scholarly journals Water restrictions under climate change: a Rhône–Mediterranean perspective combining bottom-up and top-down approaches

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 3683-3710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Sauquet ◽  
Bastien Richard ◽  
Alexandre Devers ◽  
Christel Prudhomme
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Water Restrictions ◽  
And Performance

Abstract. Drought management plans (DMPs) require an overview of future climate conditions for ensuring long-term relevance of existing decision-making processes. To that end, impact studies are expected to best reproduce decision-making needs linked with catchment intrinsic sensitivity to climate change. The objective of this study is to apply a risk-based approach through sensitivity, exposure and performance assessments to identify where and when, due to climate change, access to surface water constrained by legally binding water restrictions (WRs) may question agricultural activities. After inspection of legally binding WRs from the DMPs in the Rhône–Mediterranean (RM) district, a framework to derive WR durations was developed based on harmonized low-flow indicators. Whilst the framework could not perfectly reproduce all WR ordered by state services, as deviations from sociopolitical factors could not be included, it enabled the identification of most WRs under the current baseline and the quantification of the sensitivity of WR duration to a wide range of perturbed climates for 106 catchments. Four classes of responses were found across the RM district. The information provided by the national system of compensation to farmers during the 2011 drought was used to define a critical threshold of acceptable WR that is related to the current activities over the RM district. The study finally concluded that catchments in mountainous areas, highly sensitive to temperature changes, are also the most predisposed to future restrictions under projected climate changes considering current DMPs, whilst catchments around the Mediterranean Sea were found to be mainly sensitive to precipitation changes and irrigation use was less vulnerable to projected climatic changes. The tools developed enable a rapid assessment of the effectiveness of current DMPs under climate change and can be used to prioritize review of the plans for those most vulnerable basins.

scholarly journals Water restrictions under climate change: a Rhone-Mediterranean perspective combining ‘bottom up’ and ‘top- down’ approaches

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Sauquet ◽  
Bastien Richard ◽  
Alexandre Devers ◽  
Christel Prudhomme
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Water Restrictions

Abstract. Drought management plans (DMPs) require an overview of future climate conditions for ensuring long term relevance of existing decision-making processes. To that end, impact studies are expected to best reproduce decision-making needs linked with catchment intrinsic sensitivity to climate change. The objective of this study is to apply a risk-based approach through sensitivity, exposure and sustainability assessments to evaluate the vulnerability of current DMPs operating in the Rhône-Méditerranée (RM) district to future climate projections. After inspection of legally-binding water restrictions (WR) from the DMPs in the RM district, a framework to derive WR durations was developed based on harmonized low-flow indicators. Whilst the framework could not perfectly reproduce all WR ordered by state services, as deviations from socio-political factors could not be included, it enabled to identify most WRs under current baseline, and to quantify the sensitivity of WR duration to a wide range of perturbed climates for 106 catchments. Four classes of responses were found across the RM district. Using the drought of 2011 to define a critical threshold of acceptable WR, the analysis showed that catchments in mountainous areas, highly sensitive to temperature changes, are also the most predisposed to future restrictions under projected climate changes considering current DMPs whilst catchments around the Mediterranean Sea, mainly sensitive to precipitation changes, were less vulnerable to projected climatic changes. The tools developed enable a rapid assessment of the effectiveness of current DMPs under climate change, and can be used to prioritize review of the plans for those most vulnerable basins.

urban vegetation of algiers : urban ecology approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilal Ighil agha
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Urban Ecology ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Urban Vegetation ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Urban Problems ◽  
The City ◽  
Urban Plants

<p>In the 21st century, where problems related to the city are legion (climate change, disease, depression, crime, etc.), urban ecology promises to provide concrete and effective solutions to enable humanity to live and the planet to breathe.</p><p>In a southern metropolis such as Algiers, these seemingly endless urban problems are becoming more acute due to a galloping population and an unbridled expansion of the urban fabric. This expansion is often at the expense of green spaces.</p><p>In this way, we worked on methodologies that will enable us to quantify the layout, condition and influence of these green spaces and to develop more appropriate management plans to optimize there functions.</p><p>We also carried out a preliminary study for the landscape analysis and spatialization of urban plants, to be able to deepen the study later and create an interrogative spatial database to help decision-making.</p>

Criminal Juries in the 21st Century

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Jury Trial ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Just Decisions ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Scientific Attention ◽  
The Right

The jury is often celebrated as an important symbol of American democracy. Yet much has changed since 1791 when the Sixth Amendment guaranteed all citizens the right to a jury trial in criminal prosecutions. Psychological and legal scholars have empirically evaluated many claims about the strengths and limitations of the jury system. Now, scientific attention is focusing on new challenges that contemporary juries face. The authors of the chapters in this volume consider myriad legal issues that arise when jurors decide criminal cases while reviewing cutting-edge psychological research and ways that this research can improve the experience and performance of the modern criminal jury. The first part of this book reviews recent societal shifts in attitudes and their potential impact on the demographic and ideological composition of the criminal jury and, in turn, the jury’s ability to make fair and just decisions. The second part of the book considers how recent technological advances have generated new sources of influence on jurors’ evaluations of evidence and decision-making. The final part of the book examines how emotions impact the jury decision-making process and individual citizens’ experiences of serving as jurors. Each of these sets of issues is relevant to understanding the structure, functioning, and performance of today’s juries. This volume offers a unique and broad view of criminal juries, drawing attention to a wide range of issues that impact jurors’ decision-making in the 21st century and, thus, are in need of theoretical, scientific, and legal attention.

scholarly journals Examining the Roles and Consequent Decision-Making Processes of High-Level Strength and Conditioning Coaches

Societies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Paul Downes ◽  
Dave Collins
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Dynamic Decision Making ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Head Coach ◽  
Strength And Conditioning ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Performance Domains ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level

Research into sports coaches has identified the valuable role they play concerning social support provided to athletes together with their contribution to social and cultural interactions within both the participation and performance domains. The purpose of the present study was to qualitatively extract and examine the knowledge and on-task cognitions of high-level coaches (HLCs) within strength and conditioning (S and C). Applied cognitive task analysis (ACTA) was used to examine ten HLCs, each purposefully sampled to reflect over eight years of work in full time environments. The analysis of responses demonstrated HLCs engage in a pattern of innovative and diverse thinking, together with adaptability and multilevel planning, designed to promote an inclusive approach from performers, coaches and management. Commonality was demonstrated within the decision making of HLCs during the design of training programs. Communication was another important consideration when connecting with athletes, observing athletes, speaking to the head coach and integrating their approach with others. A confident, flexible approach to adapting to situational demands was evident and supported by the ability to recall and select from a wide range of previously learnt and tested strategies. Evidence is offered for the importance of interpersonal and social factors in HLCs’ relationships with athletes and coaches. The incorporation of strategies to support versatile, dynamic decision making within future S and C coach development materials will support more impactful performances by coaches at all stages of the coaching process.

scholarly journals The centrality of engineering codes and risk-based design standards in climate adaptation strategies

Water Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (S1) ◽  
pp. 106-127
Author(s):  
Eugene Z. Stakhiv
Keyword(s):  
Structural Reliability ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Climate Extremes ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Engineering codes, design standards and analytical criteria for hydraulic structures are the final determinative specifications for designing and constructing a water resources project. As such, they are the authoritative and legally accepted standards for project design and construction. Engineering codes and standards are developed to optimize public safety and performance by focusing on structural reliability, which includes a wide range of extreme conditions that encompass most contemporary climate uncertainties, and which are likely to overlap some portion of future climate non-stationary conditions. Current practices of risk-based planning and design standards have evolved incrementally, responding to each catastrophic natural disaster, whether it is geotechnical, floods, droughts or hurricanes. Design standards and building codes encompass an accumulation of changes that progressively reflect changing climate conditions, most notably because they focus on climate extremes. Design standards and embedded ‘safety factors’ that are based on extremes are likely to encompass a good deal of an anticipated non-stationary climate regime and its associated uncertainties. Modern risk analysis methods and risk-based standards, codes and methods comprise an important part of a progressive autonomous adaptation to climate change. They represent an essential component of ‘no regrets’ climate adaptation.

Myocardial contractile function during postischemic low-flow reperfusion: critical thresholds of NADH and O2 delivery

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (1) ◽  
pp. H375-H380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason D. Stoner ◽  
Mark G. Angelos ◽  
Thomas L. Clanton
Keyword(s):  
Contractile Function ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Global Ischemia ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Rate Pressure Product ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Nadh Fluorescence ◽  
Wide Range

The degree of myocardial oxygen delivery (Do2) that is necessary to reestablish functional contractile activity after short-term global ischemia in heart is not known. To determine the relationship between Do2 and recovery of contractile and metabolic functions, we used tissue NADH fluorometric changes to characterize adequacy of reperfusion flow. Isolated perfused rat hearts were subjected to global ischemia and were reperfused at variable flow rates that ranged from 1 to 100% of baseline flow. Myocardial function and tissue NADH changes were continuously measured. NADH fluorescence rapidly increased and plateaued during ischemia. A strong inverse logarithmic correlation between NADH fluorescence and reperfusion Do2 was demonstrated ( r = –0.952). Left ventricular function (rate-pressure product) was inversely related to NADH fluorescence at reperfusion flows from 25 to 100% of baseline ( r = –0.922) but not at lower reperfusion flow levels. An apparent reperfusion threshold of 25% of baseline Do2 was necessary to resume contractile function. At very low reperfusion flows (1% of baseline), another threshold flow was identified at which NADH levels increased beyond that observed during global ischemia (3.4 ± 3.0%, means ± SE, n = 9), which suggests further reduction of the cellular redox state. This NADH increase at 1% of baseline reperfusion flow was blocked by removing glucose from the perfusate. NADH fluorescence is a sensitive indicator of myocardial cellular oxygen utilization over a wide range of reperfusion Do2 values. Although oxygen is utilized at very low flow rates, as indicated by changes in NADH, a critical threshold of ∼25% of baseline Ḋo2 is necessary to restore contractile function after short-term global ischemia.

scholarly journals An Exercise on Data-Based Decision Making

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 522-528
Author(s):  
Florian Fiebelkorn ◽  
Nils Puchert ◽  
Aaron T. Dossey
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Socioscientific Issues ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Complex World ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Data Based Decision Making

The ability to make criteria-based and thought-out decisions in everyday life as well as to answer questions pertaining to society at large, such as those regarding climate change and the loss of biodiversity, is becoming more and more important against the backdrop of an increasingly complex world with a wide range of options for action or inaction. Using the method of “data-based decision making,” this article presents a decision-making strategy for improving the evaluation competence of students that is particularly suitable for teaching socioscientific issues in the context of sustainable development. Using the example of human consumption of insects (sometimes termed “entomophagy,” although this term is defined as the consumption of insects by any organism), the students will evaluate the potential for insects as an alternative, sustainable source of protein as compared with conventional meat.

scholarly journals A Roadmap for the Restoration of Mediterranean Macroalgal Forests

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Cebrian ◽  
Laura Tamburello ◽  
Jana Verdura ◽  
Giuseppe Guarnieri ◽  
Alba Medrano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Forest Recovery ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Invertebrate Species ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Eu Project ◽  
Mesophotic Reef

Canopy-forming macroalgae play a crucial role in coastal primary production and nutrient cycling, providing food, shelter, nurseries, and habitat for many vertebrate and invertebrate species. However, macroalgal forests are in decline in various places and natural recovery is almost impossible when populations become locally extinct. Hence, active restoration emerges as the most promising strategy to rebuild disappeared forests. In this regard, significant efforts have been made by several EU institutions to research new restoration tools for shallow and mesophotic reef habitats (e.g., MERCES EU project, AFRIMED, and ROCPOP-life) and effective techniques have subsequently been proposed to promote self-sustaining populations. Recent research indicates that macroalgal forest recovery requires a broad spectrum of measures, ranging from mitigating human impacts to restoring the most degraded populations and habitats, and that the viability of large restoration actions is compromised by ongoing human pressures (e.g., pollution, overgrazing, and climate change). We propose a roadmap for Mediterranean macroalgal restoration to assist researchers and stakeholders in decision-making, considering the most effective methods in terms of cost and cost-effectiveness, and taking background environmental conditions and potential threats into account. Last, the challenges currently faced by the restoration of rocky coastal ecosystems under changing climate conditions are also discussed.

New climate change scenarios for the Netherlands

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. van den Hurk ◽  
A.K. Tank ◽  
G. Lenderink ◽  
A. van Ulden ◽  
G.J. van Oldenborgh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

A new set of climate change scenarios for 2050 for the Netherlands was produced recently. The scenarios span a wide range of possible future climate conditions, and include climate variables that are of interest to a broad user community. The scenario values are constructed by combining output from an ensemble of recent General Climate Model (GCM) simulations, Regional Climate Model (RCM) output, meteorological observations and a touch of expert judgment. For temperature, precipitation, potential evaporation and wind four scenarios are constructed, encompassing ranges of both global mean temperature rise in 2050 and the strength of the response of the dominant atmospheric circulation in the area of interest to global warming. For this particular area, wintertime precipitation is seen to increase between 3.5 and 7% per degree global warming, but mean summertime precipitation shows opposite signs depending on the assumed response of the circulation regime. Annual maximum daily mean wind speed shows small changes compared to the observed (natural) variability of this variable. Sea level rise in the North Sea in 2100 ranges between 35 and 85 cm. Preliminary assessment of the impact of the new scenarios on water management and coastal defence policies indicate that particularly dry summer scenarios and increased intensity of extreme daily precipitation deserves additional attention in the near future.

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