Trench Advance in Collisional settings: insights from large scale 2D and 3D models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arijit Laik ◽  
Wouter P. Schellart ◽  
Vincent Strak
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Continental Collision ◽  
Mantle Flow ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Mantle Reservoir ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Mountain Belts ◽  
2D And 3D

<p>Continental collision, which leads to mountain building (e.g. Himalayas, Alps), has been under the geodynamic modelling lenses for the last few decades. Such processes subjected to physical and numerical investigations, in conjunction with observational studies, enrich knowledge on mountain belts and have worked out the general architectural large-scale structure and crustal shortening in such regions. The intent to understand the driving forces of long term (~50 Ma) and consistent convergence at the India-Eurasia collisional zone is the goal of the dynamic self-consistent buoyancy-driven whole-mantle scale 2D and 3D models presented in this contribution. The maximum post-collisional convergence rate (~0.362 cm/year) in 2D models, is less than 2 cm/year convergence of India considering it advanced ~1000 km in about 50 Ma.  Additionally, the 2D models are inadequate in exploring the spatio-temporal evolution and dynamics of natural systems, thus necessitating modelling large scale subduction and subsequent continental collision resolving the 3D components of mantle flow.  With a whole mantle reservoir and buoyancy-driven 2D models, the observed trench advance rate, with a large and fixed overriding plate, is relatively novel and higher than previous studies and the high resolution in 2D models also shows crustal-scale localisation in conjunction with large scale mantle flow. The computationally intensive simulations have significantly large (11520 km) trench-perpendicular (in 2D and 3D) and parallel (in 3D) lengths, include two sets of modelled depths: whole mantle (2880 km) and, upper mantle + partial lower mantle (960 km) and use the Underworld2 framework. In 3D, the interaction of an adjacent subducting oceanic plate(s) significantly aids the indentation and trench advance in the collisional margin. These would help understand the dynamics of analogues system(s) in nature such as the Sunda subduction zone and the India-Eurasia collision zone.</p>

scholarly journals Semi-CNN Architecture for Effective Spatio-Temporal Learning in Action Recognition

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Chee Leong ◽  
Dilip K. Prasad ◽  
Yong Tsui Lee ◽  
Feng Lin
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Action Recognition ◽  
3D Model ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
Temporal Encoding ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Efficient Learning ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
Temporal Learning

This paper introduces a fusion convolutional architecture for efficient learning of spatio-temporal features in video action recognition. Unlike 2D convolutional neural networks (CNNs), 3D CNNs can be applied directly on consecutive frames to extract spatio-temporal features. The aim of this work is to fuse the convolution layers from 2D and 3D CNNs to allow temporal encoding with fewer parameters than 3D CNNs. We adopt transfer learning from pre-trained 2D CNNs for spatial extraction, followed by temporal encoding, before connecting to 3D convolution layers at the top of the architecture. We construct our fusion architecture, semi-CNN, based on three popular models: VGG-16, ResNets and DenseNets, and compare the performance with their corresponding 3D models. Our empirical results evaluated on the action recognition dataset UCF-101 demonstrate that our fusion of 1D, 2D and 3D convolutions outperforms its 3D model of the same depth, with fewer parameters and reduces overfitting. Our semi-CNN architecture achieved an average of 16–30% boost in the top-1 accuracy when evaluated on an input video of 16 frames.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Spatio-Temporal Process of Township Urbanization: A Large-Scale Data-Driven Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
Xinliang Liu ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
Yong Li ◽  
Jinshui Wu
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Population Migration ◽  
Urbanization Process ◽  
Large Scale Data ◽  
Temporal Process ◽  
Data Driven Approach ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Scale Data

The integrated recognition of spatio-temporal characteristics (e.g., speed, interaction with surrounding areas, and driving forces) of urbanization facilitates regional comprehensive development. In this study, a large-scale data-driven approach was formed for exploring the township urbanization process. The approach integrated logistic models to quantify urbanization speed, partial triadic analysis to reveal dynamic relationships between rural population migration and urbanization, and random forest analysis to identify the response of urbanization to spatial driving forces. A typical subtropical town was chosen to verify the approach by quantifying the spatio-temporal process of township urbanization from 1933 to 2012. The results showed that (i) urbanization speed was well reflected by the changes of time-course areas of urban cores fitted by a four-parameter logistic equation (R2 = 0.95–1.00, p < 0.001), and the relatively fast and steady developing periods were also successfully predicted, respectively; (ii) the spatio-temporal sprawl of urban cores and their interactions with the surrounding rural residential areas were well revealed and implied that the town experienced different historically aggregating and splitting trajectories; and (iii) the key drivers (township merger, elevation and distance to roads, as well as population migration) were identified in the spatial sprawl of urban cores. Our findings proved that a comprehensive approach is powerful for quantifying the spatio-temporal characteristics of the urbanization process at the township level and emphasized the importance of applying long-term historical data when researching the urbanization process.

Global imaging of the lithosphere-asthenosphere system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Debayle ◽  
Yanick Ricard ◽  
Stéphanie Durand ◽  
Thomas Bodin
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Seismic Velocity ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Azimuthal Anisotropy ◽  
Plate Motion ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Mantle Flow ◽  
Simultaneous Interpretation ◽  
Velocity Models ◽  
Scale Properties

&lt;p&gt;Massive surface wave datasets constrain upper mantle seismic heterogeneities with horizontal wavelengths larger than 1000 km, allowing us to investigate the large-scale properties and alignment of olivine crystals in the lithosphere and asthenosphere. The azimuthal anisotropy projected onto the direction of present plate motion shows a very specific relation with the plate velocity. Plate-scale present-day deformation is remarkably well and uniformly recorded beneath plates moving faster than &amp;#8764;4 cm/yr. Recent geodynamic models suggest that cold sinking instabilities tilted in the direction opposite to plate motion below fast plates could produce a pattern of large-scale azimuthal anisotropy consistent with our observations. Beneath slower plates, plate-motion aligned anisotropy is only observed locally, which suggests that the lithospheric motion does not control mantle flow below these plates.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Radial anisotropy extends deeper beneath continents than beneath oceans, but we find no such difference for azimuthal anisotropy, suggesting that beneath most continents, the alignment of olivine crystal is preferentially horizontal and azimuthally random at large scale. As most continents are located on slow moving plates, this supports the idea that azimuthal anisotropy aligns at large scale with the present plate motion only for plates moving faster than &amp;#8764;4 cm/yr.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The same inversion also provides 3D models of seismic velocity and attenuation. The simultaneous interpretation of global 3D shear attenuation and velocity models has a great potential to decipher the effect of temperature, melt and composition on seismic observables. We will discuss our findings from the simultaneous interpretation of our latest models.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Semi-CNN Architecture for Effective Spatio-Temporal Learning in Action Recognition

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Chee Leong ◽  
Dilip K. Prasad ◽  
Yong Tsui Lee ◽  
Feng Lin
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Learning ◽  
Action Recognition ◽  
3D Model ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
Temporal Encoding ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Efficient Learning ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
Temporal Learning

This paper introduces a fusion convolutional architecture for efficient learning of spatio-temporal features in video action recognition. Unlike 2D CNNs, 3D CNNs can be applied directly on consecutive frames to extract spatio-temporal features. The aim of this work is to fuse the convolution layers from 2D and 3D CNNs to allow temporal encoding with fewer parameters than 3D CNNs. We adopt transfer learning from pre-trained 2D CNNs for spatial extraction, followed by temporal encoding, before connecting to 3D convolution layers at the top of the architecture. We construct our fusion architecture, semi-CNN, based on three popular models: VGG-16, ResNets and DenseNets, and compare the performance with their corresponding 3D models. Our empirical results evaluated on the action recognition dataset UCF-101 demonstrate that our fusion of 1D, 2D and 3D convolutions outperforms its 3D model of the same depth, with fewer parameters and reduces overfitting. Our semi-CNN architecture achieved an average of 16 &ndash; 30% boost in the top-1 accuracy when evaluated on an input video of 16 frames.

Spatio-temporal Patterns and Driving Forces of Urban Expansion in Beijing Central City Since 1932

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhui KUANG ◽  
Quanqin SHAO ◽  
Jiyuan LIU ◽  
Chaoyang SUN
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
Central City ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Spatio Temporal

scholarly journals Documentary data and the study of past droughts: a global state of the art

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 1915-1960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Brázdil ◽  
Andrea Kiss ◽  
Jürg Luterbacher ◽  
David J. Nash ◽  
Ladislava Řezníčková
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
Climatic Trends ◽  
Instrumental Observations ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Epigraphic Evidence ◽  
Administrative Evidence

Abstract. The use of documentary evidence to investigate past climatic trends and events has become a recognised approach in recent decades. This contribution presents the state of the art in its application to droughts. The range of documentary evidence is very wide, including general annals, chronicles, memoirs and diaries kept by missionaries, travellers and those specifically interested in the weather; records kept by administrators tasked with keeping accounts and other financial and economic records; legal-administrative evidence; religious sources; letters; songs; newspapers and journals; pictographic evidence; chronograms; epigraphic evidence; early instrumental observations; society commentaries; and compilations and books. These are available from many parts of the world. This variety of documentary information is evaluated with respect to the reconstruction of hydroclimatic conditions (precipitation, drought frequency and drought indices). Documentary-based drought reconstructions are then addressed in terms of long-term spatio-temporal fluctuations, major drought events, relationships with external forcing and large-scale climate drivers, socio-economic impacts and human responses. Documentary-based drought series are also considered from the viewpoint of spatio-temporal variability for certain continents, and their employment together with hydroclimate reconstructions from other proxies (in particular tree rings) is discussed. Finally, conclusions are drawn, and challenges for the future use of documentary evidence in the study of droughts are presented.

scholarly journals Techniques Used for Eye Gaze Interfaces and Survey

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Maria Rashid ◽  
Wardah Mehmood ◽  
Aliya Ashraf
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Image Process ◽  
Usability Problems ◽  
Software Algorithms ◽  
Pupil Detection ◽  
Eye Movement Tracking ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
Movement Tracking

Eye movement tracking is a method that is now-a-days used for checking the usability problems in the contexts of Human Computer Interaction (HCI). Firstly we present eye tracking technology and key elements.We tend to evaluate the behavior of the use when they are using the interace of eye gaze. Used different techniques i.e. electro-oculography, infrared oculography, video oculography, image process techniques, scrolling techniques, different models, probable approaches i.e. shape based approach, appearance based methods, 2D and 3D models based approach and different software algorithms for pupil detection etc. We have tried to compare the surveys based on their geometric properties and reportable accuracies and eventually we conclude this study by giving some prediction regarding future eye-gaze. We point out some techniques by using various eyes properties comprising nature, appearance and gesture or some combination for eye tracking and detection. Result displays eye-gaze technique is faster and better approach for selection than a mouse selection. Rate of error for all the matters determines that there have been no errors once choosing from main menus with eye mark and with mouse. But there have been a chance of errors when once choosing from sub menus in case of eye mark. So, maintain head constantly in front of eye gaze monitor.

scholarly journals Quality Control in 3D Printing: Accuracy Analysis of 3D-Printed Models of Patient-Specific Anatomy

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1021
Author(s):  
Bernhard Dorweiler ◽  
Pia Elisabeth Baqué ◽  
Rayan Chaban ◽  
Ahmed Ghazy ◽  
Oroa Salem
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Vascular Anatomy ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Stl File ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
The Mean

As comparative data on the precision of 3D-printed anatomical models are sparse, the aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of 3D-printed models of vascular anatomy generated by two commonly used printing technologies. Thirty-five 3D models of large (aortic, wall thickness of 2 mm, n = 30) and small (coronary, wall thickness of 1.25 mm, n = 5) vessels printed with fused deposition modeling (FDM) (rigid, n = 20) and PolyJet (flexible, n = 15) technology were subjected to high-resolution CT scans. From the resulting DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) dataset, an STL file was generated and wall thickness as well as surface congruency were compared with the original STL file using dedicated 3D engineering software. The mean wall thickness for the large-scale aortic models was 2.11 µm (+5%), and 1.26 µm (+0.8%) for the coronary models, resulting in an overall mean wall thickness of +5% for all 35 3D models when compared to the original STL file. The mean surface deviation was found to be +120 µm for all models, with +100 µm for the aortic and +180 µm for the coronary 3D models, respectively. Both printing technologies were found to conform with the currently set standards of accuracy (<1 mm), demonstrating that accurate 3D models of large and small vessel anatomy can be generated by both FDM and PolyJet printing technology using rigid and flexible polymers.

scholarly journals Fucoxanthin Holds Potential to Become a Drug Adjuvant in Breast Cancer Treatment: Evidence from 2D and 3D Cell Cultures

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 4288
Author(s):  
Fernanda Malhão ◽  
Ana Catarina Macedo ◽  
Carla Costa ◽  
Eduardo Rocha ◽  
Alice Abreu Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Anticancer Activities ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
3D Cultures ◽  
3D Cell Cultures ◽  
Tumoral Cell ◽  
Microscopy Techniques ◽  
2D And 3D

Fucoxanthin (Fx) is a carotenoid derived from marine organisms that exhibits anticancer activities. However, its role as a potential drug adjuvant in breast cancer (BC) treatment is still poorly explored. Firstly, this study investigated the cytotoxic effects of Fx alone and combined with doxorubicin (Dox) and cisplatin (Cis) on a panel of 2D-cultured BC cell lines (MCF7, SKBR3 and MDA-MB-231) and one non-tumoral cell line (MCF12A). Fucoxanthin induced cytotoxicity against all the cell lines and potentiated Dox cytotoxic effects towards the SKBR3 and MDA-MB-231 cells. The combination triggering the highest cytotoxicity (Fx 10 µM + Dox 1 µM in MDA-MB-231) additionally showed significant induction of cell death and genotoxic effects, relative to control. In sequence, the same combination was tested on 3D cultures using a multi-endpoint approach involving bioactivity assays and microscopy techniques. Similar to 2D cultures, the combination of Fx and Dox showed higher cytotoxic effects on 3D cultures compared to the isolated compounds. Furthermore, this combination increased the number of apoptotic cells, decreased cell proliferation, and caused structural and ultrastructural damages on the 3D models. Overall, our findings suggest Fx has potential to become an adjuvant for Dox chemotherapy regimens in BC treatment.

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