Liquefaction severity map for Aksaray city center (Central Anatolia, Turkey)

Abstract. Turkey having a long history of large earthquakes have been subjected to progressive adjacent earthquakes. Starting in 1939, the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) produced a sequence of major earthquakes, of which the Mw 7.4 earthquake that struck western Turkey on 17 August 1999. Following the Erzincan earthquake in 1992, the soil liquefaction has been crucial important in the agenda of Turkey. Soil liquefaction was also observed widely during the Marmara and the Düzce Earthquake in 1999 (Sönmez, 2003). Aksaray city center locates in the central part of Turkey and the Tuzgolu Fault Zone passes through near the city center. The fault zone has been generated to moderate magnitude earthquakes. The geology of the Aksaray province basin contains Quaternary alluvial deposits formed by gravel, sand, silt, and clay layers in different thickness. The Tuzgolu Fault Zone (TFZ) came into being after the sedimetation of alluvial deposits. Thus, the fault is younger from lithological units and it is active. In addition, the ground water level is very shallow, within approximately 3 m from the surface. In this study, the liquefaction potential of the Aksaray province is investigated by recent procedure suggested by Sonmez and Gokceoglu (2005). For this purpose, the liquefaction susceptibility map of the Aksaray city center for liquefaction is presented. In the analysis, the input parameters such as the depth of the upper and lower boundaries of soil layer, SPT-N values, fine content, clay content and the liquid limit were used for all layers within 20 m from the surface. As a result, the category of very high susceptibility liquefaction class was not observed for the earthquake scenario of Ms=5.2, 4.9% of the study area has high liquefaction susceptibility. The percentage of the moderately, low, and very low liquefied areas are 28.2%, 30.2%, and 36.3%, respectively. The rank of non-liquefied susceptibility area is less than 1%.

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GIS-based soil liquefaction susceptibility map of Mumbai city for earthquake events

Journal of Applied Geophysics ◽

10.1016/j.jappgeo.2010.01.001 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 216-225 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Sumedh Yamaji Mhaske ◽

Deepankar Choudhury

Keyword(s):

Soil Liquefaction ◽

Susceptibility Map ◽

Liquefaction Susceptibility ◽

Mumbai City

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Elucidation of Seismic Soil Liquefaction Significant Factors

10.5772/intechopen.97278 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mahmood Ahmad ◽

Xiaowei Tang ◽

Feezan Ahmad ◽

Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko ◽

Ahsan Nawaz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Structural Model ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Soil Liquefaction ◽

Cone Penetration ◽

Ground Acceleration ◽

Liquefaction Susceptibility ◽

Complex Relationships ◽

Power And Dependence ◽

Interpretive Structural Model ◽

Significant Factors

The paper develops a framework to analyze the interactions among seismic soil liquefaction significant factors using the interpretive structural model (ISM) approach based on cone penetration test. To identify the contextual relationships among the significant factors, systematic literature review approach was used bearing in mind the selection principle. Since multiple factors influence seismic soil liquefaction, determining all factors in soil liquefaction would be extremely difficult, as even a few seismic soil liquefaction factors are not easy to deal with. This study highlighted two main characteristics of seismic soil liquefaction factors. First, the seismic soil liquefaction factors–peak ground acceleration F2 (amax), equivalent clean sand penetration resistance F5 (qc1Ncs), and thickness of soil layer F11 (Ts) influenced soil liquefaction directly and were located at level 2 (top level) in the ISM model, meaning they require additional seismic soil liquefaction factors except thickness of soil layer F11 (Ts) to collaboratively impact on soil liquefaction potential. The multilevel hierarchy reveals that depth of soil deposit F10 (Ds) is formed the base of ISM hierarchy. Secondly, Matrice d’impacts croisés multiplication appliqués à un classement (MICMAC) analysis has been employed for evaluating these identified factors in accordance with driving power and dependence power. Factors with a higher driving power should be given special consideration. Autonomous soil liquefaction factors have no reliance on other soil liquefaction factors and interfere less. In order to identify the significant factors that affect seismic soil liquefaction susceptibility, the model built in this study clearly illustrates the complex relationships between factors and demonstrates the direct and indirect relationships.

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Liquefaction susceptibility maps for the Aqaba–Elat region with projections of future hazards with sea-level rise

Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology ◽

10.1144/qjegh2020-039 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. qjegh2020-039 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Abdel-Rahman A. Abueladas ◽

Tina M. Niemi ◽

Abdallah Al-Zoubi ◽

Gideon Tibor ◽

Mor Kanari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sea Level ◽

Water Table ◽

Active Faults ◽

Gulf Of Aqaba ◽

Susceptibility Map ◽

Northern Coast ◽

Borehole Data ◽

Ground Acceleration ◽

Liquefaction Susceptibility ◽

Susceptibility Maps

The cities of Aqaba, Jordan and Elat, Israel are vulnerable to seismic damage because they are built over the active faults of the Dead Sea Transform that are the source of historically destructive earthquakes. A liquefaction susceptibility map was generated for the Aqaba–Elat region. Borehole data from 149 locations and the water table depth were used to calculate effective overburden stress in the Seed–Idriss simplified method. The liquefaction analysis was based on applying a cyclic loading scenario with horizontal peak ground acceleration of 0.3 g in a major earthquake. The liquefaction map, compiled using a GIS platform, shows high and moderate liquefaction susceptibility zones along the northern coast of the Gulf of Aqaba that extend 800 m inland from the shoreline. In Aqaba, several hotels, luxury apartment complexes, archaeological sites, ports and commercial districts are located within high and moderate liquefaction zones. In Elat, the seaport and the coastal hotel district are located within a high susceptibility zone. Most residential areas, schools and hospitals in both cities are located within zones not susceptible to liquefaction based on the methods of this study. The total area with the potential to be liquefied along the Gulf of Aqaba is c. 10 km2. Given predictions for global sea-level, we ran three liquefaction models utilizing projected water table rises of 0.5, 1 and 2 m. These models yielded an increase in the area of high liquefaction ranging from 26 to 49%. Given the high potential of future earthquakes, our liquefaction susceptibility maps should help inform city officials for hazard mitigation planning.

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Relative tectonic activity assessment of the Tuz Gölü Fault Zone; Central Anatolia, Turkey

Tectonophysics ◽

10.1016/j.tecto.2014.05.023 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 630 ◽

pp. 183-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Cengiz Yıldırım

Keyword(s):

Fault Zone ◽

Central Anatolia ◽

Tectonic Activity ◽

Activity Assessment

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Seismic Activity of the Manisa Fault Zone in Western Turkey Constrained by Cosmogenic 36Cl Dating

Geosciences ◽

10.3390/geosciences11110451 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 451

Author(s):

Nasim Mozafari ◽

Çağlar Özkaymak ◽

Dmitry Tikhomirov ◽

Susan Ivy-Ochs ◽

Vasily Alfimov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fault Zone ◽

Normal Fault ◽

Vertical Displacement ◽

Historical Records ◽

Western Turkey ◽

Slip Rates ◽

Vertical Displacements ◽

Surface Ruptures ◽

Fault Scarps ◽

Calculated Average

This study reports on the cosmogenic 36Cl dating of two normal fault scarps in western Turkey, that of the Manastır and Mugırtepe faults, beyond existing historical records. These faults are elements of the western Manisa Fault Zone (MFZ) in the seismically active Gediz Graben. Our modeling revealed that the Manastır fault underwent at least two surface ruptures at 3.5 ± 0.9 ka and 2.0 ± 0.5 ka, with vertical displacements of 3.3 ± 0.5 m and 3.6 ± 0.5 m, respectively. An event at 6.5 ± 1.6 ka with a vertical displacement of 2.7 ± 0.4 m was reconstructed on the Mugırtepe fault. We attribute these earthquakes to the recurring MFZ ruptures, when also the investigated faults slipped. We calculated average slip rates of 1.9 and 0.3 mm yr−1 for the Manastır and Mugırtepe faults, respectively.

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Stabilization of organic material from soils and soil-like bodies in the Lena River Delta (13C-NMR spectroscopy analysis)

Spanish Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.3232/sjss.2020.v10.n2.05 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Author(s):

Vyacheslav Polyakov ◽

Evgeny Abakumov

Keyword(s):

Nmr Spectroscopy ◽

Humic Acids ◽

Soil Layer ◽

13C Nmr Spectroscopy ◽

River Delta ◽

The Arctic ◽

Polar Regions ◽

Alluvial Deposits ◽

Lena River ◽

Lena River Delta

The Arctic ecosystem has a huge reservoir of soil organic carbon stored in permafrost-affected soils and biosediments. During the short vegetation season, humification and mineralization processes in the active soil layer result in the formation of specific soil organic substances – humic substances. Humic acids are high molecular, specific, thermodynamically stable macromolecules. The study was conducted in the Lena River Delta, the largest river delta located in the Arctic. Cryosol-type soils on alluvial deposits of the river form an area of about 45 thousand km2 under permafrost conditions. The vegetation cover is represented by moss-lichen communities with the presence of Salix glauca in the flooded areas, as well as Betula nana in the areas not subject to flooding. The paper presents the elemental and molecular composition of humic acids isolated from soils, integral indicators of humification (stabilization) of organic matter in the soils of the Lena River Delta. The study was conducted using the 13C (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy method. In the work, it was revealed that up to 33% of aromatic and up to 15% COOR fragments are accumulated in humic acids. The AR/AL ratio ranged from 0.69 to 0.89. The studied soils are variants of modern soil formation (not subjected to alluvial processes) and soil-like bodies that melted from the IC of the river delta. A relatively high degree of condensation of humic acid macromolecules in comparison with other polar regions of the Arctic and Antarctic was noted.

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THE ILICA BRANCH OF THE SOUTHEASTERN ESKIŞEHIR FAULT ZONE: AN ACTIVE RIGHTLATERAL STRIKE-SLIP STRUCTURE IN CENTRAL ANATOLIA, TURKEY

Bulletin Of The Mineral Research and Exploration ◽

10.19111/bmre.47900 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 0 (152) ◽

Author(s):

Korhan ESAT ◽

Bülent KAYPAK ◽

Veysel IŞIK ◽

Berkan ECEVİTOĞLU ◽

Gürol SEYİTOĞLU

Keyword(s):

Fault Zone ◽

Strike Slip ◽

Central Anatolia

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Soil-gas survey of liquefaction and collapsed caves during the Emilia seismic sequence

Annals of Geophysics ◽

10.4401/ag-6122 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Alessandra Sciarra ◽

Barbara Cantucci ◽

Mauro Buttinelli ◽

Gianfranco Galli ◽

Manuela Nazzari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Liquefaction ◽

Early Pleistocene ◽

Seismic Sequence ◽

Alluvial Deposits ◽

Epicentral Area ◽

Emilia Romagna Region ◽

External Part ◽

Strength And Stiffness ◽

Soil Measurements ◽

Soil Gas Survey

The epicentral area of the Emilia seismic sequence is located in the Emilia-Romagna Region (northern Italy), 45 km from the city of Modena (Figure 1). This area is sited within thrust-related folds of the Ferrara Arc, which represent the most external part of the northern Apennines. This sector is considered as having been active during late Pliocene to early Pleistocene times [Scrocca et al. 2007] and encompasses also the Mirandola and Ferrara seismogenic sources [e.g., Burrato et al. 2003, Boccaletti et al. 2004, Basili et al. 2008]. The main sedimentary infilling of the Po Plain is represented by Pliocene–Pleistocene alluvial deposits (alternating fluvial sands and clays) that overlie a foredeep clastic sequence, with a total average thickness of 2 km to 4 km [e.g., Carminati et al. 2010]. Soon after the mainshock, several liquefaction phenomena coupled to ground fractures were observed in the epicentral area (e.g., San Carlo, Ferrara). Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading. […] Collapsed caves reported in the literature and/or local press [e.g., Febo 1999, Martelli 2002] in the epicentral area were previously investigated by our research group in 2008, with several soil measurements of CO2 and CH4 fluxes. Immediately after the May 20, 2012, mainshock and during the Emilia seismic sequence, the collapsed caves were sampled again to determine any variations in these CO2 and CH4 fluxes. In this survey, newly formed collapsed caves were also found and measured (especially in the northern part of investigated area). […]

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