Raindrop driven erosion – what is in the black box ?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kinnell
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Soil Material ◽  
Water Flows ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Raindrop Impact ◽  
Rainfall Erosion

<p>Raindrop driven erosion – what is in the black box ?</p><p>P.I.A. Kinnell</p><p>Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia</p><p>Many experiments applying rainfall to produce erosion on soil surfaces consider the inputs and outputs in a black box situation where little or no consideration is given to the actual mechanisms controlling erosion. It is well known that rainfall erosion is caused by raindrop impact and flow forces acting singly or together. Raindrops impacting directly or through surface water detaches soil material from where it is held within the soil surface by cohesion and inter-particle friction  and erosion occurs if the detached material is transported away from the site of detachment. The movement of detached material downslope may be in the air by splash or more importantly in surface water flows where raindrop impact may induce coarse sediment may to move when sediment transport normally associated with undisturbed flow does not occur. These transport processes vary in space and time during laboratory and field experiments. How this influences the amounts of soil loss during these experiments is the subject of  this presentation .</p>

scholarly journals Екологічні аспекти впливу полігонів твердих побутових відходів на агроландшафт, водне середовище та атмосферне повітря

2016 ◽  
pp. 106-110
Author(s):  
А. В. Молчанова
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Economic Restructuring ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Chemical Contamination ◽  
Plant Groups ◽  
The Subject

В умовах структурної перебудови економіки України, впровадження нових способів, методів та форм господарювання призводить до зростання кількості сучасних промислових та продовольчих товарів для населення і, відповідно, до зростання утворення твердих побутових відходів. У процесі розвитку цивілізації людство неминуче перетворює свою планету на величезний смітник, а природа не має механізмів утилізації і знищення відходів, вироблених суспільством, тому останні накопичуються в біосфері у геометричній прогресії. На даний час проблема поводження з відходами знаходиться поруч з охороною навколишнього середовища від забруднення хімічними та біологічними компонентами, що постійно присутні в них, а також із захистом здоров’я населення, яке перебуває в зоні їхнього безпосереднього чи непрямого впливу. Проблема поводження з відходами є однією з ключових екологічних проблем, і усе більш вагомою в ресурсному аспекті. Полігони твердих побутових відходів – типовий приклад антропогенної діяльності. Для них характерні низка ознак хімічного забруднення ґрунтів, поверхневих, ґрунтових та підземних вод, рослинних груп, атмосферного повітря, які є об'єктами різноманітних екологічних досліджень. In terms of economic restructuring of Ukraine, new ways, methods and forms of management leads to a growing number of modern industrial and food for the population and, consequently, the growth of solid waste. In the development of human civilization inevitably turns our planet into a huge trash, and nature has no mechanisms of recycling and disposal of waste produced by society because last one accumulates in the biosphere exponentially. Currently, the issue of waste management is next to the environmental pollution from chemical and biological components that are constantly present in them, as well as the protection of public health, which are in the zone of their direct or indirect influence. The problem of waste is a key environmental issues, and all more significant in terms of resource. Landfill – a typical example of human activities. They are characterized by a number of signs of chemical contamination of soil, surface water, soil and groundwater, plant groups of air that are the subject of various environmental studies.

scholarly journals Level of Pollution on Surrounding Environment from Landfill Aftercare

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Baziene ◽  
Ina Tetsman ◽  
Ramune Albrektiene
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Water Sampling ◽  
Single Chemical ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Negative Environmental Impact ◽  
Maximum Allowable Concentrations ◽  
Closed Landfill

This work examines how the pollution from landfill aftercare effect the surrounding area and water basins. The subject of the study was a closed landfill where waste was disposed of without any accounting and operation of the landfill. During the study, soil, surface water, and sediment samples were taken over a two-year period. The data obtained compared with the maximum allowable concentrations established in the Northern part of Lithuania. The water sampling sites were selected taking into account the direction of the water flow, and the landfill was found to influence the water quality. Within 500 meters before the landfill, heavy metals and metalloid concentrations did not exceed the maximum allowable concentrations (Pb ≤ 20 µg/L; Ni ≤ 40 µg/L; Cr ≤ 100 µg/L; Cu ≤ 100 µg/L and As ≤ 20 µg/L). Soil and water sediment contamination factor and contamination level were determined for each metal and metalloid individually, which showed that as a single chemical element and its compounds none of them pose any danger to the environment. A different situation can be seen when calculating the total level of contamination, taking into account all pollutants classified as very hazardous, Zd > 10. The results showed that monitoring (of surface water, including soil) and investigations, helping to reduce negative environmental impact, should be continued in the closed landfill.

The role of soil surface water regimes and raindrop impact on hillslope soil erosion and nutrient losses

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan An ◽  
Fenli Zheng ◽  
Mathias J. M. Römkens ◽  
Guifang Li ◽  
Qingsen Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Raindrop Impact

scholarly journals Effect of Digestate and Straw Combined Application on Maintaining Rice Production and Paddy Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5714
Author(s):  
Xue Hu ◽  
Hongyi Liu ◽  
Chengyu Xu ◽  
Xiaomin Huang ◽  
Min Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Paddy Soil ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Straw Decomposition ◽  
Rice Grains ◽  
Combined Application

Few studies have focused on the combined application of digestate and straw and its feasibility in rice production. Therefore, we conducted a two-year field experiment, including six treatments: without nutrients and straw (Control), digestate (D), digestate + fertilizer (DF), digestate + straw (DS), digestate + fertilizer + straw (DFS) and conventional fertilizer + straw (CS), to clarify the responses of rice growth and paddy soil nutrients to different straw and fertilizer combinations. Our results showed that digestate and straw combined application (i.e., treatment DFS) increased rice yield by 2.71 t ha−1 compared with the Control, and digestate combined with straw addition could distribute more nitrogen (N) to rice grains. Our results also showed that the straw decomposition rate at 0 cm depth under DS was 5% to 102% higher than that under CS. Activities of catalase, urease, sucrase and phosphatase at maturity under DS were all higher than that under both Control and CS. In addition, soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (TN) under DS and DFS were 20~26% and 11~12% higher than that under B and DF respectively, suggesting straw addition could benefit paddy soil quality. Moreover, coupling straw and digestate would contribute to decrease the N content in soil surface water. Overall, our results demonstrated that digestate and straw combined application could maintain rice production and have potential positive paddy environmental effects.

Effects of compaction on soil surface water repellency

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bryant ◽  
S. H. Doerr ◽  
G. Hunt ◽  
S. Conan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Water Repellency

scholarly journals A field perspective on effects of fire and temperature fluctuation on Cerrado legume seeds

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Felipe Daibes ◽  
Talita Zupo ◽  
Fernando A.O. Silveira ◽  
Alessandra Fidelis
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Fluctuation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Fire Effects ◽  
Fuel Load ◽  
Physical Dormancy ◽  
Legume Seeds ◽  
Field Perspective

AbstractInformation from a field perspective on temperature thresholds related to physical dormancy (PY) alleviation and seed resistance to high temperatures of fire is crucial to disentangle fire- and non-fire-related germination cues. We investigated seed germination and survival of four leguminous species from a frequently burned open Neotropical savanna in Central Brazil. Three field experiments were conducted according to seed location in/on the soil: (1) fire effects on exposed seeds; (2) fire effects on buried seeds; and (3) effects of temperature fluctuations on exposed seeds in gaps and shaded microsites in vegetation. After field treatments, seeds were tested for germination in the laboratory, together with the control (non-treated seeds). Fire effects on exposed seeds decreased viability in all species. However, germination of buried Mimosa leiocephala seeds was enhanced by fire in an increased fuel load treatment, in which we doubled the amount of above-ground biomass. Germination of two species (M. leiocephala and Harpalyce brasiliana) was enhanced with temperature fluctuation in gaps, but this condition also decreased seed viability. Our main conclusions are: (1) most seeds died when exposed directly to fire; (2) PY could be alleviated during hotter fires when seeds were buried in the soil; and (3) daily temperature fluctuations in gaps also broke PY of seeds on the soil surface, so many seeds could be recruited or die before being incorporated into the soil seed banks. Thus seed dormancy-break and germination of legumes from Cerrado open savannas seem to be driven by both fire and temperature fluctuations.

scholarly journals Characteristics of surface-water flows in the ridge and slough landscape of Everglades National Park: implications for particulate transport

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 569 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Leonard ◽  
Alexander Croft ◽  
Daniel Childers ◽  
Sherry Mitchell-Bruker ◽  
Helena Solo-Gabriele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
National Park ◽  
Everglades National Park ◽  
Water Flows ◽  
Particulate Transport ◽  
Ridge And Slough

Technologies of drop irrigation of young almond garden on terraces in foothland conditions of the Kyzylsu-Yuzhnaya river basin

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-15
Author(s):  
Daler Domullodzhanov
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Minimum Amount ◽  
Almond Orchard

The article presents the results of field experiments on the study of the technology of drip irrigation of a young almond orchard on terraces with clear cover with tillage soil surface, with use of mulching and overseeding of perennial grasses. In the variant with mulching, the minimum amount of irrigation observed – 24, with the irrigation norm – 1904 litre per tree. In other cases, the number of irrigation events increases from 8 to 23, respectively, the irrigation norms are 1.39 and 2.06 times.

Analysing surface water-groundwater interactions on selected sites of the River Moselle: Identifying transport processes along an important inland waterway in Germany

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Mischel ◽  
Michael Engel ◽  
Sabrina Quanz ◽  
Dirk Radny ◽  
Axel Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Inland Waterway ◽  
Trace Compounds ◽  
Organic Trace Compounds ◽  
Longitudinal Sampling ◽  
Organic Trace

<p>Hydraulic engineering structures like locks affect the natural hydraulic conditions and have a relevant impact on surface water – groundwater interactions due to enlarging the hydraulic gradient. For this, these sites are excellent areas to study associated flow paths, mass transport and their spatial and temporal variability in higher detail. However, no large-scale study at an inland waterway is available in Germany until now.</p><p>Our work aims to close this gap by applying a multiparameter approach for analyzing surface water-groundwater-interactions by using pH, electrical conductivity, major ions in combination with various other tracers like stable water isotopes, 222-Rn, and tritium. In this context, we also investigate the usability of organic trace compounds and their associated transformation products as potential new tracers.</p><p>The main study approach is based on the hypothesis that i) gaining stream sections show relatively high 222-Rn concentrations originating from discharging groundwater and ii) losing stream sections which are characterized by low 222-Rn concentrations as well as lower tritium and organic trace compounds inventories compared to unaffected areas.</p><p>During different flow-scenarios of the river Moselle, we test these hypotheses by means of a high-resolution longitudinal sampling at 2 km intervals of the main stream (along 242 km) and its major tributaries in combination with groundwater sampling at numerous wells.</p><p>Here, we present the first results of the longitudinal sampling campaign of the river Moselle in October 2020, which took place during intermediate flow conditions (Q=200 m³/s). We used on-site and in-situ 222-Rn measurements and electrical conductivity as a tracer to immediately identify zones along the Moselle with increased groundwater inflow.</p><p>With the use of these tracers, we will deepen the conceptual process understanding of surface water – groundwater interactions occurring at larger streams and during different flow conditions, which may lead to a general river characterization of losing and gaining stream reaches. Moreover, understanding the sources of water compounds and the processes involved during transportation and transformation is crucial for maintaining a good quality of the water body, which is key for proper water management. The findings obtained in the region of the Moselle river might be further transferred to other waterways and support decision making.</p>

scholarly journals Crop residues on short-term CO2 emissions in sugarcane production areas

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana M. Corradi ◽  
Alan R. Panosso ◽  
Marcílio V. Martins Filho ◽  
Newton La Scala Junior
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sugarcane Production ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Production Areas

The proper management of agricultural crop residues could produce benefits in a warmer, more drought-prone world. Field experiments were conducted in sugarcane production areas in the Southern Brazil to assess the influence of crop residues on the soil surface in short-term CO2 emissions. The study was carried out over a period of 50 days after establishing 6 plots with and without crop residues applied to the soil surface. The effects of sugarcane residues on CO2 emissions were immediate; the emissions from residue-covered plots with equivalent densities of 3 (D50) and 6 (D100) t ha-1 (dry mass) were less than those from non-covered plots (D0). Additionally, the covered fields had lower soil temperatures and higher soil moisture for most of the studied days, especially during the periods of drought. Total emissions were as high as 553.62 ± 47.20 g CO2 m-2, and as low as 384.69 ± 31.69 g CO2 m-2 in non-covered (D0) and covered plot with an equivalent density of 3 t ha-1 (D50), respectively. Our results indicate a significant reduction in CO2 emissions, indicating conservation of soil carbon over the short-term period following the application of sugarcane residues to the soil surface.

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