congenital/childhood cases are attributable to genetic causes, highlighting the importance of genetic testing in this class of disorders. Here we applied a multi-step strategy for the molecular diagnosis of HL in 125 patients, which included: (1) an accurate clinical evaluation, (2) the analysis of GJB2, GJB6, and MT-RNR1 genes, (3) the evaluation STRC-CATSPER2 and OTOA deletions via Multiplex Ligation Probe Amplification (MLPA), (4) Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) in patients negative to steps 2 and 3. Our approach led to the characterization of 50% of the NSHL cases, confirming both the relevant role of the GJB2 (20% of cases) and STRC deletions (6% of cases), and the high genetic heterogeneity of NSHL. Moreover, due to the genetic findings, 4% of apparent NSHL patients have been re-diagnosed as SHL. Finally, WES characterized 86% of SHL patients, supporting the role of already know disease-genes. Overall, our approach proved to be efficient in identifying the molecular cause of HL, providing essential information for the patients’ future management.

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