Effects of snowmelt on the runoff dynamics in two catchments with different forest stands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Juras ◽  
Yuliya Vystavna ◽  
Ma Cristina Paule-Mercado ◽  
Susanne I. Schmidt ◽  
Jiri Kopacek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Snow Melting ◽  
Isotopic Signatures ◽  
Element Fluxes ◽  
Tree Dieback ◽  
Spring Snowmelt ◽  
Runoff Dynamics ◽  
Snow Deposition

<p>The forest stand can significantly affect the snow deposition and consequently the runoff during the melt period. This study focuses on water and element fluxes from snowpack in two Czech boreal headwater lake catchments with different forest stands (mature vs. regenerating after bark beetle tree dieback) using isotopic and hydrochemical tools. Sampling and analysis of the surface water, precipitation and snowpack throughout one  hydrological year enabled us to estimate the isotopic balance and chemical snowpack evolution, but also the snowmelt contribution in lakes inlets and outlets.</p><p>Isotopic signatures of the snowpack were seasonal, with δ<sup>2</sup>H amplitudes of -25‰ in the mature and -17‰ in the regenerating forest catchments. The mature forest had a ~1 month longer duration of snow cover and higher concentration of solutes in the precipitation and snowpack. In both catchments, heavier isotopes (<sup>18</sup>O and <sup>2</sup>H) preferentially left the snowpack, which was saturated with rainwater. This resulted in the final spring snowmelt being enriched with lighter isotopes (<sup>16</sup>O and <sup>1</sup>H). Ions were also eluted from the snowpack during rain-on-snow events and partial snow melting throughout the winter, causing fluxes of diluted water at the end of the snowmelt. Our results demonstrate the hydrological and hydrochemical variability of the snowpack, which in the future may even increase with rising temperatures and changes of precipitation patterns.</p>

Modelling growing stock volume of forest stands with various ALS area-based approaches

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Parkitna ◽  
Grzegorz Krok ◽  
Stanisław Miścicki ◽  
Krzysztof Ukalski ◽  
Marek Lisańczuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Boosted Regression Trees ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Modelling Techniques ◽  
Stock Volume

Abstract Airborne laser scanning (ALS) is one of the most innovative remote sensing tools with a recognized important utility for characterizing forest stands. Currently, the most common ALS-based method applied in the estimation of forest stand characteristics is the area-based approach (ABA). The aim of this study was to analyse how three ABA methods affect growing stock volume (GSV) estimates at the sample plot and forest stand levels. We examined (1) an ABA with point cloud metrics, (2) an ABA with canopy height model (CHM) metrics and (3) an ABA with aggregated individual tree CHM-based metrics. What is more, three different modelling techniques: multiple linear regression, boosted regression trees and random forest, were applied to all ABA methods, which yielded a total of nine combinations to report. An important element of this work is also the empirical verification of the methods for estimating the GSV error for individual forest stand. All nine combinations of the ABA methods and different modelling techniques yielded very similar predictions of GSV for both sample plots and forest stands. The root mean squared error (RMSE) of estimated GSV ranged from 75 to 85 m3 ha−1 (RMSE% = 20.5–23.4 per cent) and from 57 to 64 m3 ha−1 (RMSE% = 16.4–18.3 per cent) for plots and stands, respectively. As a result of the research, it can be concluded that GSV modelling with the use of different ALS processing approaches and statistical methods leads to very similar results. Therefore, the choice of a GSV prediction method may be more determined by the availability of data and competences than by the requirement to use a particular method.

The optimal rotation of a flammable forest stand

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Martell
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Fire Management ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Rotation Interval ◽  
Optimal Rotation

The author describes a stochastic model of forest stand rotation which can be used to determine the optimal planned rotation interval for flammable forest stands. The model can also be used to estimate the value of fire management activities in terms of the potential enhanced value of timber production. The use of the model is illustrated by applying it to a simplified case of jack pine (Pinusbanksiana, Lamb.) management.

scholarly journals Hydrological effects of Norway spruce and European beech on snow cover in a mid-mountain region of the Polana mts., Slovakia / Hydrologický vplyv smreka obyčajného a buka lesného na snehovú pokrývku v stredohorských polohách pohoria poľana na slovensku

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matus Hribik ◽  
Tomas Vida ◽  
Jaroslav Skvarenina ◽  
Jana Skvareninova ◽  
Lubomir Ivan
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Mountain Region ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Snow Melting ◽  
Beech Stand

The paper evaluates the results of a 6-year-monitoring of the eco-hydrological influence of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and European beech (Fagus silvatica L.) forest stands on the hydro-physical properties of snow cover. The experiment was carried out in the artificially regenerated 20-25-year-old forest stands approaching the pole timber stage in the middle mountain region of the Polana Mts. - Biosphere reserve situated at about 600 m a.s.l. during the period of maximum snow supply in winters of years 2004 - -2009. Forest canopy plays a decisive role at both the snow cover duration and spring snow melting and runoff generation. A spruce stand is the poorest of snow at the beginning of winter. High interception of spruce canopy hampers the throughfall of snow to soil. During the same period, the soil surface of a beech stand accumulates greater amount of snow. However, a spruce stand accumulates snow by creating snow heaps during the periods of maximum snow cumulation and stand´s microclimate slows down snow melting. These processes are in detail discussed in the paper. The forest stands of the whole biosphere reserve slow down to a significant extent both the snow cover melting and the spring runoff of the whole watershed.

Stable isotopic signatures of authigenic minerals in a Holocene ophiolitic debris flow, Southland, New Zealand

Clay Minerals ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Craw ◽  
P. Blattner ◽  
C. A. Landis
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Debris Flow ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Climatological Data ◽  
Carbon Isotope Ratios ◽  
Isotopic Signatures ◽  
Mineral Growth ◽  
Stable Isotopic ◽  
O 24

AbstractAuthigenic chrysotile, stevensite, calcite, aragonite and pectolite have formed together in a Holocene ophiolitic debris flow in Southland, New Zealand. Mineral growth occurred about 4700-5700 years ago. The temperature of formation of these minerals is estimated from climatological data to be 5–10°C Surface water and groundwater δ180 is currently about –10‰, and was estimated to be about –9.5±1‰ during mineralization. Coexisting calcite (δ180 = +23‰) and aragonite (δl8O = +24‰) were in equilibrium with each other and with the groundwater at 5–10°C Stevensite δ180 is +14 to +16‰, chrysotile has δ180 = +5.5‰, and authigenic pectolite has δ180 near +10‰. Carbon isotope ratios for calcite and aragonite are strongly depleted (δ13C = –13 to –18) which suggests that dissolved CO2 had δ13C below -27. This isotopically light carbon probably resulted from a high organic component of carbon dissolved in the groundwater.

scholarly journals Structure and development of forest stands on permanent research plots in the Krkonoše Mts.

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 518-530
Author(s):  
S. Vacek ◽  
Z. Vacek ◽  
L. Bílek ◽  
I. Nosková ◽  
O. Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Vertical Structure ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Vegetation Zone ◽  
Aggregation Index ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Results Management ◽  
Management Recommendations

The research is focused on structure and development of forest stands from 5th to 8th forest vegetation zone in the Krkonoše Mts. The forest stand diversity according to tree species composition and representation, horizontal and vertical structure was evaluated by using following indices: Clark-Evans aggregation index (Clark, Evans 1954), standardised Arten-profil index (Pretsch 2005) and index of complex diversity after Jaehne, Dohrenbusch (1997). Growth model SIBYLA (Fabrika, Ďurský 2005) was used for visualizations and growth predictions of forest stands on particular plots. Based on research results, management recommendations were evaluated.

scholarly journals Features of structure of radical darkconiferous forest stands of Vishera Nature Reserve

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ю.М. Алесенков ◽  
М.В. Ермакова
Keyword(s):  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Forest Vegetation ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Pedigree Structure ◽  
National Nature Reserve ◽  
Northern Urals ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Standard Techniques ◽  
Diameter Classes

On the basis of the standard techniques the pedigree structure of forest stands and distribution of trees on diameter of climax darkconiferous stands of the Vishera national Nature Reserve located in the northeast of Perm District (Northern Urals) is studied and analysed. It is established that the wood layer of the explored climax darkconiferous forests of Northern Urals has multispecies structure. At domination of a spruce fir and the fir (up to 5 units) and, substantially a birch and, also participates, the cedar. In type of the wood Firspruce fernytallgrass as the as a part of a forest stand there is a rowan. Both lowproductive, and highly productive forest stands are formed. In a structure of forest stands of the darkconiferos woods of Vishera Nature Reserve the considerable variation of trees on diameter caused both by forest vegetation conditions of plantings, and influence of negative natural factors the periodic local fires and a windfall is revealed. Distribution of trees on diameter in forest stands, except for postwindfall, is well approximated by the equations of the 2nd order. Distribution of trees on diameter in postwindfall darkconiferous community is best of all described by the equation of the 4th order. The considerable righthand asymmetry of distribution of trees on diameter for all studied forest stands, and, in particular, the affected local fires or a windfall is noted. Such distribution of trees on diameter classes of a trunk reflects processes of natural renewal and development of forest stands, long on time. The revealed features of distribution of trees on pedigree structure and of diameter classes in the studied radical forest stands demonstrate that even in the conditions of influence of negative natural factors processes of natural renewal in general, provide maintenance of multispecies structure of radical plantings. However, impact of the periodic local fires negatively affects renewal of a cedar.

DESIGN OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT UNIT

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-57
Author(s):  
Alexander K. STRELKOV ◽  
Svetlana Yu. TEPLYKH ◽  
Pavel A. GORSHKALEV ◽  
Ashot M. SARGSYAN
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Test Solution ◽  
Snow Melting ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Evaluation Test ◽  
Surface Water Bodies ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Surface run-offs due to snow melting and rainfall gather dust, rubbish, oil-products and other pollutants and flow into nearest water basin that results in pollution of environment and surface water bodies. The article describes a package unit of waste water physical and chemical treatment for enterprises of railway and automobile transport. It also can be used for elevated track of railway sorting yard. The unit consists of degritter, holding tank, floater, granular and sorption filters. The unit was tested in laboratory and pilot conditions. It was put in a evaluation test with standardized test solution and real waste water.

Planning for restorative forests: describing stress-reducing qualities of forest stands using available forest stand data

2016 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 803-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Stoltz ◽  
Ylva Lundell ◽  
Erik Skärbäck ◽  
Matilda Annerstedt van den Bosch ◽  
Patrik Grahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Stand ◽  
Forest Stands

Using portable laser EDM for forest traverse surveys

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 753-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Field Measurement ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Distance Measurement ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Laser Technology ◽  
Electronic Distance Measurement ◽  
Area Determination

A new electronic distance measurement (EDM) device that utilizes laser technology for tree measurement and surveying was used to study traverse surveys of forest stands. Experimental tests demonstrated that the laser EDM device afforded (1) an allowable angular closure error of 3°, (2) an average linear closure precision of 1/550 for a bidirectional traverse and of 1/470 for a unidirectional traverse, (3) an average traversing speed of 0.25 mi/h (0.40 km/h) for bidirectional traverses, and (4) an average surveying rate of 6 acres/h (2.4 ha/h). The study also showed that (1) the digital laser EDM device was 10 times more cost effective than the traditional analogous surveying equipment and (2) a unidirectional traverse is, on the average, 1.5 times more effective than a bidirectional traverse. Additional analyses revealed that the interior angle adjustment (IAA) procedure consistently altered the shape of the stand and changed the stand area. These findings led to several suggestions: (1) the laser EDM device should be adopted for forest stand traverse surveys because it is easy to use, accurate, and cost effective; (2) the routine of taking backsight in field measurement provides little gain in accuracy in stand area determination and should be exercised only when local magnetic interference is expected to adversely affect compass accuracy; and (3) the conventional practice of IAA prior to balancing the traverse should not be exercised, since this procedure has adverse effects on mapping and area determination.

scholarly journals Regeneration under a shelterwood system of spruce-dominated forest stands at middle altitudes

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 467-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Souček
Keyword(s):  
Forest Stand ◽  
Control Plot ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Varied Structure ◽  
Mature Stand ◽  
Commercial Species ◽  
Stand Characteristics

An experiment with regeneration under the shelterwood of spruce-dominated mature stand was established at middle altitudes of the Žďárské vrchy Hills in 1971. The paper brings a comparison of the development of basic forest stand characteristics for the plot under shelterwood and for the control plot. Analyses of annual rings demonstrated a higher diameter increment of sample trees on the plot under shelterwood, a more pronounced increase in the increment being however observed only 12 years after release. A subsequent forest from the combined regeneration occurs on 88% of the plot under shelterwood and on 67% of the control plot. The required proportion of beech and fir is established on both plots with spruce as the main commercial species having been retained. The subsequent forest stand is differentiated in terms of height and diameter and the two plots exhibit a rather varied structure.

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