scholarly journals Development and Evaluation of the Aerosol Forecast Member in NCEP’s Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS-Aerosols v1)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Zhang ◽  
Raffaele Montuoro ◽  
Stuart A. McKeen ◽  
Barry Baker ◽  
Partha S. Bhattacharjee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Environmental Modeling ◽  
Ensemble Forecast ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Global Forecast System ◽  
Tracer Transport ◽  
Forecast System ◽  
Aerosol Model ◽  
Aerosol Component

Abstract. NOAA’s National Weather Service (NWS) is on its way to deploy various operational prediction applications using the Unified Forecast System (https://ufscommunity.org/), a community-based coupled, comprehensive Earth modeling system. An aerosol model component developed in a collaboration between the Global Systems Laboratory, Chemical Science Laboratory, the Air Resources Laboratory, and Environmental Modeling Center (GSL, CSL, ARL, EMC) was coupled online with the FV3 Global Forecast System (FV3GFS) using the National Unified Operational Prediction Capability (NUOPC)-based NOAA Environmental Modeling System (NEMS) software framework. This aerosol prediction system replaced the NEMS GFS Aerosol Component (NGAC) system in the National Center for Environment Prediction (NCEP) production suite in September 2020 as one of the ensemble members of the Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS), dubbed GEFS-Aerosols v1. The aerosol component of atmospheric composition in GEFS is based on the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF-Chem) that was previously included into FIM-Chem (Zhang et al, 2021). GEFS-Aerosols includes bulk modules from the Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport model (GOCART). Additionally, the biomass burning plume rise module from High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR)-Smoke was implemented; the GOCART dust scheme was replaced by the FENGSHA dust scheme (developed by ARL); the Blended Global Biomass Burning Emissions Product (GBBEPx V3) provides biomass burning emission and Fire Radiative Power (FRP) data; and the global anthropogenic emission inventories are derived from the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS). All sub-grid scale transport and deposition is handled inside the atmospheric physics routines, which required consistent implementation of positive definite tracer transport and wet scavenging in the physics parameterizations used by NCEP’s operational Global Forecast System based on FV3 (FV3GFS). This paper describes the details of GEFS-Aerosols model development and evaluation of real-time and retrospective runs using different observations from in situ measurement, satellite and aircraft data. GEFS-Aerosols predictions demonstrate substantial improvements for both composition and variability of aerosol distributions over those from the former operational NGAC system.

Sources and Sinks of Atmospheric CO2

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Taylor ◽  
J Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Tropical Rainforests ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Tracer Transport ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Co2 Concentrations ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 Concentrations

The biosphere plays an important role in determining the sources, sinks, levels and rates of change of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Significant uncertainties remain in estimates of the fluxes of CO2 from biomass burning and deforestation, and uptake and storage of CO2 by the biosphere arising from increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Calculation of probable rates of carbon sequestration for the major ecosystem complexes and global 3-D tracer transport model runs indicate the possibility that a significant net CO2 uptake (> 1 Pg C yr-1), a CO2 'fertilisation effect', may be occurring in tropical rainforests, effectively accounting for much of the 'missing sink'. This sink may currently balance much of the CO2 added to the atmosphere from deforestation and biomass burning. Interestingly, CO2 released from biomass burning may itself be playing an important role in enhanced carbon storage by tropical rainforests. This has important implications for predicting future CO2 concentrations. If tropical rainforest destruction continues then much of the CO2 stored as a result of the CO2 'fertilisation effect' will be rereleased to the atmosphere and much of the 'missing sink' will disappear. These effects have not been considered in the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) projections of future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Predictions which take account of the combined effects of deforestation, the return of carbon previously stored through the CO2 'fertilisation effect' and the loss of a large proportion of the 'missing sink' as a result of deforestation, would result in much higher predicted concentrations and rates of increase of atmospheric CO2 and, as a consequence, accelerated rates of climate change.

Climatological Biomass Burning CO – Where it comes from and where it goes.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikos Daskalakis ◽  
Maria Kanakidou ◽  
Mihalis Vrekoussis ◽  
Laura Gallardo
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
Transport Patterns ◽  
The Impact

<p>Carbon Monoxide (CO) is an important atmospheric trace gas, and among the key O<sub>3</sub> precursors in the troposphere, alongside NO<sub>x</sub> and VOCs. It is among the most important sinks of OH radical in the atmosphere, which controls lifetime of CH<sub>4</sub> — a major greenhouse gas. Biomass burning sources contribute about 25% to the global emissions of CO, with the remaining CO being either emitted from anthropogenic sources, or being chemically formed in the atmosphere. Because of CO tropospheric lifetime is about two months; it can be transported in the atmosphere thus its sources have a hemispheric impact on atmospheric composition.</p><p>The extent of the impact of biomass burning to remote areas of the world through long range transport is here investigated using the global 3-dimensional chemistry transport model TM4-ECPL. For this, tagged biomass burning CO tracers from the 13 different HTAP (land) source regions are used in the model in order to evaluate the contribution of each source region to the CO concentrations in the 170 HTAP receptor regions that originate from biomass burning. The global simulations cover the period 1994—2015 in order to derive climatological transport patterns for CO and assess the contribution of each of the source regions to each of the receptor regions in the global troposphere. The CO simulations are evaluated by comparison with satellite observations from MOPITT and ground based observations from WDCGG. We show the significant impact of biomass burning emissions to the most remote regions of the world.</p>

scholarly journals Boreal forest fires in 1997 and 1998: a seasonal comparison using transport model simulations and measurement data

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 1857-1868 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Spichtinger ◽  
R. Damoah ◽  
S. Eckhardt ◽  
C. Forster ◽  
P. James ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Forest Fire ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Tracer Transport ◽  
Fire Emissions

Abstract. Forest fire emissions have a strong impact on the concentrations of trace gases and aerosols in the atmosphere. In order to quantify the influence of boreal forest fire emissions on the atmospheric composition, the fire seasons of 1997 and 1998 are compared in this paper. Fire activity in 1998 was very strong, especially over Canada and Eastern Siberia, whereas it was much weaker in 1997. According to burned area estimates the burning in 1998 was more than six times as intense as in 1997. Based on hot spot locations derived from ATSR (Along Track Scanning Radiometer) data and official burned area data, fire emissions were estimated and their transport was simulated with a Lagrangian tracer transport model. Siberian and Canadian forest fire tracers were distinguished to investigate the transport of both separately. The fire emissions were transported even over intercontinental distances. Due to the El Niño induced meteorological situation, transport from Siberia to Canada was enhanced in 1998. Siberian fire emissions were transported towards Canada and contributed concentrations more than twice as high as those due to Canada's own CO emissions by fires. In 1998 both tracers arrive at higher latitudes over Europe, which is due to a higher North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index in 1998. The simulated emission plumes are compared to CMDL (Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory) CO2 and CO data, Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) aerosol index (AI) data and Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) tropospheric NO2 and HCHO columns. All the data show clearly enhanced signals during the burning season of 1998 compared to 1997. The results of the model simulation are in good agreement with ground-based as well as satellite-based measurements.

scholarly journals The Coupled Aerosol and Tracer Transport model to the Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (CATT-BRAMS) – Part 1: Model description and evaluation

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2843-2861 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Freitas ◽  
K. M. Longo ◽  
M. A. F. Silva Dias ◽  
R. Chatfield ◽  
P. Silva Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Atmospheric Modeling ◽  
Tracer Transport ◽  
Regional Atmospheric Modeling System ◽  
Biomass Burning Aerosol ◽  
Regional Atmospheric Modeling

Abstract. We introduce the Coupled Aerosol and Tracer Transport model to the Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (CATT-BRAMS). CATT-BRAMS is an on-line transport model fully consistent with the simulated atmospheric dynamics. Emission sources from biomass burning and urban-industrial-vehicular activities for trace gases and from biomass burning aerosol particles are obtained from several published datasets and remote sensing information. The tracer and aerosol mass concentration prognostics include the effects of sub-grid scale turbulence in the planetary boundary layer, convective transport by shallow and deep moist convection, wet and dry deposition, and plume rise associated with vegetation fires in addition to the grid scale transport. The radiation parameterization takes into account the interaction between the simulated biomass burning aerosol particles and short and long wave radiation. The atmospheric model BRAMS is based on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), with several improvements associated with cumulus convection representation, soil moisture initialization and surface scheme tuned for the tropics, among others. In this paper the CATT-BRAMS model is used to simulate carbon monoxide and particulate material (PM2.5) surface fluxes and atmospheric transport during the 2002 LBA field campaigns, conducted during the transition from the dry to wet season in the southwest Amazon Basin. Model evaluation is addressed with comparisons between model results and near surface, radiosondes and airborne measurements performed during the field campaign, as well as remote sensing derived products. We show the matching of emissions strengths to observed carbon monoxide in the LBA campaign. A relatively good comparison to the MOPITT data, in spite of the fact that MOPITT a priori assumptions imply several difficulties, is also obtained.

scholarly journals Space-based evaluation of interactions between pollution plumes and low-level Arctic clouds during the spring and summer of 2008

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 29113-29152
Author(s):  
K. Tietze ◽  
J. Riedi ◽  
A. Stohl ◽  
T. J. Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Radiative Properties ◽  
Tracer Transport ◽  
Liquid Water Path ◽  
International Polar Year ◽  
Transport Pathways ◽  
Arctic Clouds ◽  
Pollution Plumes

Abstract. This study explores the indirect effects of anthropogenic and biomass burning aerosols on Arctic clouds by co-locating a combination of MODIS and POLDER cloud products with output from the FLEXPART tracer transport model. During the activities of the International Polar Year for the Spring and Summer of 2008, we find a high sensitivity of Arctic cloud radiative properties to both anthropogenic and biomass burning pollution plumes, particularly at air temperatures near freezing or potential temperatures near 286 K. However, the sensitivity is much lower at both colder and warmer temperatures, likely due increases in the wet scavenging of cloud condensation nuclei: the pollution plumes remain but the component that influences clouds has been removed along transport pathways. The analysis shows that, independent of temperature, cloud optical depth is approximately four times more sensitive to changes in pollution levels than is cloud effective radius. This suggests that some form of feedback mechanism amplifies the radiative response of Arctic clouds to pollution through changes in cloud liquid water path.

scholarly journals Development and implementation of a new biomass burning emissions injection height scheme (BBEIH v1.0) for the GEOS-Chem model (v9-01-01)

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4103-4116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liye Zhu ◽  
Maria Val Martin ◽  
Luciana V. Gatti ◽  
Ralph Kahn ◽  
Arsineh Hecobian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Model Driven ◽  
Injection Scheme ◽  
Large Fires ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Biomass burning is a significant source of trace gases and aerosols to the atmosphere, and the evolution of these species depends acutely on where they are injected into the atmosphere. GEOS-Chem is a chemical transport model driven by assimilated meteorological data that is used to probe a variety of scientific questions related to atmospheric composition, including the role of biomass burning. This paper presents the development and implementation of a new global biomass burning emissions injection scheme in the GEOS-Chem model. The new injection scheme is based on monthly gridded Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) global plume-height stereoscopic observations in 2008. To provide specific examples of the impact of the model updates, we compare the output from simulations with and without the new MISR-based injection height scheme to several sets of observations from regions with active fires. Our comparisons with Arctic Research on the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) aircraft observations show that the updated injection height scheme can improve the ability of the model to simulate the vertical distribution of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and carbon monoxide (CO) over North American boreal regions in summer. We also compare a simulation for October 2010 and 2011 to vertical profiles of CO over the Amazon Basin. When coupled with larger emission factors for CO, a simulation that includes the new injection scheme also better matches selected observations in this region. Finally, the improved injection height improves the simulation of monthly mean surface CO over California during July 2008, a period with large fires.

scholarly journals Simulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide variability with a global coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian transport model

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 2051-2070
Author(s):  
Y. Koyama ◽  
S. Maksyutov ◽  
H. Mukai ◽  
K. Thoning ◽  
P. Tans
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Particle Dispersion ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Tracer Transport ◽  
Eulerian Model ◽  
Co2 Concentrations

Abstract. This study assesses the advantages of using a coupled atmospheric-tracer transport model, comprising a global Eulerian model and a global Lagrangian particle dispersion model, for reproducibility of tracer gas variation affected by near field around observation sites. The ability to resolve variability in atmospheric composition on an hourly time scale and a spatial scale of several kilometers would be beneficial for analyzing data from continuous ground-based monitoring and upcoming space-based observations. The coupled model yields increased horizontal resolution of transport and fluxes, and has been tested in regional-scale studies of atmospheric chemistry. By applying the Lagrangian component to the global domain, we extend this approach to the global scale, thereby enabling global inverse modeling and data assimilation. To validate the coupled model, we compare model-simulated CO2 concentrations with continuous observations at two sites operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA and one site operated by National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan. As the purpose of this study is limited to demonstration of the new modeling approach, we select a small subset of 3 sites to highlight use of the model in various geographical areas. To explore the capability of the coupled model in simulating synoptic-scale meteorological phenomena, we calculate the correlation coefficients and variance ratios between deseasonalized model-simulated and observed CO2 concentrations. Compared with the Eulerian model alone, the coupled model yields improved agreement between modeled and observed CO2 concentrations.

The Inclusion of chemistry modules into the NOAA UFS Weather Model with the Common Community Physics Package (CCPP)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiqin Li ◽  
Georg Grell ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Ravan Ahmadov ◽  
Stuart Mckeen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Environmental Modeling ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Forecast System ◽  
Coupled Models ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Weather Model ◽  
The Common ◽  
Physics Parameterizations

<p>Online atmosphere-chemistry coupled models have been rapidly developed in recent years. In online models, the atmospheric model can impact air quality and atmospheric composition, while the aerosol feedbacks also impact the atmosphere through direct, semi-direct and indirect effects. At NOAA GSL, in collaboration with scientists from the Chemical Science Laboratory (CSL) and Air Resource Laboratory (ARL), we developed an atmospheric composition suite (based on WRF-Chem) and coupled it online with FV3GFS through the National Unified Operational Prediction Capability (NUOPC)-based NOAA Environmental Modeling System (NEMS) software. This modeling system has been operational since September 24<sup>th</sup>, 2020 as an ensemble member of the Global Ensemble Forecast System (named as GEFS-aerosols) for global aerosol predictions. When using the NUOPC coupler, there are two independent components for atmosphere and chemistry that communicate via the NUOPC coupler every time-step. Because of the interactive and strongly couple nature of chemistry and physics, it is natural to allow for some of the atmospheric composition modules to be called directly from inside the physics suite. This can be accomplished through the use of the Common Community Physics Package (CCPP). CCPP, designed to facilitate a host-model agnostic implementation of physics parameterizations, is a community development and will be used by many different organizations. All the physics parameterizations in the NOAA Unified Forecast System (UFS) Weather Model are CCPP-compliant. Here we broke up the chemistry suite used in GEFS-aerosols, and all the chemical modules were embedded into UFS Weather Model using CCPP as subroutines of physics. This newly developed model with CCPP has been running in real-time starting in the middle of November, 2020. Because of this development we were able to include the CCPP-compliant modules of sea salt, dust, and wild-fire emissions into the NWP model to provide input for the double moment Thompson microphysics parameterization. The inclusion of smoke and aerosol emission modules into the Rapid Refresh Forecast System (RRFS) with CCPP is also ongoing. We will show results from real-time experiments for medium range weather forecasting and compare results with runs that do not include aerosol impacts.</p>

scholarly journals Intercontinental transport of biomass burning pollutants over the Mediterranean Basin during the summer 2014 ChArMEx-GLAM airborne campaign

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 6887-6906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Brocchi ◽  
Gisèle Krysztofiak ◽  
Valéry Catoire ◽  
Jonathan Guth ◽  
Virginie Marécal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Particle Dispersion ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Abstract. The Gradient in Longitude of Atmospheric constituents above the Mediterranean basin (GLAM) campaign was set up in August 2014, as part of the Chemistry and Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment (ChArMEx) project. This campaign aimed to study the chemical variability of gaseous pollutants and aerosols in the troposphere along a west–east transect above the Mediterranean Basin (MB). In the present work, we focus on two biomass burning events detected at 5.4 and 9.7 km altitude above sea level (a.s.l.) over Sardinia (from 39∘12′ N–9∘15′ E to 35∘35′ N–12∘35′ E and at 39∘30′ N–8∘25′ E, respectively). Concentration variations in trace gas carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3) and aerosols were measured thanks to the standard instruments on board the Falcon 20 aircraft operated by the Service des Avions Français Instrumentés pour la Recherche en Environnement (SAFIRE) and the Spectromètre InfraRouge In situ Toute Altitude (SPIRIT) developed by LPC2E. Twenty-day backward trajectories with Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle) help to understand the transport processes and the origin of the emissions that contributed to this pollution detected above Sardinia. Biomass burning emissions came (i) on 10 August from the North American continent with air masses transported during 5 days before arriving over the MB, and (ii) on 6 August from Siberia, with air masses travelling during 12 days and enriched in fire emission products above Canada 5 days before arriving over the MB. In combination with the Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) inventory and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite fire locations, FLEXPART reproduces well the contribution of those fires to CO and aerosols enhancements under adjustments of the injection height to 10 km in both cases and application of an amplification factor of 2 on CO GFAS emissions for the 10 August event. The chemistry transport model (CTM) MOCAGE is used as a complementary tool for the case of 6 August to confirm the origin of the emissions by tracing the CO global atmospheric composition reaching the MB. For this event, both models agree on the origin of air masses with CO concentrations simulated with MOCAGE lower than the observed ones, likely caused by the coarse model horizontal resolution that yields the dilution of the emissions and diffusion during transport. In combination with wind fields, the analysis of the transport of the air mass documented on 6 August suggests the subsidence of CO pollution from Siberia towards North America and then a transport to the MB via fast jet winds located at around 5.5 km in altitude. Finally, using the ratio ΔO3 ∕ ΔCO, the plume age can be estimated and the production of O3 during the transport of the air mass is studied using the MOCAGE model.

scholarly journals Biomass burning at Cape Grim: exploring photochemistry using multi-scale modelling

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 11707-11726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Lawson ◽  
Martin Cope ◽  
Sunhee Lee ◽  
Ian E. Galbally ◽  
Zoran Ristovski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Large Impact ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Model Sensitivity ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Cape Grim

Abstract. We have tested the ability of a high-resolution chemical transport model (CTM) to reproduce biomass burning (BB) plume strikes and ozone (O3) enhancements observed at Cape Grim in Tasmania, Australia, from the Robbins Island fire. The CTM has also been used to explore the contribution of near-field BB emissions and background sources to O3 observations under conditions of complex meteorology. Using atmospheric observations, we have tested model sensitivity to meteorology, BB emission factors (EFs) corresponding to low, medium, and high modified combustion efficiency (MCE), and spatial variability. The use of two different meteorological models (TAPM–CTM and CCAM–CTM) varied the first (BB1) plume strike time by up to 15 h and the duration of impact between 12 and 36 h, and it varied the second (BB2) plume duration between 50 and 57 h. Meteorology also had a large impact on simulated O3, with one model (TAPM–CTM) simulating four periods of O3 enhancement, while the other model (CCAM) simulating only one period. Varying the BB EFs, which in turn varied the non-methane organic compound (NMOC) ∕ oxides of nitrogen (NOx) ratio, had a strongly non-linear impact on simulated O3 concentration, with either destruction or production of O3 predicted in different simulations. As shown in previous work (Lawson et al., 2015), minor rainfall events have the potential to significantly alter EF due to changes in combustion processes. Models that assume fixed EF for O3 precursor species in an environment with temporally or spatially variable EF may be unable to simulate the behaviour of important species such as O3. TAPM–CTM is used to further explore the contribution of the Robbins Island fire to the observed O3 enhancements during BB1 and BB2. Overall, TAPM–CTM suggests that the dominant source of O3 observed at Cape Grim was aged urban air (age  = 2 days), with a contribution of O3 formed from local BB emissions. This work shows the importance of assessing model sensitivity to meteorology and EF and the large impact these variables can have in particular on simulated destruction or production of O3 in regional atmospheric chemistry simulations. This work also shows the importance of using models to elucidate the contribution from different sources to atmospheric composition, where this is difficult using observations alone.

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