scholarly journals Elucidation of Seismic Soil Liquefaction Significant Factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmood Ahmad ◽  
Xiaowei Tang ◽  
Feezan Ahmad ◽  
Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko ◽  
Ahsan Nawaz ◽  
...  

The paper develops a framework to analyze the interactions among seismic soil liquefaction significant factors using the interpretive structural model (ISM) approach based on cone penetration test. To identify the contextual relationships among the significant factors, systematic literature review approach was used bearing in mind the selection principle. Since multiple factors influence seismic soil liquefaction, determining all factors in soil liquefaction would be extremely difficult, as even a few seismic soil liquefaction factors are not easy to deal with. This study highlighted two main characteristics of seismic soil liquefaction factors. First, the seismic soil liquefaction factors–peak ground acceleration F2 (amax), equivalent clean sand penetration resistance F5 (qc1Ncs), and thickness of soil layer F11 (Ts) influenced soil liquefaction directly and were located at level 2 (top level) in the ISM model, meaning they require additional seismic soil liquefaction factors except thickness of soil layer F11 (Ts) to collaboratively impact on soil liquefaction potential. The multilevel hierarchy reveals that depth of soil deposit F10 (Ds) is formed the base of ISM hierarchy. Secondly, Matrice d’impacts croisés multiplication appliqués à un classement (MICMAC) analysis has been employed for evaluating these identified factors in accordance with driving power and dependence power. Factors with a higher driving power should be given special consideration. Autonomous soil liquefaction factors have no reliance on other soil liquefaction factors and interfere less. In order to identify the significant factors that affect seismic soil liquefaction susceptibility, the model built in this study clearly illustrates the complex relationships between factors and demonstrates the direct and indirect relationships.

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Samui ◽  
T. G. Sitharam

Abstract. This study describes two machine learning techniques applied to predict liquefaction susceptibility of soil based on the standard penetration test (SPT) data from the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake. The first machine learning technique which uses Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based on multi-layer perceptions (MLP) that are trained with Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation algorithm. The second machine learning technique uses the Support Vector machine (SVM) that is firmly based on the theory of statistical learning theory, uses classification technique. ANN and SVM have been developed to predict liquefaction susceptibility using corrected SPT [(N1)60] and cyclic stress ratio (CSR). Further, an attempt has been made to simplify the models, requiring only the two parameters [(N1)60 and peck ground acceleration (amax/g)], for the prediction of liquefaction susceptibility. The developed ANN and SVM models have also been applied to different case histories available globally. The paper also highlights the capability of the SVM over the ANN models.


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmood Ahmad ◽  
Xiao-Wei Tang ◽  
Jiang-Nan Qiu ◽  
Feezan Ahmad

Seismic soil liquefaction is considered as one of the most complex geotechnical earthquake engineering problems owing to the uncertainty and complexity involved in soil parameters, seismic parameters, and site condition factors. Each one of these parameters contains a variety of factors that trigger liquefaction and have varying degrees of importance. However, estimating accurate and reliable liquefaction-induced hazards requires identification and benchmarking of the most influential factors that control soil liquefaction. Seismic soil liquefaction factors were identified by Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach and analyzed through Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and the Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) methodologies. The ISM model presented the relationships between fifteen seismic soil liquefaction factors and their benchmarking position from higher to lower-level significant factors in hierarchy. MICMAC is used to examine the strength of the relationship between seismic soil liquefaction significant factors based on their driving and dependence power. This research characterizes the identification and benchmarking of the seismic soil liquefaction factors and their relationships. The results show that the factors—duration of earthquake, peak ground acceleration, drainage condition, and standard penetration test (SPT) blow counts—influence seismic soil liquefaction directly and soil type is the governing factor that forms the base of the ISM hierarchy and consequently triggers seismic soil liquefaction. The results provide a more accurate way of selecting significant factors for establishment of seismic soil liquefaction potential and liquefaction-induced hazards risk assessment models.


Wahana Fisika ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tini Tini ◽  
Adrin Tohari ◽  
Mimin Iryanti

Gempa bumi yang terjadi di daerah Bantul, Yogyakarta pada 27 Mei 2006 dengan magnitudo gempa bumi sebesar 6.3 SR dapat menyebabkan terjadinya bahaya likuifaksi yang dapat merusak bangunan khususnya di wilayah Bantul Yogyakarta. Investigasi geoteknik yang telah dilakukan di Bantul, Yogyakarta dapat memberikan gambaran lapisan tanah yang berpotensi terjadinya likuifaksi. Analisis potensi likuifaksi dilakukan berdasarkan data SPT (Standard Penetration Test) dan CPT (Cone Penetration Test) dengan percepatan maksimum tanah menurut Gutenberg Richter di daerah penelitian rata-rata bernilai sebesar 2.93 m/s2 dan menurut Donovan sebesar 2.88 m/s2. Hasil analisis penelitian menunjukan bahwa lapisan tanah yang berpotensi likuifaksi didominasi oleh jenis tanah pasir lanauan da lanau pasiran yang berada pada kedalaman 0.2 – 3 m, 0.4 m, 2.4 m, 3.6 m, 7.6 – 7.8 m dan 8.2 m. Pengaruh percepatan maksimum tanah menurut Gutenberg Richter lebih besar terhadap terjadinya likuifaksi daripada menurut Donovan. Perbandingan hasil analisis potensi likuifaksi antara data SPT (Standard Penetration Test ) dan CPT (Cone Penetration Test) pada daerah penelitian menunjukan adanya kesamaan potensi likuifaksi pada lapisan tanah dengan kedalaman yang sama diantaranya pada kedalaman 0.2 m-4 m, dengan nilai Cyclic Strees Ratio (CSR) rata-rata sebesar 0.2, sedangkan berdasarkan nilai Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) terdapat perbedaan nlai. Analisis berdasarkan data CPT lebih baik daripada data SPT karena data CPT lebih rapat daripada data SPT.The earthquake that occurred in Bantul, Yogyakarta on May 27, 2006 with the magnitudo of the earthquake of 6.3 SR can caused liquefaction hazard which could damage to teh building in the municipals of Bantul, Yogyakarta. Geotechnical investigation was carried in Bantul Yogyakarta, can give information about liquefaction hazard in soil layer. The liquefaction potential lanalysis was conducted using SPT and CPT methods, with Gutenberg-Richter’s maximum ground acceleration is 2.93 m/s2  and Donovan’s maximum ground acceleration is 2.88 m/s2. Result of liquefaction analysis indicate that the soil layer domination of silty sand dan sandy silt at the depth of 0.2 – 3 m, 3.6 m, 4 m 7.6 – 7.8 m and 8.2 m. Gutenberg-Richter’s maximum ground acceleration having influential for liquefaction potential better than Donovan’s maximum ground acceleration. Ratio result of liquefaction was conducted using SPT same as soil layer with CPT in resech location at the depth 0.2 m-4 m, with value Cyclic Strees Ratio (CSR) is 0.2. Even value Cyclic Resistances Ratio (CSR) have different value. The liquefaction potential lanalysis was conducted using CPT method better than SPT methods.


2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Yalcin ◽  
C. Gokceoglu ◽  
H. Sönmez

Abstract. Turkey having a long history of large earthquakes have been subjected to progressive adjacent earthquakes. Starting in 1939, the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) produced a sequence of major earthquakes, of which the Mw 7.4 earthquake that struck western Turkey on 17 August 1999. Following the Erzincan earthquake in 1992, the soil liquefaction has been crucial important in the agenda of Turkey. Soil liquefaction was also observed widely during the Marmara and the Düzce Earthquake in 1999 (Sönmez, 2003). Aksaray city center locates in the central part of Turkey and the Tuzgolu Fault Zone passes through near the city center. The fault zone has been generated to moderate magnitude earthquakes. The geology of the Aksaray province basin contains Quaternary alluvial deposits formed by gravel, sand, silt, and clay layers in different thickness. The Tuzgolu Fault Zone (TFZ) came into being after the sedimetation of alluvial deposits. Thus, the fault is younger from lithological units and it is active. In addition, the ground water level is very shallow, within approximately 3 m from the surface. In this study, the liquefaction potential of the Aksaray province is investigated by recent procedure suggested by Sonmez and Gokceoglu (2005). For this purpose, the liquefaction susceptibility map of the Aksaray city center for liquefaction is presented. In the analysis, the input parameters such as the depth of the upper and lower boundaries of soil layer, SPT-N values, fine content, clay content and the liquid limit were used for all layers within 20 m from the surface. As a result, the category of very high susceptibility liquefaction class was not observed for the earthquake scenario of Ms=5.2, 4.9% of the study area has high liquefaction susceptibility. The percentage of the moderately, low, and very low liquefied areas are 28.2%, 30.2%, and 36.3%, respectively. The rank of non-liquefied susceptibility area is less than 1%.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3480
Author(s):  
Abdulla Abdulaziz Al-Subaie ◽  
Mohd. Nishat Faisal ◽  
Belaid Aouni ◽  
Faisal Talib

Project managers’ leadership has a direct and an indirect effect on project success. Extant literature has established that transformational leadership style positively affects project success in a major way. The main aim of this research is to understand the variables that positively affects transformational leadership development and their interrelationships in megaprojects. The Total Interpretive Structural Model (TISM) methodology is adopted to propose a framework, and Impact Matrix Cross-Reference Multiplication Applied to a Classification (MICMAC) approach is used to examine the strategic nature of the enablers. The research shows that there exists a group of enablers having a high driving power and low dependence, requiring maximum attention and of strategic importance, while another group consists of those variables that have high dependence and are resultant actions. Furthermore, the model explains the relationships among each pair of variables. Organisations dealing in megaprojects would be the major beneficiaries of this study. Policy makers in these organisations would explicitly understand the variables and their interrelationships that needs attention for transformational leadership development. This would help them to prioritize their efforts and implement suitable strategies to focus on the most important variables for developing transformational leaders ultimately leading to project success.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7245
Author(s):  
Beniamino Murgante ◽  
Mohammad Eskandari Sani ◽  
Sara Pishgahi ◽  
Moslem Zarghamfard ◽  
Fatemeh Kahaki

The Lut desert is one of the largest and most attractive deserts in Iran. The value of desert tourism remains unclear for Iran’s economy and has only recently been taken into consideration by the authorities, although its true national and international value remains unclear. This study was aimed at investigating the factors that influence tourism development in the Lut desert. Data collected through the purposive sampling method was analyzed using Interpretive Structural Modeling and the MICMAC Analysis. According to the results, cost-effective travel expenses, security, and safety provided in the desert, together with appropriate media advertising and illustration of the Lut desert (branding) are the leading factors that influence tourism in the Lut desert in Iran. This paper highlighted the importance of desert tourism, especially in this region.


Author(s):  
Abdel-Rahman A. Abueladas ◽  
Tina M. Niemi ◽  
Abdallah Al-Zoubi ◽  
Gideon Tibor ◽  
Mor Kanari ◽  
...  

The cities of Aqaba, Jordan and Elat, Israel are vulnerable to seismic damage because they are built over the active faults of the Dead Sea Transform that are the source of historically destructive earthquakes. A liquefaction susceptibility map was generated for the Aqaba–Elat region. Borehole data from 149 locations and the water table depth were used to calculate effective overburden stress in the Seed–Idriss simplified method. The liquefaction analysis was based on applying a cyclic loading scenario with horizontal peak ground acceleration of 0.3 g in a major earthquake. The liquefaction map, compiled using a GIS platform, shows high and moderate liquefaction susceptibility zones along the northern coast of the Gulf of Aqaba that extend 800 m inland from the shoreline. In Aqaba, several hotels, luxury apartment complexes, archaeological sites, ports and commercial districts are located within high and moderate liquefaction zones. In Elat, the seaport and the coastal hotel district are located within a high susceptibility zone. Most residential areas, schools and hospitals in both cities are located within zones not susceptible to liquefaction based on the methods of this study. The total area with the potential to be liquefied along the Gulf of Aqaba is c. 10 km2. Given predictions for global sea-level, we ran three liquefaction models utilizing projected water table rises of 0.5, 1 and 2 m. These models yielded an increase in the area of high liquefaction ranging from 26 to 49%. Given the high potential of future earthquakes, our liquefaction susceptibility maps should help inform city officials for hazard mitigation planning.


2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Xinyi Dong ◽  
Hongmei Ju ◽  
Sifan Yin

<p>E-commerce has a rapid development with the advent of the Internet era, the era of “Internet +” also let many industries to find new opportunities. Now online shopping has become a mainstream to meet the needs of people’s life, especially in the developed cities, more and more people are willing to buy all sorts of goods in e - Bay, Amazon, Sunning, JD and other large e-commerce enterprises. Business enterprise needs to deliver intact goods quickly to customers to improve customers’ intention of purchasing. So the development of e-commerce and express industry is closely linked. The end of the city logistics needs to contact with consumers directly as the last part of the whole process in normal logistics distribution, which may occur some problems about the damage of goods, slow information feedback, service quality and other issues will reduce the satisfaction of consumers and affect reputation of companies. This article use ISM technology to analyze the influencing factors of the logistics of the ecommerce enterprise from the perspective of consumers, and divide all of the factors into three levels, each level contains different meanings which make a reference for the trend of development of the end of city logistics distribution. </p>


2019 ◽  
Vol IV (I) ◽  
pp. 359-375
Author(s):  
Abdul Aziz Khan Niazi ◽  
Tehmina Fiaz Qazi ◽  
Abdul Basit

The purpose of this study is to structure a model of relationships among barriers in the implementation of CG in Pakistan. It also points out a key barrier in embarking on the regime of CG. The design of research consists of a literature review, data collection and analyses. Modeling methodology entails ISM coupled with MICMAC. Findings revealed that “lack of investigation about the rights of minority shareholders” is the most critical barrier since this occupies the bottom of the model. Whereas, barriers namely “basic shareholders rights are not often protected, minority shareholders rights are often violated, lack of autonomy on the part of the auditors and rules requiring equity ownership disclosure are not followed” are least critical since they occupy the top of the model. MICMAC analysis revealed that three barriers fall in the independent quadrant, six in the linkage, six independent and two in autonomous. This study is helpful to regulators and corporations to successfully embark on the regime of CG.


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