scholarly journals Techniques Used for Eye Gaze Interfaces and Survey

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Maria Rashid ◽  
Wardah Mehmood ◽  
Aliya Ashraf
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Image Process ◽  
Usability Problems ◽  
Software Algorithms ◽  
Pupil Detection ◽  
Eye Movement Tracking ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
Movement Tracking

Eye movement tracking is a method that is now-a-days used for checking the usability problems in the contexts of Human Computer Interaction (HCI). Firstly we present eye tracking technology and key elements.We tend to evaluate the behavior of the use when they are using the interace of eye gaze. Used different techniques i.e. electro-oculography, infrared oculography, video oculography, image process techniques, scrolling techniques, different models, probable approaches i.e. shape based approach, appearance based methods, 2D and 3D models based approach and different software algorithms for pupil detection etc. We have tried to compare the surveys based on their geometric properties and reportable accuracies and eventually we conclude this study by giving some prediction regarding future eye-gaze. We point out some techniques by using various eyes properties comprising nature, appearance and gesture or some combination for eye tracking and detection. Result displays eye-gaze technique is faster and better approach for selection than a mouse selection. Rate of error for all the matters determines that there have been no errors once choosing from main menus with eye mark and with mouse. But there have been a chance of errors when once choosing from sub menus in case of eye mark. So, maintain head constantly in front of eye gaze monitor.

Evaluations That Matter: Customer Preferences Using Industry-Based Evaluations and Eye-Gaze Data

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Seshadri ◽  
Youyi Bi ◽  
Jaykishan Bhatia ◽  
Ross Simons ◽  
Jeffrey Hartley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Galvanic Skin Response ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Customer Preferences ◽  
Skin Response ◽  
Stimulus Format ◽  
2D And 3D

This study is the first stage of a research program aimed at understanding differences in how people process 2D and 3D automotive stimuli, using psychophysiological tools such as galvanic skin response (GSR), eye tracking, electroencephalography (EEG), and facial expressions coding, along with respondent ratings. The current study uses just one measure, eye tracking, and one stimulus format, 2D realistic renderings of vehicles, to reveal where people expect to find information about brand and other industry-relevant topics, such as sportiness. The eye-gaze data showed differences in the percentage of fixation time that people spent on different views of cars while evaluating the “Brand” and the degree to which they looked “Sporty/Conservative”, “Calm/Exciting”, and “Basic/Luxurious”. The results of this work can give designers insights on where they can invest their design efforts when considering brand and styling cues.

scholarly journals Eye-tracking in Cultural Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-184
Author(s):  
Danuta Smołucha
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Market Research ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Consumer Market ◽  
Eye Movement Tracking ◽  
Movement Tracking

Eye-tracking is a technology based on tracking the movement of eye­balls. The results of the study allow a detailed analysis of the path of sight, and provide answers to the questions: what are we looking at, what we focus on and what we ignore despite that the objects are lo­cated in our field of view. The eye movement tracking is not a new technology, but it is constantly improved and is gaining importance in many fields of science and consumer market research. Contempo­rary culture, oriented to image absorption, is a perfect surface for non-standard eye-tracking research.

scholarly journals The stability of the MEMS 2D mirror's operating point in terms of eye tracking systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Mateusz Pomianek ◽  
Marek Piszczek ◽  
Marcin Maciejewski ◽  
Piotr Krukowski
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Main Element ◽  
Head Tracking ◽  
Tracking Systems ◽  
Gaze Tracking ◽  
Pupil Detection ◽  
The Stability

This paper describes research on the stability of the MEMS mirror for use in eye tracking systems. MEMS mirrors are the main element in scanning methods (which is one of the methods of eye tracking). Due to changes in the mirror pitch, the system can scan the area of the eye with a laser and collect the signal reflected. However, this method works on the assumption that the inclinations are constant in each period. The instability of this causes errors. The aim of this work is to examine the error level caused by pitch instability at different points of work. Full Text: PDF ReferencesW. Fuhl, M. Tonsen, A. Bulling, and E. Kasneci, "Pupil detection for head-mounted eye tracking in the wild: an evaluation of the state of the art," Mach. Vis. Appl., vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1275-1288, 2016, CrossRef X. Wang, S. Koch, K. Holmqvist, and M. Alexa, "Tracking the gaze on objects in 3D," ACM Trans. Graph., vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 1-18, Dec. 2018 CrossRef X. Xiong and H. Xie, "MEMS dual-mode electrostatically actuated micromirror," Proc. 2014 Zo. 1 Conf. Am. Soc. Eng. Educ. - "Engineering Educ. Ind. Involv. Interdiscip. Trends", ASEE Zo. 1 2014, no. Dmd, 2014 CrossRef E. Pengwang, K. Rabenorosoa, M. Rakotondrabe, and N. Andreff, "Scanning micromirror platform based on MEMS technology for medical application," Micromachines, vol. 7, no. 2, 2016 CrossRef J. P. Giannini, A. G. York, and H. Shroff, "Anticipating, measuring, and minimizing MEMS mirror scan error to improve laser scanning microscopy's speed and accuracy," PLoS One, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 1-14, 2017 CrossRef C. Hennessey, B. Noureddin, and P. Lawrence, "A single camera eye-gaze tracking system with free head motion," Eye Track. Res. Appl. Symp., vol. 2005, no. March, pp. 87-94, 2005 CrossRef C. H. Morimoto and M. R. M. Mimica, "Eye gaze tracking techniques for interactive applications," Comput. Vis. Image Underst., vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 4-24, Apr. 2005 CrossRef S. T. S. Holmström, U. Baran, and H. Urey, "MEMS laser scanners: A review," J. Microelectromechanical Syst., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 259-275, 2014 CrossRef C. W. Cho, "Gaze Detection by Wearable Eye-Tracking and NIR LED-Based Head-Tracking Device Based on SVR," ETRI J., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 542-552, Aug. 2012 CrossRef T. Santini, W. Fuhl, and E. Kasneci, "PuRe: Robust pupil detection for real-time pervasive eye tracking," Comput. Vis. Image Underst., vol. 170, pp. 40-50, May 2018 CrossRef O. Solgaard, A. A. Godil, R. T. Howe, L. P. Lee, Y. A. Peter, and H. Zappe, "Optical MEMS: From micromirrors to complex systems," J. Microelectromechanical Syst., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 517-538, 2014 CrossRef J. Wang, G. Zhang, and Z. You, "UKF-based MEMS micromirror angle estimation for LiDAR," J. Micromechanics Microengineering, vol. 29, no. 3, 201 CrossRef

Learners’ attention preferences of information in online learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su Mu ◽  
Meng Cui ◽  
Xiao Jin Wang ◽  
Jin Xiu Qiao ◽  
Dong Mei Tang
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Learning Style ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Online Learners ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Learning Content ◽  
Eye Movement Tracking ◽  
Movement Tracking ◽  
Tracking Technology

Purpose This study aims to use eye-tracking technology to conduct an empirical study about online learning process analysis, thus aiming to understand the attentional preferences and learning paths in online learners. Design/methodology/approach With eye movement tracking and data analysing technology, the Tobii X120 eye-tracking instrument, Tobii studio and online learning platform are used to record and visualise data of eye moving and learning steps during the real task-based online learning processes of 14 online learners. According to Barbara A. Soloman’s learning style classification framework, these learners’ learning style was presented in four dimensions. Based on data of eye moving, leaning style and operation in online course, the correlation about learners’ preferences of learning content, online learning paths and learning style were analysed based on according data. Findings The paper provides empirical insights about how change is brought about during online learning. It is found that there is no significant difference in attention preference between the students with the difference on the learning style of visual-verbal, although each person has a different attention preference on the learning content. Research limitations/implications The limitation of this study is that only one common type of video learning process is studied. The learning process of various types of instructional videos in online learning will be done in future research. Practical implications In this study, eye-movement tracking technology is used to understand students’ learning path and learning preference in the online learning process, which is helpful to optimise the online learning process and improve the efficiency of online learning. Social implications This research findings have been approved by relevant experts and have won the first prize in the school-level competition of South China Normal University in China. Originality/value In this study, the technology of psychology (eye-tracking technology) is introduced into the study of real task-based online learning process in the subject of educational technology, realising the integration of multi-disciplinary research techniques and methods.

scholarly journals Analysis of Gnostic Actions Using Eye Tracking as a Method of Studying Insight in Problem Solving

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.Yu. Vladimirov ◽  
A.V. Chistopolskaya
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Methodological Challenge ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Eye Movement Tracking ◽  
Movement Tracking

TThe paper focuses on the issue of research methods in studying insight. Since the process of insight is quite difficult to verbalize, researchers are presented with the methodological challenge of its objectifica- tion. One of the possible methods is the analysis of gnostic actions as components of a single integrated system of perceptive and thinking activity aimed at problem solving. The paper analyzes past and present periods in the explorations of insight with this method and suggests that eye tracking in problem solving is the most perspective technology. It reviews the studies of G. Knoblich, J. Ellis, E, Grant and M. Spivey, L. Thomas and A. Lleras, D. Kahneman, J.T. Wang and others. The paper compares various characteristics of eye movements and their content and discusses perspectives for the study on insight using the method of eye movement tracking, that is, testing the theoretical assumptions concerning the mechanisms of insight in problem solving and revealing the processes underlying insight.

scholarly journals Tracking eye-gaze in smart home systems (SHS): first insights from eye-tracking and self-report measures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Cassioli ◽  
Laura Angioletti ◽  
Michela Balconi
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Smart Home ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Visual Exploration ◽  
Living Room ◽  
Psychological Traits

AbstractHuman–computer interaction (HCI) is particularly interesting because full-immersive technology may be approached differently by users, depending on the complexity of the interaction, users’ personality traits, and their motivational systems inclination. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between psychological factors and attention towards specific tech-interactions in a smart home system (SHS). The relation between personal psychological traits and eye-tracking metrics is investigated through self-report measures [locus of control (LoC), user experience (UX), behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral activation system (BAS)] and a wearable and wireless near-infrared illumination based eye-tracking system applied to an Italian sample (n = 19). Participants were asked to activate and interact with five different tech-interaction areas with different levels of complexity (entrance, kitchen, living room, bathroom, and bedroom) in a smart home system (SHS), while their eye-gaze behavior was recorded. Data showed significant differences between a simpler interaction (entrance) and a more complex one (living room), in terms of number of fixation. Moreover, slower time to first fixation in a multifaceted interaction (bathroom), compared to simpler ones (kitchen and living room) was found. Additionally, in two interaction conditions (living room and bathroom), negative correlations were found between external LoC and fixation count, and between BAS reward responsiveness scores and fixation duration. Findings led to the identification of a two-way process, where both the complexity of the tech-interaction and subjects’ personality traits are important impacting factors on the user’s visual exploration behavior. This research contributes to understand the user responsiveness adding first insights that may help to create more human-centered technology.

scholarly journals Fucoxanthin Holds Potential to Become a Drug Adjuvant in Breast Cancer Treatment: Evidence from 2D and 3D Cell Cultures

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 4288
Author(s):  
Fernanda Malhão ◽  
Ana Catarina Macedo ◽  
Carla Costa ◽  
Eduardo Rocha ◽  
Alice Abreu Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Anticancer Activities ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
3D Cultures ◽  
3D Cell Cultures ◽  
Tumoral Cell ◽  
Microscopy Techniques ◽  
2D And 3D

Fucoxanthin (Fx) is a carotenoid derived from marine organisms that exhibits anticancer activities. However, its role as a potential drug adjuvant in breast cancer (BC) treatment is still poorly explored. Firstly, this study investigated the cytotoxic effects of Fx alone and combined with doxorubicin (Dox) and cisplatin (Cis) on a panel of 2D-cultured BC cell lines (MCF7, SKBR3 and MDA-MB-231) and one non-tumoral cell line (MCF12A). Fucoxanthin induced cytotoxicity against all the cell lines and potentiated Dox cytotoxic effects towards the SKBR3 and MDA-MB-231 cells. The combination triggering the highest cytotoxicity (Fx 10 µM + Dox 1 µM in MDA-MB-231) additionally showed significant induction of cell death and genotoxic effects, relative to control. In sequence, the same combination was tested on 3D cultures using a multi-endpoint approach involving bioactivity assays and microscopy techniques. Similar to 2D cultures, the combination of Fx and Dox showed higher cytotoxic effects on 3D cultures compared to the isolated compounds. Furthermore, this combination increased the number of apoptotic cells, decreased cell proliferation, and caused structural and ultrastructural damages on the 3D models. Overall, our findings suggest Fx has potential to become an adjuvant for Dox chemotherapy regimens in BC treatment.

Development of an Intelligent CAD System for Involute Cylindrical Gear Cutting Tools

2014 ◽  
Vol 532 ◽  
pp. 249-252
Author(s):  
Ying Hua Liao ◽  
Gao Jun Liu ◽  
Xiang Guo Sun
Keyword(s):  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Tool Design ◽  
Cylindrical Gear ◽  
Intelligent Cad ◽  
Forward Reasoning ◽  
Cad System ◽  
Gear Cutting ◽  
2D And 3D

An intelligent CAD system for Involute cylindrical gear cutting tools is developed by VC++ and SQL server, and it includes four modules, such as user interface, instance query, intelligent gear tool design and database. The intelligent gear tool design is the key to the intelligent CAD system, and it is based on the forward reasoning production system, and as the Intelligent reasoning technology is used for gear tool design, a lots of expert knowledge could be made full use of. The design results by the developed intelligent CAD system are more reasonable than those by a traditional CAD system, and the efficiency and quality of the gear tool design also could be improved. The developed intelligent CAD system supports both 2D and 3D models, which can lay foundation for CAD/CAE/CAM integration of gear cutting tools.

scholarly journals A Review of Main Eye Movement Tracking Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 1802 (4) ◽  
pp. 042066
Author(s):  
Zhaowei Li ◽  
Peiyuan Guo ◽  
Chen Song
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Eye Movement Tracking ◽  
Movement Tracking
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