Seasonal, Kp and IMF dependence of hemispheric asymmetry in ionospheric horizontal and field-aligned currents 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abiyot Workayehu ◽  
Heikki Vanhamäki ◽  
Anita Aikio ◽  
Simon Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Hemispheric Asymmetry ◽  
Current System ◽  
Statistical Investigation ◽  
Magnetic Data ◽  
Hemispheric Differences ◽  
Iri Model ◽  
Swarm Satellites ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Moment

<p>We present statistical investigation of the seasonal, geomagnetic activity and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) dependence of  hemispheric asymmetry in the auroral currents. Magnetic data from the Swarm satellites has been analyzed by applying the spherical elementary current system (SECS) method. Bootstrap resampling has been used to remove the difference in the number of samples as well as activity and IMF conditions between the local seasons and the hemispheres. In general, the currents are larger in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) than in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). Asymmetry is larger during low (Kp<2) than high Kp (Kp≥2) and during local winter and local autumn than local summer and local spring. Averaging over all Kp and IMF conditions, we find larger currents flowing in the NH than in the SH with the NH/SH ratio for FACs: 17­±5%, 14±5%,7±4% and 2±4% in winter, autumn spring and summer, respectively.  When making the statistical analysis for different IMF directions, we find that the orientation of IMF By has strong influence on the hemispheric asymmetry in the auroral currents, but this influence depends on local season. When IMF By is positive in NH (negative in SH), on average FACs as well as ionospheric horizontal currents are stronger in NH than inSH in most local seasons under both signs of IMF Bz. Conversely, when IMF By is negative in NH (positive in SH), the hemispheric differences of auroral currents during most local seasons are small except in local winter. Overall, comparing the hemispheres for opposite signs of IMF By, we find larger hemispheric asymmetry when IMF By is positive in  NH (negative <sup> </sup>in SH) than vice versa.</p><p>The factors causing the observed hemispheric asymmetries in the auroral currents are not understood at the moment. Background conductances from the IRI model and cross polar cap potential values from SuperDARN dynamic modelsuggest that solar induced ionospheric conductances and convection electric field cannot explain all the observed features of the hemispheric asymmetry in auroral currents. The role of conductance enhancements due to auroral particle precipitation and possible asymmetries in the energy  flux of precipitating particles need to be investigated in future studies.</p>

scholarly journals Patterns of spatial methane distribution in the upper layers of permafrost in Central Yakutia

2017 ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
M. Yu. Cherbunina ◽  
D. G. Shmelev ◽  
A. V. Brouchkov ◽  
V. S. Kazantsev ◽  
R. N. Argunov
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Methane Content ◽  
Central Yakutia ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Methane Distribution ◽  
The Right ◽  
Ice Complex

The article presents the results of long-term field studies of methane in the upper part of permafrost for the different geomorphological levels of Central Yakutia. Patterns of spatial distribution of methane content across different landscapes were found. The highest concentrations of methane are found in alas deposits, the major role of methane in the conservation there goes to the moment of freezing the thermokarst lake draining. The difference in methane content in the sediments of the Late Pleistocene Ice Complex on the left and the right bank of the river Lena was identified. That is likely caused by the conditions of ice complex formation.

scholarly journals Mnéme and hénosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-70
Author(s):  
Sonja Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Mystical Experience ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Intelligible World

This paper reconsiders the role of memory in Plotinus' philosophy, in view of the mystical unity (hénosis) of the soul with intelligible truths, and a less desirable unification with its objects of memory during its earthly existence. As a rule, the mystical experience precludes memory, since the latter is related to time and binds a man to his individuality. Nevertheless, the capacity to remember remains an important part of the philosophical áskesis leading to this experience, since the memory is the only faculty of the soul that is able to travel through time, even though it is part of the process of discursive thinking and consequently is in a way imprisoned in time. Memory therefore turns out to be a double-edged power, which leaves us to question when we can regard it as an instrument of preserving what is inherent to us, and when, on the other hand, it is simply chaining us to the lower reality of the sensible world. The difference between the anagogical power of the Platonic recollection (anámnesis) and the memory as the state keeping us from unity with the intelligible world is important for identifying the moment when a man must let go of what he has been clinging to. This moment, however, is not set in time, but depends on the moral disposition of a man's soul leading a timeless existence outside, as well as inside, the body.

Hemispheric asymmetry in field-aligned and ionospheric horizontal currents from the Swarm satellite measurements

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abiyot Workayehu ◽  
Heikki Vanhamäki ◽  
Anita Aikio
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
High Activity ◽  
Hemispheric Asymmetry ◽  
Current System ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Hemispheric Differences ◽  
High Activity Level ◽  
Low Activity ◽  
Seasonal Dependence

<p><span>We present statistical investigation of the high-latitude ionospheric current systems in the Northern hemisphere (NH) and Southern hemisphere (SH) during low (Kp < 2) and high (Kp ≥ 2) geomagnetic activity levels. Nearly </span><span>four </span><span>years of vector magnetic field measurements are analyzed from the two parallel flying Swarm A and C satellites using the spherical elementary current system (SECS) method. The ionospheric horizontal and field-aligned currents (FACs) for each auroral oval crossing are calculated. The mean values of FACs, as well as the horizontal curl-free (CF) and divergence-free (DF) currents in 1<sup>o</sup> magnetic latitude by 1 h magnetic local time grid cells, are calculated for each hemisphere and activity level. To estimate the NH/SH current ratios for the two activity levels, we remove seasonal bias in the number of samples and in the Kp distribution by bootstrap resampling. </span></p><p><span>Averaging over all seasons, we found that for the low activity level the currents in the NH are stronger than in the SH by 12 ± 4 % for FAC, 9 ± 2% for the horizontal CF current and 8 ± 2% for the horizontal DF current. During the high activity level, the hemispheric differences are not statistically significant. </span></p><p><span>When making the statistical analysis for the four seasons separately, we find a seasonal dependence in the hemispheric asymmetry. During low Kp conditions, both FACs and horizontal currents are larger in the NH than SH with the largest difference observed in winter. In winter, the currents in the NH are larger than the SH by 21 ± 5 %  for FAC, 14 ± 3% for the horizontal CF current and 10±3%  for the horizontal DF current. During the high activity level, the asymmetry is smaller compared to the low activity level with the largest and smallest hemispheric differences observed in autumn and summer, respectively. In autumn, the currents in the NH are larger than the SH by 8 ± 5%  for FAC, 9 ± 2%  for the horizontal CF current and 8 ± 3%  for the horizontal DF current. Interestingly, during high Kp conditions, the NH/SH ratio of horizontal current is >1 in autumn and <1 in spring. </span></p><p><span>The physical mechanism producing the hemispheric asymmetry is not known. One hypothesis is that the local ionospheric conditions, such as magnetic field strength or daily variations in insolation may play a role. We present preliminary results indicating that only a small part of the seasonal dependence in the NH/SH total current ratios can be explained by variations in the background conductances caused by solar irradiance and affected by local hemispheric values of the magnetic field.</span></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Settlement of the conflict in the Southeast of Ukraine: contradictions in terminological approaches

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
Sergei Valer'evich Krivov ◽  
Tat'yana Vladimirovna Baranova ◽  
Larisa Vsevolodovna Grekhneva ◽  
Sergey Valer'evich Starkin
Keyword(s):  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Peace Negotiations ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Peace Treaties

The successful implementation of the Minsk Protocol has been impugned from the moment of its signing due to ambiguous interpretations of its nature and intentions. The main issues pertain to understanding of the conflict in the Southeast of Ukraine as an intergovernmental, internationalized or domestic political one, the legitimacy and status of the parties to agreement, as well as the role of the international community in settlement of the conflict. The indicated contradictions are also reflected in the difference of approaches towards definition of the conceptual apparatus, as well as its interpretation. The problem at hand goes beyond the scope of political science or legal analysis, and requires comprehensive examination based on the variety of theoretical and methodological approaches. The author agrees with the characterization of conflict in the Southeast of Ukraine as a formalized political unsettled situation. From the political and legal perspectives, the agreements on halting the war demonstrate typical examples of challenges and problems that emerge during negotiations and implementation of the internationalized peace treaties of the post-Cold War period. The refusal of one of the parties, usually the country which territorial integrity is disputed by the non-state party, to meet the other party in the course of peace negotiations is a typical complication of the negotiation processes. Direct negotiations, i.e. meetings where the parties to negotiation make eye contact, can be interpreted as the acts of implicit recognition of non-state parties, their representatives, as well as respective claims. Such different perspective on the mandate, accountability, responsibility, and the status of “direct” and “third” parties in course of negotiation and implementation of peace treaties are typical contradictions. Throughout the entire period of elaboration, signing, and implementation of the agreements, the clash of interests virtually shifted towards the interpretation of terminology.

Martin Luther and Preaching

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Paulson ◽  
Chris Croghan
Keyword(s):  
Eternal Life ◽  
Word Of God ◽  
God's Will ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Church

The profound impact of Martin Luther’s theological confession is well documented. What is not as thoroughly explored is Luther’s understanding of the function of preaching, which both rooted his reformational breakthrough and drove the Reformation thereafter. Luther’s simple assertion—instead of the pope, there stands a sermon—resulted in a revolution that impacted all facets of 16th-century life. Luther’s simple assertion concerning proclamation deconstructed a deeply embedded framework that had arisen around Christianity that affected everything from the function of the priest to the definition and role of the church, and even Scripture itself. While Luther learned as he went, especially in the matter of preaching, the unwavering consistency and even simplicity of his theology is breathtaking. Instead of the pope, a sermon which delivers Christ’s forgiveness of sins. Faith in that promise is certain and is not to be doubted in any way. Thus, preaching and nothing else makes the church, not vice versa. The ramifications of this assertion are monumental and far-reaching. Luther’s confession caused great upheaval and consternation in his time and continues to do so even now, since it addresses the basic questions of theology and life, such as the role of the individual in salvation, whether the will is free or bound in relation to God, what the authority of Scripture is in relation to tradition, and what the difference between a command and a promise is. Yet Luther held to the claim that the most important matter was the comfort of the conscience, which can come only through a promise delivered in place and time to a person pro me and thus builds a whole gathering of the faithful as true church. Thus, in the face of outcries and upheaval in Christendom, Luther refused to blame the gospel, but simply preached as he had taught, trusting that the word of God does not return empty but accomplishes what it says. So he trusted that in that proclamation God’s will would be done: killing and making alive, naming and absolving the sin of people desperate to hear that freeing proclamation. Thus the Reformation that followed Luther became a preaching movement that distinguished the law and the gospel and applied both categorically. Proclamation is the moment and fullness of the divine election unto eternal life.

La crisis de la política de la presencia: de Hannah Arendt a las políticas de la diferencia / Crisis of the Politics of the Presence: From Hannah Arendt to the Politics of the Difference

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Urabayen ◽  
Jorge León
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Hannah Arendt ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Space ◽  
Political Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Moment

ABSTRACTWith the arrival of Modernity, philosophical reflection about politics had progressively penetrated into the relevance of public space as a place of appearance and, therefore, of action. These are the axes of Arendt’s work that seek to delimit the political space and the role of the citizenry at the moment of constituting and maintaining that space by way of action that requires presence. On the other hand, in Arendt’s thought one does not find an exploration of these new possibilities of action, or the absent political space, which are opened-up to us via the technologies of communication. In the following section the postures of Derrida and Virilio, authors that undertake a critique of the politics of presence, each investigating a different aspect, will be developed. Continuing along the line of Virilio’s critique, one arrives at the defense of the rhyzomatic multitudes that pursue “Open Source”, and which are defended by Negri as being a new political subject. This presupposes entering into the irremediable losses that the use of the CTI involve for a politics of presence.RESUMENCon la Modernidad, la reflexión filosófica sobre la política ha incidido progresivamente en la relevancia del espacio público como lugar de aparición y, por tanto, de acción. Estos son los ejes de la obra arendtiana que intenta delimi-tar el espacio político y el papel de la ciudadanía a la hora de constituir y mantener este espacio por medio de una acción que requiere la presencia. En cambio, en el pensamiento de Arendt no se abordan las nuevas posibilidades de acción y espacio político ausente que abren las tecnologías de la comunicación. En el segundo apartado se analizarán las posturas de Derrida y Virilio, autores que emprenden una crítica a la política de la presencia, incidiendo en dos aspectos diferentes. Continuando la crítica de Virilio se llegará a la apología de las multitudes rizomáticas “Open Source” defendidas por Negri como nuevo sujeto político, lo que supone incidir en las pérdidas irremediables que el empleo de las TIC implican para una política de la presencia.

TAAR6 variation effect on clinic presentation and outcome in a sample of schizophrenic in-patients: An open label study

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 390-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Un Pae ◽  
Antonio Drago ◽  
Jung-Jin Kim ◽  
Ashwin A. Patkar ◽  
Tae-Youn Jun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Genetic Effect ◽  
Statistical Investigation ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Correct Treatment ◽  
Open Label Study ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
Axis I ◽  
The Moment

AbstractWe recently reported an association between TAAR6 (trace amine associated receptor 6 gene) variations and schizophrenia (SZ). We now report an association of a set of TAAR6 variations and clinical presentation and outcome in a sample of 240 SZ Korean patients. Patients were selected by a Structured Clinical Interview, DSM-IV Axis I disorders – Clinical Version (SCID-CV). Other psychiatric or neurologic disorders, as well as medical diseases, were exclusion criteria. To assess symptom severity, patients were administered the CGI scale and the PANSS at baseline and at the moment of discharge, 1 month later on average. TAAR6 variations rs6903874, rs7452939, rs8192625 and rs4305745 were investigated; rs6903874, rs7452939 and rs8192625 entered the statistical investigation after LD analysis. Rs8192625 G/G homozygosis was found to be significantly associated both with a worse clinical presentation at PANSS total and positive scores and with a shorter period of illness before hospitalization. No haplotype significant findings were found. The present study stands for a role of the TAAR6 in the clinical presentation of SZ. Moreover, our results show that this genetic effect may be counteracted by a correct treatment. Haplotype analysis was not informative in our sample, probably also because of the incomplete SNPs' coverage of the gene we performed. Further studies in this direction are warranted.

Libertarian Volition and the Problem of Luck

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 87-106
Author(s):  
Maria A. Sekatskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Alternative Possibilities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Determinism And Indeterminism ◽  
Do So

The most important difference between contemporary compatibilist and libertarian theories is not the difference in their positions regarding the truth of the thesis of physical determinism, but their different approaches to the causal role of agents. According to libertarians, volitional acts performed by agents constitute a specific type of causes, which are not themselves caused by other causes. In this respect, event-causal libertarianism is similar to the agent-causal libertarianism, because it insists that in performing a volitional act an agent can choose one of the alternative outcomes without being caused to do so by anything else, where ‘anything else’ includes all the facts about the past and the present. Since event-causal libertarians maintain that volitional acts and the causal role of agents can be explained naturalistically, they must solve the problem of luck, i.e., they must explain how an agent is able to control her choices, given that she can choose one way or another without there being any difference in her state immediately preceding the moment of choice. This problem arises not from the indeterminism per se, but from the way it is coupled with the causal role of agents.In section one, I consider the historical development of compatibilist views on physical determinism and indeterminism. In section two, I present an overview of conditional analyses of alternative possibilities. In section three, I analyze the reasons why libertarians reject any type of conditional analysis, and show that intuitive objections against physical determinism, which portrait it as an obstacle to freedom, are untenable. In section four, I consider the consequence argument and show how it is related to the libertarian condition of sourcehood. In the final section, I analyze the problem of luck and show that it inevitably arises for any version of libertarianism. I demonstrate that indeterminism is a problem for libertarians, although they need it. And it is not a problem for compatibilists, who, while they do not need it, can incorporate it in their theories without facing the problem of luck.

scholarly journals Mnéme and hénosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-70
Author(s):  
Sonja Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Mystical Experience ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Intelligible World

This paper reconsiders the role of memory in Plotinus' philosophy, in view of the mystical unity (hénosis) of the soul with intelligible truths, and a less desirable unification with its objects of memory during its earthly existence. As a rule, the mystical experience precludes memory, since the latter is related to time and binds a man to his individuality. Nevertheless, the capacity to remember remains an important part of the philosophical áskesis leading to this experience, since the memory is the only faculty of the soul that is able to travel through time, even though it is part of the process of discursive thinking and consequently is in a way imprisoned in time. Memory therefore turns out to be a double-edged power, which leaves us to question when we can regard it as an instrument of preserving what is inherent to us, and when, on the other hand, it is simply chaining us to the lower reality of the sensible world. The difference between the anagogical power of the Platonic recollection (anámnesis) and the memory as the state keeping us from unity with the intelligible world is important for identifying the moment when a man must let go of what he has been clinging to. This moment, however, is not set in time, but depends on the moral disposition of a man's soul leading a timeless existence outside, as well as inside, the body.

The role of differential phase contrast in electron microscopy

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-177
Author(s):  
E.M. Waddell ◽  
J.N. Chapman ◽  
R.P. Ferrier
Keyword(s):  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Position Vector ◽  
Differential Phase ◽  
Pure Phase ◽  
Differential Phase Contrast ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Image Position ◽  
First Moment

Dekkers and de Lang (1977) have discussed a practical method of realising differential phase contrast in a STEM. The method involves taking the difference signal from two semi-circular detectors placed symmetrically about the optic axis and subtending the same angle (2α) at the specimen as that of the cone of illumination. Such a system, or an obvious generalisation of it, namely a quadrant detector, has the characteristic of responding to the gradient of the phase of the specimen transmittance. In this paper we shall compare the performance of this type of system with that of a first moment detector (Waddell et al.1977).For a first moment detector the response function R(k) is of the form R(k) = ck where c is a constant, k is a position vector in the detector plane and the vector nature of R(k)indicates that two signals are produced. This type of system would produce an image signal given bywhere the specimen transmittance is given by a (r) exp (iϕ (r), r is a position vector in object space, ro the position of the probe, ⊛ represents a convolution integral and it has been assumed that we have a coherent probe, with a complex disturbance of the form b(r-ro) exp (iζ (r-ro)). Thus the image signal for a pure phase object imaged in a STEM using a first moment detector is b2 ⊛ ▽ø. Note that this puts no restrictions on the magnitude of the variation of the phase function, but does assume an infinite detector.

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