The atmosphere circulation movements in the matching with space weather parameters variations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Stupishina ◽  
Elena Golovina
Keyword(s):  
Space Weather ◽  
Interplanetary Space ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Electromagnetic Spectrum ◽  
Meridional Transport ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Circulation Types ◽  
Whole Space ◽  
Weather Parameters

<p>The work presents some investigation results of the Space Weather state during the macrosynoptic processes movements in North Atlantic and Eurasia extratropical latitudes. The types of these processes, as it is known, were defined by A. F. Vangengeim as atmosphere circulation types: E-type (east transport in the troposphere which matches with stable anticyclone above the continent), W-type (west transport), and C-type (meridional transport).</p><p>The investigation time interval: 1.01.2007 – 1.01.2014. That corresponds to: the Solar Activity (SA) 23 cycle fall branch, the SA minimum, the rise branch of the 24 SA cycle, the maximum of 24 SA cycle.</p><p>From the investigation we have found out the different periods of the circulation types conservation:  (5-7) days which corresponds to the Natural Synoptic Period (NSP) in Europe region – in our study we have registered 95 NSP cases - it occurs 45% of all discovered periods); (7-10) days – 27% (58 cases), and the Long Period (LP) which endured more than 10 days - 28% (59 cases).</p><p>Here we compare the space weather state at the beginnings of NSP and LP.</p><p>We have investigated the matching of LP-circulation with registered Long-live Pressure Systems (LPS) on different terrestrial latitude locations - Saint-Petersburg (59<sup>o</sup>57‘N, 30<sup>o</sup>19‘E) and Tambov (52<sup>o</sup>43‘N, 41<sup>o</sup>27‘E).</p><p>Space Weather parameters were: global  variations of SA parameters; daily characteristics of the SA flare component in various bands of the electromagnetic spectrum; variations of Interplanetary Space characteristics in Earth vicinity; variations of daily statistics of Geomagnetic Field characteristics.</p><p>Results: (1) The modes of LP-circulation distributions are in the SA maximum and on the SA rise branch (37% and 36% of all LP cases respectively). (2) LP- E-type occurs 56% of all LP. (3) NSP- W-type occurs 48% of all NSP. (4) Most frequent LP- E- type placed on the SA rise branch (24% of all LP). (5) The opening and final moments of LP-circulations was not the same for those moments of LPS on different terrestrial latitude locations but 50% of Saint-Petersburg LPS and 81% of Tambov LPS were intersecting with the time intervals of LP-circulations. (6) All Saint-Petersburg anticyclonic LPS and 82% of them in Tambov area have registered with the E-type of atmosphere circulation. (7) The behaviour of the whole Space Weather parameters complex is specific for LP and differs from it for NSP of different circulation types. (8) The days of the maximal difference of abovementioned complexes were discovered in the folder epoch’s interval – that shows the good forecast perspective. (9) The concrete Space Weather parameters which difference the moments of LP-beginnings from NSP-beginnings are listed in the work.</p><p>Results may be useful for the understanding of the solar-terrestrial connections and can create the base for the forecast of atmosphere response to the space impact.</p>

On Space Weather factors which can impact terrestrial physical and biological processes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Stupishina ◽  
Elena Golovina
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Space Weather ◽  
Interplanetary Space ◽  
Electromagnetic Spectrum ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Weather Impact ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Weather Characteristics

<p>The main idea of our work is to find out the perspective points for the investigation of space factors which can impact physical and biological processes on Earth surface. Some decades ago the complex of those factors was named as “Space Weather”. So the main purpose of our work is to discover the connection between Space Weather and Terrestrial Weather as well as the impact of this environmental complex (Space Weather plus Terrestrial Weather) on biological objects and thereby on the human health.</p><p>The first part of the presented work contains the description of the Space Weather characteristics for the appearance moments of very long-live (more than 10 days) atmosphere pressure systems on different terrestrial latitude locations. These Long-live Pressure Systems (LPS) are interesting for us because some of them (namely anticyclones) can block pressure fields so they can create some dangerous situations for the human health as well as for the human activity. The different terrestrial latitude locations were: (1) Saint-Petersburg (59<sup>o</sup>57‘N, 30<sup>o</sup>19‘E) and (2) Tambov (52<sup>o</sup>43‘N, 41<sup>o</sup>27‘E). This latitude difference in observations is interesting for us because we know about the different affect of Space Weather variations on northern and southern places so we want to study this difference.  The time-intervals were: (1) 1999-2014 years (Saint-Petersburg), (2) 2007-2014 years (Tambov). Space Weather parameters were: (1) global  variations of Solar Activity (SA) parameters; (2) daily characteristics of the SA flare component in various bands of the electromagnetic spectrum; (3) variations of Interplanetary Space characteristics in Earth vicinity; (4) variations of daily statistics of Geomagnetic Field (GMF) characteristics. For the appearance moments of LPS we have discovered the interesting behaviour for follow Space Weather characteristics: variations of all global SA indices, variations of low energy (C-class) X-ray solar flares number, variations of proton fluxes, and variations of GMF parameters daily statistics. Also we have discovered the terrestrial-latitude difference in the atmosphere response on the Space Weather impact.</p><p>The second part of our work contains the results of investigation of environmental (Space Weather plus Terrestrial Weather) impact on human health. This study was done for Saint-Petersburg region (the northern place from the previous point of our investigation). The human health status was indicated by: (1) Cardiac Rhythm Variations (CRV) of patients in the clinic of Medicine Academy, Sudden Cardiac Deaths (SCD) in Research Institute of Emergency Medicine, facts of hard situation in 6 local clinics in different places of Saint-Petersburg and its suburb. We have found out that the dramatic cardiac events (CRV extrema, SCD maxima, hard days in clinics) are connected with variations of solar radio bursts number (the burst type is “noise storm”), the spread daily statistics (coefficient of variation) of GMF z-component and with spread daily statistics (coefficient of oscillation) of air temperature.</p><p>Results of our work may be used as the base for the hazard environmental monitoring.</p>

METABOLIC STUDIES WITH 131I-LABELED THYROXINE. II.

1963 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Grinberg
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Tentative Explanation

ABSTRACT Radiologically thyroidectomized female Swiss mice were injected intraperitoneally with 131I-labeled thyroxine (T4*), and were studied at time intervals of 30 minutes and 4, 28, 48 and 72 hours after injection, 10 mice for each time interval. The organs of the central nervous system and the pituitary glands were chromatographed, and likewise serum from the same animal. The chromatographic studies revealed a compound with the same mobility as 131I-labeled triiodothyronine in the organs of the CNS and in the pituitary gland, but this compound was not present in the serum. In most of the chromatographic studies, the peaks for I, T4 and T3 coincided with those for the standards. In several instances, however, such an exact coincidence was lacking. A tentative explanation for the presence of T3* in the pituitary gland following the injection of T4* is a deiodinating system in the pituitary gland or else the capacity of the pituitary gland to concentrate T3* formed in other organs. The presence of T3* is apparently a characteristic of most of the CNS (brain, midbrain, medulla and spinal cord); but in the case of the optic nerve, the compound is not present under the conditions of this study.

scholarly journals Neural Network Approach for Global Solar Irradiance Prediction at Extremely Short-Time-Intervals Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1213
Author(s):  
Ahmed Aljanad ◽  
Nadia M. L. Tan ◽  
Vassilios G. Agelidis ◽  
Hussain Shareef
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Particle Swarm Optimization ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Particle Swarm ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Swarm Optimization ◽  
Backpropagation Neural Networks ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Short Time

Hourly global solar irradiance (GSR) data are required for sizing, planning, and modeling of solar photovoltaic farms. However, operating and controlling such farms exposed to varying environmental conditions, such as fast passing clouds, necessitates GSR data to be available for very short time intervals. Classical backpropagation neural networks do not perform satisfactorily when predicting parameters within short intervals. This paper proposes a hybrid backpropagation neural networks based on particle swarm optimization. The particle swarm algorithm is used as an optimization algorithm within the backpropagation neural networks to optimize the number of hidden layers and neurons used and its learning rate. The proposed model can be used as a reliable model in predicting changes in the solar irradiance during short time interval in tropical regions such as Malaysia and other regions. Actual global solar irradiance data of 5-s and 1-min intervals, recorded by weather stations, are applied to train and test the proposed algorithm. Moreover, to ensure the adaptability and robustness of the proposed technique, two different cases are evaluated using 1-day and 3-days profiles, for two different time intervals of 1-min and 5-s each. A set of statistical error indices have been introduced to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. From the results obtained, the 3-days profile’s performance evaluation of the BPNN-PSO are 1.7078 of RMSE, 0.7537 of MAE, 0.0292 of MSE, and 31.4348 of MAPE (%), at 5-s time interval, where the obtained results of 1-min interval are 0.6566 of RMSE, 0.2754 of MAE, 0.0043 of MSE, and 1.4732 of MAPE (%). The results revealed that proposed model outperformed the standalone backpropagation neural networks method in predicting global solar irradiance values for extremely short-time intervals. In addition to that, the proposed model exhibited high level of predictability compared to other existing models.

Real-World Experience with Artificial Intelligence-Based Triage in Transferred Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke Patients

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Jacob R. Morey ◽  
Xiangnan Zhang ◽  
Kurt A. Yaeger ◽  
Emily Fiano ◽  
Naoum Fares Marayati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Large Vessel ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Large Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Stroke Center

<b><i>Background and Purpose:</i></b> Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the importance of time to endovascular therapy (EVT) in clinical outcomes in large vessel occlusion (LVO) acute ischemic stroke. Delays to treatment are particularly prevalent when patients require a transfer from hospitals without EVT capability onsite. A computer-aided triage system, Viz LVO, has the potential to streamline workflows. This platform includes an image viewer, a communication system, and an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm that automatically identifies suspected LVO strokes on CTA imaging and rapidly triggers alerts. We hypothesize that the Viz application will decrease time-to-treatment, leading to improved clinical outcomes. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database was assessed for patients who presented to a stroke center currently utilizing Viz LVO and underwent EVT following transfer for LVO stroke between July 2018 and March 2020. Time intervals and clinical outcomes were compared for 55 patients divided into pre- and post-Viz cohorts. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The median initial door-to-neuroendovascular team (NT) notification time interval was significantly faster (25.0 min [IQR = 12.0] vs. 40.0 min [IQR = 61.0]; <i>p</i> = 0.01) with less variation (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05) following Viz LVO implementation. The median initial door-to-skin puncture time interval was 25 min shorter in the post-Viz cohort, although this was not statistically significant (<i>p</i> = 0.15). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Preliminary results have shown that Viz LVO implementation is associated with earlier, more consistent NT notification times. This application can serve as an early warning system and a failsafe to ensure that no LVO is left behind.

scholarly journals Optimal Perturbations of an Oceanic Vortex Lens

Fluids ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Meunier ◽  
Claire Ménesguen ◽  
Xavier Carton ◽  
Sylvie Le Gentil ◽  
Richard Schopp
Keyword(s):  
Normal Mode ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Horizontal Structure ◽  
Azimuthal Wave ◽  
Wave Numbers ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Short Time

The stability properties of a vortex lens are studied in the quasi geostrophic (QG) framework using the generalized stability theory. Optimal perturbations are obtained using a tangent linear QG model and its adjoint. Their fine-scale spatial structures are studied in details. Growth rates of optimal perturbations are shown to be extremely sensitive to the time interval of optimization: The most unstable perturbations are found for time intervals of about 3 days, while the growth rates continuously decrease towards the most unstable normal mode, which is reached after about 170 days. The horizontal structure of the optimal perturbations consists of an intense counter-shear spiralling. It is also extremely sensitive to time interval: for short time intervals, the optimal perturbations are made of a broad spectrum of high azimuthal wave numbers. As the time interval increases, only low azimuthal wave numbers are found. The vertical structures of optimal perturbations exhibit strong layering associated with high vertical wave numbers whatever the time interval. However, the latter parameter plays an important role in the width of the vertical spectrum of the perturbation: short time interval perturbations have a narrow vertical spectrum while long time interval perturbations show a broad range of vertical scales. Optimal perturbations were set as initial perturbations of the vortex lens in a fully non linear QG model. It appears that for short time intervals, the perturbations decay after an initial transient growth, while for longer time intervals, the optimal perturbation keeps on growing, quickly leading to a non-linear regime or exciting lower azimuthal modes, consistent with normal mode instability. Very long time intervals simply behave like the most unstable normal mode. The possible impact of optimal perturbations on layering is also discussed.

scholarly journals Interplanetary space weather effects on Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter avalanche photodiode performance

Space Weather ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 343-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. Clements ◽  
A. K. Carlton ◽  
C. J. Joyce ◽  
N. A. Schwadron ◽  
H. E. Spence ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Space Weather ◽  
Interplanetary Space ◽  
Avalanche Photodiode ◽  
Weather Effects ◽  
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

scholarly journals Effect of mechanical pressure-controlled ventilation in patients with disturbed respiratory function during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Maja Surbatovic ◽  
Zoran Vesic ◽  
Dragan Djordjevic ◽  
Sonja Radakovic ◽  
Snjezana Zeba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
Respiratory Function ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Controlled Ventilation ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Pressure Controlled Ventilation ◽  
Pressure Controlled

Background/Aim: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is considered to be the gold standard for laparoscopic surgical procedures. In ASA III patients with concomitant respiratory diseases, however, creation of pneumoperitoneum and the position of patients during surgery exert additional negative effect on intraoperative respiratory function, thus making a higher challenge for the anesthesiologist than for the surgeon. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) and pressure controlled ventilation (PCV) during general anesthesia on respiratory function in ASA III patients submitted to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods. The study included 60 patients randomized into two groups depending on the mode of ventilation: IPPV or PCV. Respiratory volume (VT), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), compliance (C), end-tidal CO2 pressure (PETCO2), oxygen saturation (SpO2), partial pressures of O2, CO2 (PaO2 and PaCO2) and pH of arterial blood were recorded within four time intervals. Results. There were no statistically significant differences in VT, SpO2, PaO2, PaCO2 and pH values neither within nor between the two groups. In time interval t1 there were no statistically significant differences in PIP, C, PETCO2 values between the IPPV and the PCV group. But, in the next three time intervals there was a difference in PIP, C, and PETCO2 values between the two groups which ranged from statistically significant to highly significant; PIP was lower, C and PETCO2 were higher in the PCV group. Conclusion. Pressure controlled ventilation better maintains stability regarding intraoperative ventilatory parameters in ASA III patients with concomitant respiratory diseases during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

scholarly journals Space weather: the solar perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Temmer
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Space Weather ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Interplanetary Space ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Space Weather Forecasting ◽  
Stereo Mission ◽  
Interaction Regions ◽  
Near Future ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe Sun, as an active star, is the driver of energetic phenomena that structure interplanetary space and affect planetary atmospheres. The effects of Space Weather on Earth and the solar system is of increasing importance as human spaceflight is preparing for lunar and Mars missions. This review is focusing on the solar perspective of the Space Weather relevant phenomena, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), flares, solar energetic particles (SEPs), and solar wind stream interaction regions (SIR). With the advent of the STEREO mission (launched in 2006), literally, new perspectives were provided that enabled for the first time to study coronal structures and the evolution of activity phenomena in three dimensions. New imaging capabilities, covering the entire Sun-Earth distance range, allowed to seamlessly connect CMEs and their interplanetary counterparts measured in-situ (so called ICMEs). This vastly increased our knowledge and understanding of the dynamics of interplanetary space due to solar activity and fostered the development of Space Weather forecasting models. Moreover, we are facing challenging times gathering new data from two extraordinary missions, NASA’s Parker Solar Probe (launched in 2018) and ESA’s Solar Orbiter (launched in 2020), that will in the near future provide more detailed insight into the solar wind evolution and image CMEs from view points never approached before. The current review builds upon the Living Reviews article by Schwenn from 2006, updating on the Space Weather relevant CME-flare-SEP phenomena from the solar perspective, as observed from multiple viewpoints and their concomitant solar surface signatures.

Abstract 13248: The Impact of Instructions for Covering the Mouth and the Nose on Dispatch-Assisted Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 144 (Suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidetada Fukushima ◽  
Hideki Asai ◽  
Koji Yamamoto ◽  
Yasuyuki Kawai
Keyword(s):  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Median Time ◽  
Chest Compression ◽  
Fire Department ◽  
Emergency Call ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Median Time Interval ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Under the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, rescuers are recommended to cover their mouth and nose with a facemask or a cloth as well as victim’s mouth and nose when performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). However, its impact on dispatch-assisted CPR (DACPR) has not been investigated well. Hypothesis: DACPR including the instruction for covering the rescuer’s and the victim’s mouth and nose can significantly delay the start of the first chest compression. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed DACPR records of the Nara Wide Area Fire Department, covering population of 853,000/3361km 2 , in Japan. We investigated the key time intervals of 505 DACPR records between May 2020 and March 2021. We also compared the results to that of the same period in 2019 (535 records). Results: Dispatchers failed to provide mask instruction in 322 cases (63.8%). The median time interval from the emergency call and the start of CPR instruction was longer in 2020 (197 seconds vs 190 seconds, p=0.641). The time to the first chest compression was also delayed in 2020 (264 seconds vs 246 seconds, p=0.015). Among the cases that dispatchers successfully provided mask instruction (183 cases, 36.2%), median time intervals to the start of instruction and the first chest compression were relatively faster than cases without mask instruction (177 seconds vs 211 seconds and 254 seconds vs 269.5 seconds, respectively). Conclusions: Dispatchers failed to provide mask instruction in the majority of CA cases. However, our study results indicate that the impact of mask instruction on DACPR can be minor in terms of immediate CPR provision.

Time scale dependence of wind speed patterns - implications for wind power site assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Suteanu
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Fluctuation Analysis ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Averaging ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Site Assessment ◽  
Wind Pattern

&lt;p&gt;Characterizing properties of wind speed variability and their dependence on the temporal scale is important: from sub-second intervals (for the design and monitoring of wind turbines) to longer time scales &amp;#8211; months, years (for the evaluation of the wind power potential). Wind speed data are usually reported as averages over time intervals of various length (minutes, days, months, etc). The research project presented in this paper addressed the following questions: What aspects of the wind pattern are changed, in what ways and to what extent, in the process of producing time-averaged values? What precautions should be considered when time-averaged values are used in the assessment of wind variability? What are the conditions to be fulfilled for a meaningful comparison of wind pattern characteristics obtained in distinct studies? Our research started from wind speed records sampled at 0.14 second intervals, which were averaged over increasingly longer time intervals. Variability evaluation was based on statistical moments, L-moments, and detrended fluctuation analysis. We present the change suffered by characteristics of temporal variability as a function of sampling rate and the averaging time interval. In particular, the height dependence of wind speed variability, which is of theoretical and practical importance, is shown to be progressively erased when averaging intervals are increased. The paper makes recommendations regarding the interpretation of wind pattern characteristics obtained at different sites as a function of sampling rate and time-averaging intervals.&lt;/p&gt;

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