scholarly journals Estimating the Absolute Salinity of China Offshore Seawater Using Nutrients and Inorganic Carbon Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengying Ji ◽  
Xuejun Xiong ◽  
Rich Pawlowicz
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Magnitude Distribution ◽  
Salinity Anomaly ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Terrestrial Input ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Evaluation Project

Abstract. In June 2009, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO released the international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010 (TEOS-10 for short) (IOC et al, 2010) to define, describe and calculate the thermodynamic properties of seawater. Compared to Equation of Ocean State-80 (EOS-80 for short), the most obvious change of TEOS-10 is taking Absolute Salinity as salinity argument, replacing the Practical Salinity used in ocean society for 30 years. Due to lack of observation data, Absolute Salinity algorithm the applicability in the offshore and semi-closed sea is not very clear to date. Based on the Marine Integrated Investigation and Evaluation Project of China Offshore, other relevant data together with Pa08 model, we obtain the magnitude, distribution characteristics and formation mechanism of Absolute Salinity in China offshore. As the main composition anomaly relative to SSW, calcium carbonate, originating from terrestrial input of high calcium carbonate content and re-dissolution of sediment of China offshore, raises the Absolute Salinity Anomaly δSA as high as 0.20 g kg-1 and increases the Practical Salinity about 0.025 at most comparing to the chlorinity-based salinity. Moreover, both of them show obvious seasonal variation. Finally, relevant suggestions are proposed for the accurate measurement and expression of Absolute Salinity of the China offshore.

scholarly journals Estimating the Absolute Salinity of China Sea Using Nutrients and Inorganic Carbon Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengying Ji ◽  
Rich Pawlowicz ◽  
Xuejun Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Equation Of State ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Magnitude Distribution ◽  
Shelf Sediment ◽  
Salinity Anomaly ◽  
Terrestrial Input ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Evaluation Project ◽  
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

Abstract. In June 2009, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO released the international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010 (TEOS-10 for short) to define, describe and calculate the thermodynamic properties of seawater. Compared to the Equation of State-1980 (EOS-80 for short), the most obvious change with TEOS-10 is the use of Absolute Salinity as salinity argument, replacing the Practical Salinity used in the oceanographic community for 30 years. Due to the lack of observational data, the applicability of the potentially increased accuracy in Absolute Salinity algorithms for coastal and semi-enclosed seas is not very clear to date. Here, we discuss the magnitude, distribution characteristics and formation mechanism of Absolute Salinity and Salinity Anomaly in Chinese shelf waters, based on the Marine Integrated Investigation and Evaluation Project of China Offshore and other relevant data. The Absolute Salinity SA ranges from 0.1 to 34.66 g·kg−1. Instead of silicate, CaCO3 originating from terrestrial input and re-dissolution of shelf sediment is most likely the main composition anomaly relative to SSW and the primary contributor to the Absolute Salinity Anomaly δSA. Finally, relevant suggestions are proposed for the accurate measurement and expression of Absolute Salinity of the China offshore.

scholarly journals Estimating the Absolute Salinity of Chinese offshore waters using nutrients and inorganic carbon data

Ocean Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 909-918
Author(s):  
Fengying Ji ◽  
Rich Pawlowicz ◽  
Xuejun Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Magnitude Distribution ◽  
Shelf Sediment ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Salinity Anomaly ◽  
Terrestrial Input ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Evaluation Project ◽  
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

Abstract. In June 2009, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO released The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010 (TEOS-10 for short; IOC et al., 2010) to define, describe and calculate the thermodynamic properties of seawater. Compared to the Equation of State-1980 (EOS-80 for short), the most obvious change with TEOS-10 is the use of Absolute Salinity as salinity argument, replacing the Practical Salinity used in the oceanographic community for 30 years. Due to the lack of observational data, the applicability of the potentially increased accuracy in Absolute Salinity algorithms for coastal and semi-enclosed seas is not very clear to date. Here, we discuss the magnitude, distribution characteristics, and formation mechanism of Absolute Salinity and Absolute Salinity Anomaly in Chinese shelf waters, based on the Marine Integrated Investigation and Evaluation Project of the China Sea and other relevant data. The Absolute Salinity SA ranges from 0.1 to 34.66 g kg−1. Instead of silicate, the main composition anomaly in the open sea, CaCO3 originating from terrestrial input and re-dissolution of shelf sediment is most likely the main composition anomaly relative to SSW and the primary contributor to the Absolute Salinity Anomaly δSA. Finally, relevant suggestions are proposed for the accurate measurement and expression of Absolute Salinity of the China offshore waters.

Studies in the absorption and excretion of certain minerals by poultry. III. The influence of different levels of dietary calcium upon the retention of calcium, phosphorus, carbonate and chloride

1946 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Dietary Calcium ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Phosphorus Excretion ◽  
Calcium Carbonate Content ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Different Levels

1. The daily retention of calcium, carbonate, phosphorus and chloride was studied using four birds and changing the calcium carbonate content of the ration every 5 days for 15 days.2. It was shown that high calcium diets result in a much lower retention of calcium and thin-shelled eggs are produced.3. Retention of calcium was higher in the laying than in the non-laying bird when calcium carbonate was fed.4. High calcium diets depressed the retention of phosphorus, and in one case the retention was negative, even when no eggs were laid. Laying birds gave negative values for retention because of the heavy phosphorus excretion associated with egg laying.5. High calcium diets also depressed the retention of chloride, and on occasion led to negative retention values.

A source of error in the estimation of the organic matter content of samples containing calcium carbonate

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. DeB. Hovell ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
The Difference

The conventional method for the determination of the organic matter content of diets and faeces is by ashing the sample at 550 °C (A.O.A.C, 1965)Organic matter (O.M.) = dry matter (D.M.)–ash.If the sample contains calcium carbonate, then some of this carbonate will be converted to oxide (Vogel, 1951) and the weight of carbon dioxide evolved will be calculated as organic matter. The amount of carbonate converted will be dependent upon the temperature at which the sample is ashed and the duration of the ashing process. We have found (Ørskov, Hovell & Allen, 1966; Hovell & Greenhalgh, 1972) that when calcium salts of volatile fatty acids are included in diets given to sheep, most of the calcium is excreted in the faeces as carbonate, and since apparent digestibility is the difference between the amounts of nutrient ingested and excreted, the estimation of the apparent digestibility of organic matter will be in error if no correction is made for the high calcium carbonate content of the faeces. For example, a diet which contained 9·2% of calcium acetate had a true organic matterapparent digestibility of 86·8%. Had no correction been made this would have been estimated as 84·9%.

scholarly journals Effects of high concentrations of calcium salts in the substrate and its pH on the growth of selected rhododendron cultivars

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Giel ◽  
Krystyna Bojarczuk
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Calcium Sulphate ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Substrate Ph

For proper growth and development, rhododendrons need acidic soils, whereas calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) in the substrate markedly limits their growth. In this study, we analysed the reactions of rhododendrons to high concentrations of calcium salts and pH in the substrate. We used 4-month-old seedlings of <em>Rhododendron</em> 'Cunningham's White' and 1.5-year-old seedlings and rooted cuttings of <em>R.</em> 'Cunningham's White' and <em>R.</em> 'Catawbiense Grandiflorum'. Their reactions depended mostly on calcium salt type added to the substrate (sulphate or carbonate). An increase in concentrations of phenolic compounds was detected mostly in roots of the plants grown in a substrate with a high calcium carbonate content. Addition of calcium salts to the substrate caused a significant rise in total nonstructural carbohydrates in leaves and roots of the studied plants. As compared to the control, an increase in substrate pH in the variant with calcium carbonate limited the activity of acid phosphatase, while lowering of substrate pH in the variant with calcium sulphate, significantly increased its activity. Along with the rise in substrate pH, a remarkable increase was observed in the activity of nonspecific dehydrogenase (DHA) in the substrate with CaCO<sub>3</sub>, as compared to the control. Unfavourable soil conditions (high calcium content and alkaline pH) caused a decrease in assimilation of minerals by the studied plants (mostly phosphorus and manganese). Our results show that the major factor limiting rhododendron growth is an increase in substrate pH, rather than an increase in the concentration of calcium ions.

scholarly journals REPLACEMENT OF Ti02 PIGMENT BY CaC03 FROM CEFALONIA IN EMULSION PAINTS

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 759
Author(s):  
K. Kalafati ◽  
G. E. Christidis
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
White Pigment ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Tio2 Pigment ◽  
Optical And Mechanical Properties

The purpose of this work is to show that calcium carbonate from the chalky limestone deposits of Minies in Kefalonia, exploited by IONIAN KALK S.A., is a suitable raw material for paint industry and especially in emulsion (water based) paints. The deposit is characterized by a high calcium carbonate content (>99 %), high whiteness and low yellowness, by negligible content of heavy metals and low contents of MgO (<0.15 %), Si02 (<0.05 %) andFe203 (<0.01 %). This research was based on determination of the optical and mechanical properties of the emulsion white water based paints, which included calcium carbonate from the Kefalonia limestone deposits. The calcium carbonate replaced Ti02 pigment in various proportions. It is concluded that this product can be utilized not only as inert filler and extender but may have more functional application acting simultaneously as pigment. Replacement of TiO2 pigment by calcium carbonate may reach 50% without deteriorating the optical and mechanical properties significantly. Hence calcium carbonate from this deposit offers excellent optical properties to paints, reduces sufficiently their production cost and replaces a great part of the proportion of titanium dioxide, which is currently used as white pigment.

Analysis of the Causes of High Calcium Carbonate Content in Coal-Fired Power Plant Desulfurization Gypsum

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 2582-2585
Author(s):  
Xue Ying Zhang ◽  
Xiao Xiang Zhou ◽  
Xue Feng Dong
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Calcium Carbonate Content ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Powder Fineness ◽  
Lime Powder ◽  
Lime Stone

In this paper, the problem of high calcium carbonate content of desulfurization gypsum using limestone - gypsum wet desulphurization technology in coal-fired power plants questions, recommendations in running process from the control of absorption tower pH, lime stone powder, lime powder fineness activity to solve the above problems.

Design of On-Site Treatment Systems in Caliche Soils

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 83-87
Author(s):  
H. M. Liljestrand ◽  
S. M. Parten
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Calcium Carbonate Content ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Drain Field

Caliche soils, weathered limestone soils of high calcium carbonate content and and low organic content, are common in regions with limestone sedimentary geology and arid to semi-arid climate. Currently, there are no standards other than hydraulic soil properties for the design and construction of on-site wastewater treatment systems in caliche soils. Experimental studies were performed to investigate biological transformation rates for organic carbon to inorganic carbon and organic nitrogen to nitrate, using four different caliche soils and the range of recommended hydraulic loading rates. The experimental results indicate that oxygen demanding materials readily decay over short distances in caliche soils. Efficiency of removal for TOC was &gt;97%. However in three of the four caliche soils, nitrate concentrations were significantly higher than the background and the control cases. The high calcium carbonate content of the caliche soils leads to solutions well buffered with respect to pH and alkalinity. Nitrification rates are very rapid in these soils which are buffered at the optimum pH range for Nitrosomonas growth. The low organic carbon content of caliche soils results in low denitrification rates. Nitrate in the effluent is the limiting pollutant in the determination of appropriate loading rates, drain field area, and land requirements. Phosphate and metal aqueous concentrations are acceptably low and are limited by solubility control in the open system equilibrium model.

Scaling risk assessment in a closed circuit recycled board mill by speciation methods

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICK HUBER ◽  
SYLVIE NIVELON ◽  
PATRICE NORTIER
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Closed Circuit ◽  
Critical Problem ◽  
Local Scaling ◽  
Water Analyses ◽  
Closed Water ◽  
Speciation Calculation

Calcium carbonate scaling often is a critical problem for recycled board mills that have closed water circuits. The objective of this study was to determine local scaling risks throughout the production process. To predict scaling potential, we calculated several saturation indexes, based on speciation determined from detailed water analyses. Calculated scaling trends are in accordance with observed dissolution and precipitation of calcium carbonate in the process, when considering local aeration phenomena. The importance of volatile fatty acids (resulting from anaerobic bacterial activity) in calco-carbonic equilibriums is discussed, and taken into account in the speciation calculation. We also demonstrate the need to measure inorganic carbon instead of alkalinity in such conditions. This makes typical scaling indexes, such as the Ryznar Stability Index, irrelevant to predict scaling risk in closed circuit conditions; thus, it is necessary to use general speciation methods, as described in this paper.

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