scholarly journals THE CATHEDRAL OF S. LORENZO IN PERUGIA AND THE HYPOGEAL SPACES. GEOMATIC TECHNIQUES FOR SPATIAL INVESTIGATIONS AIMED AT THE KNOWLEDGE AND INTERPRETATION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE TRANSEPT

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W11 ◽  
pp. 849-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Matracchi ◽  
F. Radicioni ◽  
A. Stoppini ◽  
G. Tosi
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Geodetic Network ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Internal Reference ◽  
San Lorenzo ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
The Many ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church ◽  
Different Levels

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The area of the monumental complex of the Cathedral and the rectories of S. Lorenzo, located on the “acropolis” of Perugia, has been for more than two thousand years the main religious and civil reference site of all populations since the origin of the city of Perugia. The aim of this research was to survey the monumental complex of the Cathedral of San Lorenzo through the use of various geomatic techniques, with particular attention to the areas of the apse, the transept, the attic, the upper courtyard and the lower one, together with the hypogeal rooms of the Capitular Museum underlying the church, including important and impressive ruins as a portion of an Etruscan terracing wall (2nd century BC).</p><p>The complex is extremely articulated, so it was necessary to correlate external and hypogeal internal spaces; the site is also characterized by the existence of numerous archaeological traces of various origins, resulting from the succession of events developed over the centuries and countless works that have been integrated, juxtaposed and in some cases replaced by previous ones. All this circumstances contribute to make not easy the understanding of the planimetric and altimetric relationships existing between the different parts and the identification of the real context of the architectural elements is equally complex. The need to connect different areas of the monumental complex located at different levels (from hypogeal rooms and vaults to the church, the attic and the external squares and streets) has required a coordinated and integrated use of geomatic techniques such as precision GNSS positioning (outside the building) and the creation of a very articulated three-dimensional geodetic network connecting the external GNSS vertices with the internal reference points and targets placed in the different areas to frame in a unique global datum the subsequent detailed surveys performed with LIDAR and photogrammetric techniques, so that the single scans and local surveys could be assembled to form a unique 3D model. Among the many aspects highlighted, in particular, it was possible to understand the genesis of the cathedral transept, whose size was dictated by an imposing Etruscan wall. Until now the ruins of the ancient cathedral complex were known - referring to three different buildings, the cathedral, the dodecagonal bell tower and the chapel of Sant'Ercolano - incorporated into the side of the basilical body in front of Piazza IV Novembre. From additional ruins attributed to the structure of the ancient cathedral, it was obtained that the level of the floor of the church has been substantially maintained in the current cathedral.</p>

scholarly journals The Algorithm for Determining the Coordinates of a Point in Three-Dimensional Space by Using the Auxiliary Point

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 141-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartlomiej Oszczak ◽  
Eliza Sitnik
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Point ◽  
Precise Measurement ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Satellite Navigation ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Approximate Location ◽  
The Many ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

ABSTRACT During the process of satellite navigation, and also in the many tasks of classical positioning, we need to calculate the corrections to the initial (or approximate) location of the point using precise measurement of distances to the permanent points of reference (reference points). In this paper the authors have provided a way of developing Hausbrandt's equations, on the basis of which the exact coordinates of the point in two-dimensional space can be determined by using the computed correction to the coordinates of the auxiliary point. The authors developed generalised equations for threedimensional space introducing additional fixed point and have presented proof of derived formulas.

Rewriting Antiquity, Renewing Rome. The Identity of the Eternal City through Visual Art, Monumental Inscriptions and the Mirabilia

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 439-463
Author(s):  
Stefano Riccioni
Keyword(s):  
Travel Literature ◽  
Visual Art ◽  
San Lorenzo ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
New Churches ◽  
New Construction ◽  
Ancient Monuments ◽  
The City ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
The Church

AbstractDuring the eleventh and twelfth centuries the Church began a process of renovation (renovatio) and the city of Rome was given new meanings. Antiquity is part of the identity of the Eternal City; the reuse or reframing of aspects of antiquity inevitably transformed the image of Rome. Public spaces, architecture and objects were given new Christian readings. Inscriptions, present both in sacred and secular settings, played an important role. A similar rewriting can also be found in travel literature and descriptions of the city, such as in the Mirabilia urbis Rome, where ancient monuments were re-interpreted to demonstrate the superiority of Christianity. Inscriptions were used as symbols of authority, as can be seen in the altar of the church of Santa Maria in Portico, in the papal thrones (San Clemente, Santa Maria in Cosmedin, San Lorenzo fuori le mura) and also in mosaics (San Clemente, Santa Maria in Trastevere). Inscriptions appeared on porticoed atriums built on new churches and added to older foundations, and they were used to renew ancient monuments and places. The Roman Commune used a similar strategy with civil buildings. The image of Rome was transformed through restoration and new construction that used spolia as meaningful objects, and inscriptions for their authoritative value.

Step Up to Mathematics

2015 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-97
Keyword(s):  
La Selva ◽  
Parking Lot ◽  
The Many ◽  
The City ◽  
Different Levels

In Assisi, Italy, built on a hill, all streets go up. One really cannot get lost there but need only find any of the many narrow winding streets, or pathways, to go down to the main parking lot, where tour bus guides invite their guests to explore the city. The Romans built steps and graded pediments (see photograph 1) to accommodate the different levels of terrain. And today restaurants and homes have installed well-designed structures to allow access without steps, such as the pyramidal platform outside Café La Selva (see photograph 2).

The Julian Romance

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-129
Author(s):  
Jan Willem Drijvers
Keyword(s):  
Historical Fiction ◽  
Great Length ◽  
The Third ◽  
Christian Perspective ◽  
The Many ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Ideal

The Julian Romance is a work of historical fiction in Syriac. It offers a Christian perspective on the reigns of both Julian and Jovian, who in the text are presented as opposites. As regards Julian, the Romance is essentially a hatchet job, while conversely it glorifies Jovian. The Romance divides into three distinct narratives. The first narrative is short in its surviving form, but must originally have been longer because it concludes with the following words: “The celebration of the faith of Constantine and of his three sons who reigned after him is completed.” The second one I have called the Eusebius Narrative and describes at great length the many unsuccessful attempts of Julian to have Rome’s bishop Eusebius renounce his Christian conviction and become a venerator of the old gods. To that end, but also to be acknowledged as ruler of the entire empire by the city of Rome, Julian visits Rome. The third account, which I have entitled the Jovian Narrative, can be characterized as a narrative of war: war between Julian and the Christians, war between Rome and Persia, and in a sense Jovian’s war against Julian in order to protect Christianity and the Church. It is by far the longest of the three parts of the Romance and celebrates Jovian as the ideal Christian emperor. In this chapter the various narratives are introduced and a comprehensive summary is given of the Jovian Narrative.

scholarly journals The Many for One or One for the Many? Reading Mark 10:45 in the Roman Empire

2016 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-466
Author(s):  
Matthew Thiessen
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Gospel Of Mark ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Clement Of Alexandria ◽  
The Many ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church

In his expository remarks on 1 Pet 5:13, Clement of Alexandria portrays Mark as the preserver of the apostle Peter's gospel proclamation to those who not only dwell in Rome, but also belong to the Roman elite. In this regard, Clement's testimony coincides with the near unanimous voice of the Church Fathers, who locate the composition of the Gospel of Mark in the city of Rome (e.g., IrenaeusHaer. 3.1.1; EusebiusHist. eccl.2.15.2).

scholarly journals Mengaplikasikan Integritas Gembala Jemaat menurut Surat-surat Penggembalaan

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Markus Sudjarwo
Keyword(s):  
Pastoral Epistles ◽  
Apostle Paul ◽  
Basic Force ◽  
Pastoral Letters ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church

Integrity is a quality of character that must be possessed by every pastor. that is the quality of the character which is not blameworthy lives according to the word and does not sacrifice the right principles when under pressure. In the pastoral letters of the Apostle, Paul gives a reference and at the same time firmness to the pastors of the church who carry out his pastoral service. The purpose of this article is how pastors apply the concept of integrity in service according to the Pastoral Epistles. With a qualitative approach, this study applies a descriptive method to the pastors of the Pentecostal Church assembly in Indonesia in the Nabire area of the city. The conclusion is, integrity is really very important for a pastor because it is a basic force in a pastor's ministry. The value of a ministry is not determined by the high level of education or the many hours of flying in the ministry, but by the integrity of a pastor's church.  AbstrakIntegritas adalah kualitas karakter yang harus dimiliki oleh setiap gembala jemaat. yaitu kualitas karakter yang tidak tercela, hidup sesuai dengan perkataan, dan tidak mengorbankan prinsip yang benar saat berada di bawah tekanan. Dalam surat-surat penggembalaan Rasul Paulus memberikan acuan dan sekaligus ketegasan terhadap para gembala jemaat yang menjalankan pelayanan penggembalaannya. Tujuan dari artikel ini adalah bagaimana para gembala mengaplikasikan konsep integritas dalam pelayanan menurut Surat-surat penggembalaan. Dengan pendekatan kualitatif, penelitian ini menerapkan metode deskriptif pada gembala-gembala sidang Gereja Pantekosta di Indonesia di wilayah Nabire kota. Kesimpulannya adalah, integritas sungguh sangat penting bagi seorang gembala jemaat, karena merupakan kekuatan dasar dalam pelayanan seorang gembala. Nilai dari sebuah pelayanan tidak ditentukan oleh tingginya pendidikan semata atau banyaknya jam terbang dalam pelayanan, melainkan oleh integritas diri seorang gembala jemaat.

DIALOG Z HUMANIZMEM RENESANSOWYM W DZIEŁACH PIOTRA SKARGI / PIOTR SKARGA’S DIALOGUE WITH RENAISSANCE HUMANISM

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 405-424
Author(s):  
Alina Nowicka -Jeżowa
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Ignatian Spirituality ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Renaissance Humanism ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Political Views ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church

Summary The article tries to outline the position of Piotr Skarga in the Jesuit debates about the legacy of humanist Renaissance. The author argues that Skarga was fully committed to the adaptation of humanist and even medieval ideas into the revitalized post-Tridentine Catholicism. Skarga’s aim was to reformulate the humanist worldview, its idea of man, system of values and political views so that they would fit the doctrine of the Roman Catholic church. In effect, though, it meant supplanting the pluralist and open humanist culture by a construct as solidly Catholic as possible. He sifted through, verified, and re-interpreted the humanist material: as a result the humanist myth of the City of the Sun was eclipsed by reminders of the transience of all earthly goods and pursuits; elements of the Greek and Roman tradition were reconnected with the authoritative Biblical account of world history; and man was reinscribed into the theocentric perspective. Skarga brought back the dogmas of the original sin and sanctifying grace, reiterated the importance of asceticism and self-discipline, redefined the ideas of human dignity and freedom, and, in consequence, came up with a clear-cut, integrist view of the meaning and goal of the good life as well as the proper mission of the citizen and the nation. The polemical edge of Piotr Skarga’s cultural project was aimed both at Protestantism and the Erasmian tendency within the Catholic church. While strongly coloured by the Ignatian spirituality with its insistence on rigorous discipline, a sense of responsibility for the lives of other people and the culture of the community, and a commitment to the heroic ideal of a miles Christi, taking headon the challenges of the flesh, the world, Satan, and the enemies of the patria and the Church, it also went a long way to adapt the Jesuit model to Poland’s socio-cultural conditions and the mentality of its inhabitants.

Conflictos por tomas de tierras y modos de intervención estatal: análisis de una experiencia del Alto Valle de Río Negro (Argentina)

2016 ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Mariana Giaretto ◽  
Victoria Naffa
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
General Context ◽  
Land Occupation ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Rio Negro ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Different Levels

ResumenEn este trabajo analizamos las relaciones entre tomas de tierras y Estado, en elAlto Valle de Río Negro en Argentina. En un contexto general de especulacióninmobiliaria, por la que se encarecen los precios de alquileres y terrenos, y depolíticas de vivienda selectivas y acotadas, los sectores populares acceden aun espacio en la ciudad mediante tomas de tierras. Frente a estos conflictos,el Estado, en sus diferentes niveles y poderes, despliega una forma deintervención basada en la criminalización de las luchas por tierra y vivienda.Al mismo tiempo, el poder ejecutivo nacional crea la Secretaría de Acceso alHábitat, para posibilitar la intervención política orientada a la regularizaciónde los asentamientos. Sin embargo, esta intervención tiende a reinscribir laproblemática habitacional en el campo político, para reducirla a un conflicto“entre partes”, eludiendo la responsabilidad estatal.Desde un enfoque metodológico cualitativo, seleccionamos como referenteempírico el caso del asentamiento de Villa Obrera en Fiske, Menuco (Gral.Roca), y las técnicas de recolección de datos se basan en fuentes secundarias,como expedientes judiciales y normativa, y en fuentes primarias como son losrelatos de los protagonistas mediante entrevistas individuales y colectivas.Palabras clave: tomas de tierras, Estado, criminalización de los conflictos.Conflicts caused by land occupation and modesof State intervention: analysis of an experience ofAlto Valle in Río Negro (Argentina)AbstractThis paper analyzes the relationship between State and land occupation,at Alto Valle in Río Negro, Argentina. In a general context of real estatespeculation, where rents and land prices are expensive, and a policy ofselective and limited housing, popular sectors can have access to a spacein the city through land occupation. In front of these conflicts, the Statein its different levels and powers, displays a form of intervention basedon the criminalization of struggles for land and housing. At the sametime, the national executive creates the Secretariat of Access to Habitat,oriented to allow political intervention for the regularization of settlements.However, this intervention tends to re-register the housing problems in thepolitical arena, reducing it to a conflict “between parties” and eluding theresponsibility of the State.From a qualitative methodological approach, we selected as empirical referencethe case of the settlement of Villa Obrera in Fiske, Menuco (GeneralRoca). The techniques of data collection are based on secondary sources, suchas policy and legal records, and primary sources as the stories of protagoniststhrough individual and collective interviews.Keywords: land occupation, State, criminalization of conflicts.Conflitos sobre ocupações de terras e modos deintervenção do estado: análise de uma experiênciado Alto Valle do Rio Preto (Argentina)ResumoEste trabalho analisa as relações entre a posse de terra e o Estado, no AltoValle do Rio Preto, na Argentina. Num contexto geral da especulaçãoimobiliária, por qual se encarecem os preços do aluguel e das terras, e depolíticas de habitação seletivas e limitadas, os setores populares acedem aum espaço na cidade através de ocupações de terras. Frente a estes conflitos,o Estado, em seus diferentes níveis e poderes, desenvolve uma forma deintervenção com base na criminalização das lutas pela terra e vivenda. Aomesmo tempo, o poder executivo nacional cria a Secretaria de Acesso àHabitat para possibilitar à intervenção política orientada a regularização dosassentamentos. No entanto, esta intervenção tende a registrar os problemasde habitação no campo político, para reduzi-la a um conflito “entre aspartes”, iludindo a responsabilidade do Estado.A partir de uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa, foi selecionado comoreferência empírica o caso do Assentamento de Villa Obrera em Fiske,Menuco (Gral. Roca), e as técnicas de recolecção de dados são baseados emfontes secundárias, como expedientes judiciais e normativos, e em fontes primárias como são as histórias dos protagonistas através de entrevistasindividuais e coletivas.Palavras-chave: tomada de terras, Estado, criminalização dos conflitos.

PERILAKU PEDAGANG MUSLIM DALAM TINJAUAN ETIKA BISNIS ISLAM (KASUS DI PASAR LOAK JAGALAN KEDIRI)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alwi Musa Muzaiyin
Keyword(s):  
Business Ethics ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Luxury Goods ◽  
The World ◽  
Goods Market ◽  
Islamic Business Ethics ◽  
New Goods ◽  
The Many ◽  
Used Goods ◽  
The City

Trade is a form of business that is run by many people around the world, ranging from trading various kinds of daily necessities or primary needs, to selling the need for luxury goods for human satisfaction. For that, to overcome the many needs of life, they try to outsmart them buy products that are useful, economical and efficient. One of the markets they aim at is the second-hand market or the so-called trashy market. As for a trader at a trashy market, they aim to sell in the used goods market with a variety of reasons. These reasons include; first, because it is indeed to fulfill their needs. Second, the capital needed to trade at trashy markets is much smaller than opening a business where the products come from new goods. Third, used goods are easily available and easily sold to buyer. Here the researcher will discuss the behavior of Muslim traders in a review of Islamic business ethics (the case in the Jagalan Kediri Trashy Market). Kediri Jagalan Trashy Market is central to the sale of used goods in the city of Kediri. Where every day there are more than 300 used merchants who trade in the market. The focus of this research is how the behavior of Muslim traders in the Jagalan Kediri Trashy Market in general. Then, from the large number of traders, of course not all traders have behavior in accordance with Islamic business ethics, as well as traders who are in accordance with the rules of Islamic business ethics. This study aims to determine how the behavior of Muslim traders in the Jagalan Kediri Trashy Market in buying and selling transactions and to find out how the behavior of Muslim traders in the Jagalan Kediri Trashy Market in reviewing Islamic business ethics. Key Words: Trade, loak market, Islamic business

Energies and Electric Dipole Moments of the Bound Vibrational States of HN2+ and DN2+

2008 ◽  
Vol 73 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 873-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Špirko ◽  
Ota Bludský ◽  
Wolfgang P. Kraemer
Keyword(s):  
Dipole Moment ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Energy Surface ◽  
Dipole Moments ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vibrational States ◽  
Spacing Distribution ◽  
Triatomic Molecules ◽  
Vibrational Levels ◽  
Different Levels

The adiabatic three-dimensional potential energy surface and the corresponding dipole moment surface describing the ground electronic state of HN2+ (Χ1Σ+) are calculated at different levels of ab initio theory. The calculations cover the entire bound part of the potential up to its lowest dissociation channel including the isomerization barrier. Energies of all bound vibrational and low-lying ro-vibrational levels are determined in a fully variational procedure using the Suttcliffe-Tennyson Hamiltonian for triatomic molecules. They are in close agreement with the available experimental numbers. From the dipole moment function effective dipoles and transition moments are obtained for all the calculated vibrational and ro-vibrational states. Statistical tools such as the density of states or the nearest-neighbor level spacing distribution (NNSD) are applied to describe and analyse general patterns and characteristics of the energy and dipole results calculated for the massively large number of states of the strongly bound HN2+ ion and its deuterated isotopomer.

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