New insights into nutrients dynamics and the carbonate system using a neural network approach in the Mediterranean Sea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Fourrier ◽  
Laurent Coppola ◽  
Fabrizio D'Ortenzio
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Impact

<p>The semi-enclosed nature of the Mediterranean Sea, together with its small inertia which is due to the relatively short residence time of its water masses, make it highly reactive to external forcings and anthropogenic pressure. In this context, several rapid changes have been observed in physical and biogeochemical processes in recent decades, partly masked by episodic events and high regional variability. To better understand the underlying processes driving the Mediterranean evolution and, anticipate changes, the measurement, and integration of many biogeochemical variables are mandatory.</p><p>The development of new BGC sensors implemented on <em>in situ</em> autonomous platforms allows to increase the acquisition of essential biogeochemical variables. However, the measurements carried out by<em> in situ</em> autonomous platforms (e.g. profiling floats, gliders, moorings) are not exhaustive.</p><p>Recently, deep learning techniques and in particular neural networks have been developed. The CANYON-MED (for Carbonate system and Nutrients concentration from hYdrological properties and Oxygen using a Neural-network in the MEDiterranean Sea) neural network-based method provides estimations of nutrients (i.e. nitrates, phosphates, and silicates) and carbonate system variables (i.e. total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, pH<sub>T</sub>) from systematically measured oceanographic variables such as in situ measurements of pressure, temperature, salinity, and oxygen together with geolocation and date of sampling.</p><p>This regional approach, therefore, using quality-controlled in situ measurements from more than 35 cruises. CANYON-MED obtains satisfactory results: accuracies of 0.73, 0.045, and 0.70 µmol.kg<sup>-1</sup> for the nitrates, phosphates and silicates concentrations respectively, and 0.016, 11 µmol.kg<sup>-1</sup> and 10 µmol.kg<sup>-1</sup> for pH<sub>T</sub>, total alkalinity and dissolved organic carbon respectively. CANYON-MED thus generates “virtual” data of parameters not yet measured by autonomous platforms, while ably reproducing the data already sampled, emphasizing its ability to fill the gaps in time-series.</p><p>Hence, by applying it to the large and growing network of autonomous platforms in the Mediterranean Sea, this method allows us to gain new insights into nutrients and carbonate system dynamics in targeted areas. In particular, in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, the impact of deep convection on biogeochemistry (e.g., nutrient replenishment and pH<sub>T</sub> variability) is highly variable over time and poorly covered by observing networks. In this case, CANYON-MED would improve our observations and understanding of the dynamic and coupled system.</p>

scholarly journals Distributions of the carbonate system properties, anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub>, and acidification during the 2008 BOUM cruise (Mediterranean Sea)

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 2709-2753 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Touratier ◽  
V. Guglielmi ◽  
C. Goyet ◽  
L. Prieur ◽  
M. Pujo-Pay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
System Properties

Abstract. We relate here the distributions of two carbonate system key properties (total alkalinity, AT; and total dissolved inorganic carbon, CT) measured along a section in the Mediterranean Sea, going from Marseille (France) to the south of the Cyprus Island, during the 2008 BOUM cruise. The three main objectives of the present study are (1) to draw and comment on the distributions of AT and CT in the light of others properties like salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen, (2) to estimate the distribution of the anthropogenic CO2 (CANT) in the intermediate and the deep waters, and (3) to calculate the resulting variation of pH (acidification) since the beginning of the industrial era. Since the calculation of CANT is always an intense subject of debate, we apply two radically different approaches to estimate CANT: the very simple method TrOCA and the MIX approach, the latter being more precise but also more difficult to apply. A clear picture for the AT and the CT distributions is obtained: the mean concentration of AT is higher in the oriental basin while that of CT is higher in the occidental basin of the Mediterranean Sea, fully coherent with the previous published works. Despite of the two very different approaches we use here (TrOCA and MIX), the estimated distributions of CANT are very similar. These distributions show that the minimum of CANT encountered during the BOUM cruise is higher than 46.3 μmol kg−1 (TrOCA) or 48.8 μmol kg−1(MIX). All Mediterranean water masses (even the deepest) appear to be highly contaminated by CANT, as a result of the very intense advective processes that characterize the recent history of the Mediterranean circulation. As a consequence, unprecedented levels of acidification are reached with an estimated decrease of pH since the pre-industrial era of −0.148 to −0.061 pH unit, which places the Mediterranean Sea as one of the most acidified world marine ecosystem.

scholarly journals On the Potential of Improving WRF Model Forecasts by Assimilation of High-Resolution GPS-Derived Water-Vapor Maps Augmented with METEOSAT-11 Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Anton Leontiev ◽  
Dorita Rostkier-Edelstein ◽  
Yuval Reuveni
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Impact

Improving the accuracy of numerical weather predictions remains a challenging task. The absence of sufficiently detailed temporal and spatial real-time in-situ measurements poses a critical gap regarding the proper representation of atmospheric moisture fields, such as water vapor distribution, which are highly imperative for improving weather predictions accuracy. The estimated amount of the total vertically integrated water vapor (IWV), which can be derived from the attenuation of global positioning systems (GPS) signals, can support various atmospheric models at global, regional, and local scales. Currently, several existing atmospheric numerical models can estimate the IWV amount. However, they do not provide accurate results compared with in-situ measurements such as radiosondes. Here, we present a new strategy for assimilating 2D IWV regional maps estimations, derived from combined GPS and METEOSAT satellite imagery data, to improve Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model predictions accuracy in Israel and surrounding areas. As opposed to previous studies, which used point measurements of IWV in the assimilation procedure, in the current study, we assimilate quasi-continuous 2D GPS IWV maps, combined with METEOSAT-11 data. Using the suggested methodology, our results indicate an improvement of more than 30% in the root mean square error (RMSE) of WRF forecasts after assimilation relative standalone WRF, when both are compared to the radiosonde measured data near the Mediterranean coast. Moreover, significant improvements along the Jordan Rift Valley and Dead Sea Valley areas are obtained when compared to 2D IWV regional maps estimations. Improvements in these areas suggest the impact of the assimilated high resolution IWV maps, with initialization times which coincide with the Mediterranean Sea Breeze propagation from the coastline to highland stations, as the distance to the Mediterranean Sea shore, along with other features, dictates its arrival times.

SMOS-based estimation and validation of Total Alkalinity in the Mediterranean basin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Sabia ◽  
Estrella Olmedo ◽  
Giampiero Cossarini ◽  
Aida Alvera-Azcárate ◽  
Veronica Gonzalez-Gambau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Sea Surface Salinity ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Surface Salinity ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

&lt;p&gt;ESA SMOS satellite [1] has been providing first-ever Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) measurements from space for over a decade now. Until recently, inherent algorithm limitations or external interferences hampered a reliable provision of satellite SSS data in semi-enclosed basin such as the Mediterranean Sea. This has been however overcome through different strategies in the retrieval scheme and data filtering approach [2, 3]. This recent capability has been in turn used to infer the spatial and temporal distribution of Total Alkalinity (TA - a crucial parameter of the marine carbonate system) in the Mediterranean, exploiting basin-specific direct relationships existing between salinity and TA.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Preliminary results [4] focused on the differences existing in several parameterizations [e.g, 5] relating these two variables, and how they vary over a seasonal to interannual timescale.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Currently, to verify the consistency and accuracy of the derived products, these data are being validated against a proper ensemble of in-situ, climatology and model outputs within the Mediterranean basin. An error propagation exercise is also being planned to assess how uncertainties in the satellite data would translate into the final products accuracy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The resulting preliminary estimates of Alkalinity in the Mediterranean Sea will be linked to the overall carbonate system in the broader context of Ocean Acidification assessment and marine carbon cycle.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[1] J. Font et al., &quot;SMOS: The Challenging Sea Surface Salinity Measurement From Space,&quot; in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 98, no. 5, pp. 649-665, May 2010. doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2009.2033096&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[2] Olmedo, E., J. Martinez, A. Turiel, J. Ballabrera-Poy, and M. Portabella,&amp;#160; &amp;#8220;Debiased non-Bayesian retrieval: A novel approach to SMOS Sea Surface Salinity&amp;#8221;. Remote Sensing of Environment 193, 103-126 (2017).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[3] Alvera-Azc&amp;#225;rate, A., A. Barth, G. Parard, J.-M. Beckers, Analysis of SMOS sea surface salinity data using DINEOF, In Remote Sensing of Environment, Volume 180, 2016, Pages 137-145, ISSN 0034-4257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.044.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[4] Sabia, R., E. Olmedo, G. Cossarini, A. Turiel, A. Alvera-Azc&amp;#225;rate, J. Martinez, D. Fern&amp;#225;ndez-Prieto, Satellite-driven preliminary estimates of Total Alkalinity in the Mediterranean basin, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 21, EGU2019-17605, EGU General Assembly 2019, Vienna, Austria, April 7-12, 2019.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[5] Cossarini, G., Lazzari, P., and Solidoro, C.: Spatiotemporal variability of alkalinity in the Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, 12, 1647-1658, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1647-2015, 2015.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Decadal changes in surface carbon dioxide and related variables in the Mediterranean Sea as inferred from a coupled data-diagnostic model approach

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 1538-1546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferial Louanchi ◽  
Meriem Boudjakdji ◽  
Lamri Nacef
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Diagnostic Model ◽  
Surface Carbon ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Model Approach

Abstract Louanchi, F., Boudjakdji, M, and Nacef, L. 2009. Decadal changes in surface carbon dioxide and related variables in the Mediterranean Sea as inferred from a coupled data-diagnostic model approach. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1538–1546. A coupled approach based on available datasets of temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrients, and chlorophyll, and a surface layer box model previously developed and modified for the present study, allowed us to reconstruct dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity, and carbon dioxide fugacity (fCO2) mixed-layer fields for the Mediterranean Sea, from the 1960s to the 1990s. The approach used in this study resulted in a 7% relative error on reconstructed surface fCO2 fields. The Mediterranean Sea transformed from a source of 0.62 Tg C year−1 for atmospheric CO2 in the 1960s, to a net sink of −1.98 Tg C year−1 in the 1990s. The annual cycle in surface fCO2 was driven mainly by temperature variations in the Mediterranean Sea, whereas its decadal variations resulted from a balance between primary production and the thermal effect. According to our model results, the atmospheric CO2 increase of ∼40 µatm over the period of our investigation induced an increase in DIC of ∼30 µmol l−1 in surface waters. A 50% reduction in the magnitude of seasonal variations in surface temperature occurred during the 1990s relative to the earlier decades. Therefore, surface fCO2 only increased by 24 µatm from the 1960s to the 1990s. Changes in pH were not significant over this period.

scholarly journals Anomalies in the Carbonate System of Red Sea Coastal Habitats

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberlee Baldry ◽  
Vincent Saderne ◽  
Daniel C. McCorkle ◽  
James H. Churchill ◽  
Susana Agusti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Carbonate Precipitation ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Sedimentary Processes ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
Seagrass Meadows ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. We use observations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) to assess the impact of ecosystem metabolic processes on coastal waters of the eastern Red Sea. A simple, single-end-member mixing model is used to account for the influence of mixing with offshore waters and evaporation/precipitation, and to model ecosystem-driven perturbations on the carbonate system chemistry of coral reefs, seagrass meadows and mangrove forests. We find that (1) along-shelf changes in TA and DIC exhibit strong linear trends that are consistent with basin-scale net calcium carbonate precipitation; (2) ecosystem-driven changes in TA and DIC are larger than offshore variations in > 85 % of sampled seagrass meadows and mangrove forests, changes which are influenced by a combination of longer water residence times and community metabolic rates; and (3) the sampled mangrove forests show strong and consistent contributions from both organic respiration and other sedimentary processes (carbonate dissolution and secondary redox processes), while seagrass meadows display more variability in the relative contributions of photosynthesis and other sedimentary processes (carbonate precipitation and oxidative processes).

scholarly journals Environmental sensitivity of Neogoniolithon brassica-florida associated with vermetid reefs in the Mediterranean Sea

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 1074-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maoz Fine ◽  
Rami Tsadok ◽  
Dalit Meron ◽  
Stephanie Cohen ◽  
Marco Milazzo
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Environmental Sensitivity ◽  
Calcareous Alga ◽  
The Mediterranean

Vermetid reefs in the Mediterranean Sea are increasingly affected by both anthropogenic actions and global climate change, which are putting this coastal ecosystem at risk. The main species involved in building these reefs are two species of intertidal vermetid gastropods and the crustose calcareous alga, Neogoniolithon brassica-florida, which cements the gastropod shells and thus solidifying the reef edges. In the present study, we examined the pattern of distribution in the field and the environmental sensitivity (thermal tolerance, resilience to low pH, high light intensity and desiccation) of N. brassica-florida along the coasts of Sicily and Israel by means of chlorophyll fluorescence and total alkalinity measurements in situ and in the laboratory. Tidal regimes did not affect photosynthesis of N. brassica-florida but light intensity in the intertidal did. Sensitivity to increased light intensity was amplified by elevated temperature and reduced pH. Winter temperature above 16 °C caused a decrease in the photosynthetic performance of photo-system II. Similarly, a decrease in pH resulted in decreased maximum photosynthetic yield and electron transport rate. Calcification was significantly lower at pH 7.9 as compared with ambient (8.1) pH. In fact, dissolution at pH 7.9 at night was higher than net calcification during the day, suggesting that N. brassica-florida may not be able to contribute to reef accretion under the levels of seawater warming and ocean acidification projected by the end of this century.

Spatio-temporal survey of the coastal carbonate system offshore Lebanon-Levantine Mediterranean Sea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abed El Rahman Hassoun ◽  
Milad Fakhri ◽  
Majd Habib ◽  
Anthony Ouba ◽  
Sharif Jemaa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Mixed Layer Depth ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Spatio Temporal

&lt;p&gt;The coastal carbonate system regulates the pH of the coastal waters and controls the circulation of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; between land-sea interfaces and open sea system. In the context of the ELME (Evaluation of the Lebanese Marine Environment: A multidisciplinary study) project, a seasonal survey of the carbonate system has been started in 2019 through the sampling of 3 different transects starting from the coast towards the open sea, offshore two Lebanese cities (Beirut and Tyre) to evaluate the spatio-temporal variations of this system in coastal areas. The carbonate chemistry is being studied by measuring both total alkalinity (A&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt;) and total dissolved inorganic carbon (C&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt;), together with other critical parameters in coastal ecosystems such as temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrients (phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, silicates), and chlorophyll a. The preliminary results show that the highest carbonate system inventories (2546.4 and 2266 &amp;#181;mol kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; for A&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt; and C&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt; respectively) were measured in transects influenced by discharges of dumpsite and port areas (offshore Beirut) where positive and significant correlations (p &lt;&lt; 0.005) have been recorded with nutrients, particularly with nitrites (&gt; 10 &amp;#181;mol kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;). Furthermore, TrOCA approach was used to estimate the anthropogenic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations (C&lt;sub&gt;ANT&lt;/sub&gt;) below the mixed layer depth. The results demonstrate that all waters in both studied areas are contaminated by C&lt;sub&gt;ANT&lt;/sub&gt;, even the deep ones (&gt; 400 m) located in the furthest monitored station, with values greater than 70 &amp;#181;mol kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. This fact raises concerns about the effects of such relatively high C&lt;sub&gt;ANT&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations on coastal organisms therein. This work presents the preliminary results of an ongoing study. The continuity of this project will help to assess the relationship between land-based anthropogenic pressures and the coastal biogeochemistry in a changing Eastern Mediterranean Sea.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals The CO<sub>2</sub> system in the Mediterranean Sea: a basin wide perspective

Ocean Science ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Álvarez ◽  
H. Sanleón-Bartolomé ◽  
T. Tanhua ◽  
L. Mintrop ◽  
A. Luchetta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Wide Perspective ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
System Variables ◽  
East West

Abstract. The Mediterranean Sea (MedSea) is considered a "laboratory basin" being an ocean in miniature, suffering dramatic changes in its oceanographic and biogeochemical conditions derived from natural and anthropogenic forces. Moreover, the MedSea is prone to absorb and store anthropogenic carbon due to the particular CO2 chemistry and the active overturning circulation. Despite this, water column CO2 measurements covering the whole basin are scarce. This work aims to be a base-line for future studies about the CO2 system space-time variability in the MedSea combining historic and modern CO2 cruises in the whole area. Here we provide an extensive vertical and longitudinal description of the CO2 system variables (total alkalinity – TA, dissolved inorganic carbon – DIC and pH) along an East-West transect and across the Sardinia-Sicily passage in the MedSea from two oceanographic cruises conducted in 2011 measuring CO2 variables in a coordinated fashion, the RV Meteor M84/3 and the RV Urania EuroFleets 11, respectively. In this sense, we provide full-depth and length CO2 distributions across the MedSea, and property-property plots showing in each sub-basin post-Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT) situation with regard to TA, DIC and pH. The over-determined CO2 system in 2011 allowed performing the first internal consistency analysis for the particularly warm, high salinity and alkalinity MedSea waters. The CO2 constants by Mehrbach et al. (1973) refitted by Dickson and Millero (1987) are recommended. The sensitivity of the CO2 system to the atmospheric CO2 increase, DIC and/or TA changes is evaluated by means of the Revelle and buffer factors.

scholarly journals Decadal Dynamics of the CO2 System and Associated Ocean Acidification in Coastal Ecosystems of the North East Atlantic Ocean

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Philippe Gac ◽  
Pierre Marrec ◽  
Thierry Cariou ◽  
Emilie Grosstefan ◽  
Éric Macé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Coastal Ecosystems ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
East Atlantic ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact

Weekly and bi-monthly carbonate system parameters and ancillary data were collected from 2008 to 2020 in three coastal ecosystems of the southern Western English Channel (sWEC) (SOMLIT-pier and SOMLIT-offshore) and Bay of Brest (SOMLIT-Brest) located in the North East Atlantic Ocean. The main drivers of seasonal and interannual partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) variabilities were the net ecosystem production (NEP) and thermodynamics. Differences were observed between stations, with a higher biological influence on pCO2 and DIC in the near-shore ecosystems, driven by both benthic and pelagic communities. The impact of riverine inputs on DIC dynamics was more pronounced at SOMLIT-Brest (7%) than at SOMLIT-pier (3%) and SOMLIT-offshore (&lt;1%). These three ecosystems acted as a weak source of CO2 to the atmosphere of 0.18 ± 0.10, 0.11 ± 0.12, and 0.39 ± 0.08 mol m–2 year–1, respectively. Interannually, air-sea CO2 fluxes (FCO2) variability was low at SOMLIT-offshore and SOMLIT-pier, whereas SOMLIT-Brest occasionally switched to weak annual sinks of atmospheric CO2, driven by enhanced spring NEP compared to annual means. Over the 2008–2018 period, monthly total alkalinity (TA) and DIC anomalies were characterized by significant positive trends (p-values &lt; 0.001), from 0.49 ± 0.20 to 2.21 ± 0.39 μmol kg−1 year−1 for TA, and from 1.93 ± 0.28 to 2.98 ± 0.39 μmol kg–1 year–1 for DIC. These trends were associated with significant increases of calculated seawater pCO2, ranging from +2.95 ± 1.04 to 3.52 ± 0.47 μatm year–1, and strong reductions of calculated pHin situ, with a mean pHin situ decrease of 0.0028 year–1. This ocean acidification (OA) was driven by atmospheric CO2 forcing (57–66%), Sea surface temperature (SST) increase (31–37%), and changes in salinity (2–5%). Additional pHin situ data extended these observed trends to the 2008–2020 period and indicated an acceleration of OA, reflected by a mean pHin situ decrease of 0.0046 year–1 in the sWEC for that period. Further observations over the 1998–2020 period revealed that the climatic indices North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV) were linked to trends of SST, with cooling during 1998–2010 and warming during 2010–2020, which might have impacted OA trends at our coastal stations. These results suggested large temporal variability of OA in coastal ecosystems of the sWEC and underlined the necessity to maintain high-resolution and long-term observations of carbonate parameters in coastal ecosystems.

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