scholarly journals Inelastic compaction and permeability evolution in volcanic rock

Solid Earth ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 561-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie I. Farquharson ◽  
Patrick Baud ◽  
Michael J. Heap
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rock ◽  
Axial Strain ◽  
Inelastic Strain ◽  
Confining Pressure ◽  
Sample Length ◽  
Strain Accumulation ◽  
Permeability Evolution ◽  
In Situ Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Active Volcanoes

Abstract. Active volcanoes are mechanically dynamic environments, and edifice-forming material may often be subjected to significant amounts of stress and strain. It is understood that porous volcanic rock can compact inelastically under a wide range of in situ conditions. In this contribution, we explore the evolution of porosity and permeability – critical properties influencing the style and magnitude of volcanic activity – as a function of inelastic compaction of porous andesite under triaxial conditions. Progressive axial strain accumulation is associated with progressive porosity loss. The efficiency of compaction was found to be related to the effective confining pressure under which deformation occurred: at higher effective pressure, more porosity was lost for any given amount of axial strain. Permeability evolution is more complex, with small amounts of stress-induced compaction ( <  0.05, i.e. less than 5 % reduction in sample length) yielding an increase in permeability under all effective pressures tested, occasionally by almost 1 order of magnitude. This phenomenon is considered here to be the result of improved connectivity of formerly isolated porosity during triaxial loading. This effect is then overshadowed by a decrease in permeability with further inelastic strain accumulation, especially notable at high axial strains ( >  0.20) where samples may undergo a reduction in permeability by 2 orders of magnitude relative to their initial values. A physical limit to compaction is discussed, which we suggest is echoed in a limit to the potential for permeability reduction in compacting volcanic rock. Compiled literature data illustrate that at high axial strain (both in the brittle and ductile regimes), porosity ϕ and permeability k tend to converge towards intermediate values (i.e. 0.10  ≤ ϕ ≤  0.20; 10−14 ≤ k ≤ 10−13 m2). These results are discussed in light of their potential ramifications for impacting edifice outgassing – and in turn, eruptive activity – in active volcanoes.

scholarly journals Inelastic compaction and permeability evolution in volcanic rock

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie I. Farquharson ◽  
Patrick Baud ◽  
Michael J. Heap
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rock ◽  
Confining Pressure ◽  
Permeability Evolution ◽  
Physical Limit ◽  
In Situ Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Porosity And Permeability ◽  
Progressive Strain ◽  
Active Volcanoes

Abstract. Active volcanoes are mechanically dynamic environments, and edifice-forming material may often be subjected to significant amounts of stress and strain. It is understood that porous volcanic rock can compact inelastically under a wide range of in situ conditions. In this contribution, we explore the evolution of porosity and permeability – critical properties influencing the style and magnitude of volcanic activity – as a function of inelastic compaction of porous andesite under triaxial conditions. Progressive strain accumulation is associated with progressive porosity loss. The efficiency of compaction was found to be related to the effective confining pressure under which deformation occurred: at higher effective pressure, more porosity was lost for any given amount of strain. Permeability evolution is more complex, with small amounts of stress-induced compaction ( 0.20) where samples may undergo a reduction in permeability by two orders of magnitude relative to their initial values. A physical limit to compaction is discussed, which we suggest is echoed in a limit to the potential for permeability reduction in compacting volcanic rock. Compiled literature data illustrate that at high strain (both in the brittle and ductile regimes), porosity ϕ and permeability k tend to converge towards intermediate values (i.e. 0.10 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.20; 10–14 ≤ k ≤10–13 m2). These results are discussed in light of their potential ramifications for impacting edifice outgassing – and in turn, eruptive activity – at active volcanoes.

scholarly journals Strain Accumulation in Soft Marine Clay due to One-Way Cyclic Load with Variable Confining Pressure

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Lei Sun
Keyword(s):  
Axial Strain ◽  
Soft Clay ◽  
Deformation Characteristic ◽  
Confining Pressure ◽  
Deviatoric Stress ◽  
Strain Accumulation ◽  
Marine Clay ◽  
Traffic Loading ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Variable Confining Pressure

The effect of variable confining pressure on the strain accumulation in soft marine clay was investigated to gain a better understanding of the deformation characteristic in the subgrade of pavements due to traffic loading. A series of variable confining pressure (VCP) experiments and corresponding constant confining pressure (CCP) experiments were conducted on Wenzhou soft clay using an advanced cyclic triaxial apparatus. A wide range of deviatoric stress amplitudes (qampl), combined with different isotropic stress amplitudes (pampl), and partially drained conditions are simulated in the experiments. The test results indicate that the variable confining pressure significantly influences the permanent axial strain and might exacerbate the potential of subgrade invalidation in soft marine clay area. The normalized permanent axial strain ( ε a , 1000 p / ε a , 1000 p , C C P ) after 1000 cycles is logarithmic with the normalized stress path length (L/LCCP), and one-unit increment in the amplitude of cyclic confining pressure will induce an increment of 0.0213% in the permanent axial strain regardless of the CSR values. Based on the data from the CCP tests, a cyclic deviatoric stress ratio threshold is determined to be about 0.7, which may suggest that the upper bound of criterion will limit the cyclic traffic loadings on soft marine clayey deposit. Finally, the effect of variable confining pressure on the permanent axial strain is quantified and incorporated in a logarithmic model for the subsoil deformation prediction under traffic loading.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on Seepage Characteristics of Fractured Rock Mass under Different Stress Conditions

Geofluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ma Haifeng ◽  
Yao Fanfan ◽  
Niu Xin’gang ◽  
Guo Jia ◽  
Li Yingming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Permeability Coefficient ◽  
Fractured Rock ◽  
Axial Strain ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Confining Pressure ◽  
Strain Effect ◽  
Permeability Evolution ◽  
Hoop Strain ◽  
Permeability Characteristics

In order to obtain the mechanical behavior and permeability characteristics of coal under the coupling action of stress and seepage, permeability tests under different confining pressures in the process of deformation and destruction of briquette coal were carried out using the electrohydraulic servo system of rock mechanics. The stress-strain and permeability evolution curves of briquette coal during the whole deformation process were obtained. The mechanical behavior and permeability coefficient evolution response characteristics of briquette coal under stress-seepage coupling are well reflected. Research shows that stress-axial strain curve and the stress-circumferential strain curve have the same change trend, the hoop strain and axial strain effect on the permeability variation law of basic consistent, and the permeability coefficient with the increase of confining pressure and decreases, and the higher the confining pressure, the lower the permeability coefficient, the confining pressure increases rate under the same conditions, and the permeability coefficient corresponding to high confining pressure is far less than that corresponding to low confining pressure. The confining pressure influences the permeability of the briquette by affecting its dilatancy behavior. With the increase of the confining pressure, the permeability of the sample decreases, and the permeability coefficient decreases with the increase of the confining pressure at the initial stage, showing a logarithmic function. After failure, briquette samples show a power function change rule, and the greater the confining pressure is, the more obvious the permeability coefficient decreases.

scholarly journals Study on the Permeability Evolution and Its Formation Mechanism of Xiaojihan Aquifer Coal Seam under Plastic Flow

Geofluids ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Jingna Guo ◽  
Jiangfeng Liu ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
Zhanqing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Coal Seam ◽  
Plastic Flow ◽  
Residual Strain ◽  
Axial Strain ◽  
Confining Pressure ◽  
Loading Path ◽  
Influence Coefficient ◽  
Permeability Evolution ◽  
Coal Specimen ◽  
Recovery Coefficient

Study on permeability evolution of an aquifer coal seam in Western China is of great significance for preventing water inrush disaster and realizing water-conserving coal mining. The permeability evolution of an aquifer coal seam is related to a loading path closely under plastic flow. In this work, permeability variations of the Xiaojihan water-bearing coal seam and Longde nonwater coal seam are researched using a transient method under plastic flow. The experiment results indicated the following: (1) Under the same axial strain, the permeability, relative residual strain, and confining pressure influence coefficient of Xiaojihan coal specimens all decrease in plastic flow with the increase of loading-unloading times and confining pressure, while the permeability recovery coefficient increases during this process. (2) The permeability of Xiaojihan water-bearing coal specimens decreases with the growth of axial strain in plastic flow, resulting in the increase of relative residual strain and reinforcement of plasticity. Besides, the confining pressure influence coefficient decreases and the permeability recovery coefficient decreases slightly with the axial strain. (3) Finally, the permeability of Xiaojihan coal specimens is greater than that of Longde coal specimens, while the confining pressure influence coefficient and permeability recovery coefficient of Longde coal specimens are greater than those of Xiaojihan coal specimens. The closure rate of internal cracks of the water-bearing coal specimen is lower than that of the nonwater coal specimen, which is beneficial for water storage and transport.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on the Deformation and Permeability Characteristics of Raw Coal under the Coupling Effect of Confining Pressure and Pore Pressure

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Kangwu Feng ◽  
Kequan Wang ◽  
Yushun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Pore Pressure ◽  
Coupling Effect ◽  
Axial Strain ◽  
Confining Pressure ◽  
Gas Pressure ◽  
Peak Strength ◽  
Permeability Evolution ◽  
Permeability Characteristics ◽  
Deformation Properties

The effects of confining pressure and pore pressure on the deformation and permeability characteristics of raw coal are studied experimentally. The deformation properties of raw coal by fracture and its permeability evolution laws under the coupling effect of confining pressure and pore pressure were further studied using a tri-axial servo-controlled seepage system for thermo-fluid-solid coupling of methane-bearing coal. The effects of confining pressure and gas pressure on the strength, elastic modulus, and permeability of raw coal were also analyzed. From the results, it was observed that rise in the confining pressure results in reduction of the initial permeability of raw coal and simultaneously increase its strength which results in higher axial deformation upon failure. Rise in gas pressure would increase the permeability and axial strain of raw coal on the whole and reduce its peak strength. Permeability first decreased and then increased during the loading of deviator stress, following a “V-shaped” change pattern. The results of sensitivity analysis indicated that confining pressure more significantly affected the peak strength and elastic modulus than gas pressure, while the gas pressure more significantly affected the permeability of the material than its confining pressure.

Fabrication of Ionic Polymer Metal Composite Actuator with Palladium Electrodes and Evaluation of its Bending Response

2009 ◽  
Vol 1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuma Kobayashi ◽  
Takeshi Kuribayashi ◽  
Masaki Omiya
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Sample Length ◽  
Metal Composite ◽  
Ionic Polymer Metal Composite ◽  
Ionic Polymer ◽  
Palladium Electrode ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Polymer Metal ◽  
Bending Response ◽  
Tip Displacement

AbstractWe built up the way of fabricating IPMC actuator with palladium electrodes and we found that it showed large bending response than Au-plated IPMC actuator. An ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) consisting of a thin perfuorinated ionomer membrane, electrodes plated on both faces, undergoes large bending motion when a small electric field is applied across its thickness in a hydrated state. The characteristics of IPMC are ease of miniaturization, low density, and mechanical flexibility. Therefore, it is considered to have a wide range of applications from MEMS sensor to artificial muscle. However, there are problems on IPMC. First, its mechanical and electric characteristics have not been clarified because of the complex mechanism of the deformation. Second, it is high-priced because most of IPMC actuators use gold or platinum as electrodes. In order for IPMC actuator to be widely put to practical use, we should solve these problems. Hence, this research focuses on fabrication of IPMC actuator with palladium electrode, which is cheaper than gold or platinum, and evaluation of its mechanical properties such as its tip displacement. We fabricated IPMC consisting of a thin Nafion® membrane, which is the film with fluorocarbon back-bones and mobile cations, sandwiched between two thin palladium plates. The surface resistivity was 2.88±0.18Ω/sq., so it could be said to be enough small. Then, we observed its cross section by using FE-SEM. As a result, palladium plates were evenly coated and its thickness was about 30μm. Also, we carried out an actuation test for two kinds of IPMCs: one was fabricated by using Nafion®117 (thickness 183μm), the other was by Nafion®115 (thickness 127μm). In this test, the relationship between voltage (0˜4V) across its thickness and tip displacement for the cantilevered strip of the IPMC was measured. Then we found that IPMCs showed large bending motion under a low electric field. When Nafion®117 sample was subjected to voltage of 1.5V, the ratio of the tip displacement to the sample length was 0.35, which was lager bending than Au-plated IPMC actuator, whose ratio of the tip displacement to the sample length was 0.12 [1]. When Nafion®115 sample was applied to 1.5V, the ratio of the tip displacement to the sample length was 0.22. Then, we found that Nafion®117 bended in a larger way than Nafion®115. Reference [1]Sia Nemat-Nesser and Yongxian Wu,”Comparative experimental study of ionic polymer-metal composites with different backbone ionomers and in various cation forms”, Journal of Applied Physics,93,5255 (2003)

scholarly journals Effect of Variable Confining Pressure on Cyclic Triaxial Behavior of K0-consolidated Soft Marine Clay

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 755
Author(s):  
Lei Sun
Keyword(s):  
Pore Water ◽  
Pore Water Pressure ◽  
Axial Strain ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Confining Pressure ◽  
Stress Path ◽  
Cyclic Stress ◽  
Marine Clay ◽  
Stress Ratios ◽  
Variable Confining Pressure

The effect of variable confining pressure (VCP) on the cyclic deformation and cyclic pore water pressure in K0-consolidated saturated soft marine clay were investigated with the help of the cyclic stress-controlled advanced dynamic triaxial test in undrained condition. The testing program encompassed three cyclic deviator stress ratios, CSR=0.189, 0.284 and 0.379 and three stress path inclinations ηampl=3,1 and 0.64. All tests with constant confining pressure (CCP) and variable confining pressure (VCP) have identical initial stress and average stress. The results were analyzed in terms of the accumulative normalized excess pore water pressure rqu recorded at the end of each stress cycle and permanent axial strain, as well as resilient modulus. Limited data suggest that these behavior are significantly affected by both of the VCP and CSR. For a given value of VCP, both of the pore water pressure rqu and permanent axial strains are consistently increase with the increasing values of CSR. However, for a given value of CSR, the extent of the influence of VCP and the trend is substantially depend on the CSR.

scholarly journals Temperature response of denitrification and anammox reveals the adaptation of microbial communities to in situ temperatures in permeable marine sediments that span 50° in latitude

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 14595-14626 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Canion ◽  
J. E. Kostka ◽  
T. M. Gihring ◽  
M. Huettel ◽  
J. E. E. van Beusekom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Advective Flow ◽  
Permeable Sediments ◽  
N Removal ◽  
In Situ Conditions ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. Despite decades of research on the physiology and biochemistry of nitrate/nitrite-respiring microorganisms, little is known regarding their metabolic response to temperature, especially under in situ conditions. The temperature regulation of microbial communities that mediate anammox and denitrification was investigated in near shore permeable sediments at polar, temperate, and subtropical sites with annual mean temperatures ranging from −5 to 23 °C. Total N2 production rates were determined using the isotope pairing technique in intact core incubations under diffusive and simulated advection conditions and ranged from 2 to 359 μmol N m−2 d−1. For the majority of sites studied, N2 removal was 2 to 7 times more rapid under advective flow conditions. Anammox comprised 6 to 14% of total N2 production at temperate and polar sites and was not detected at the subtropical site. Potential rates of denitrification and anammox were determined in anaerobic slurries in a temperature gradient block incubator across a temperature range of −1 to 42 °C. The highest optimum temperature (Topt) for denitrification was 36 °C and was observed in subtropical sediments, while the lowest Topt of 21 °C was observed at the polar site. Seasonal variation in the Topt was observed at the temperate site with values of 26 and 34 °C in winter and summer, respectively. The Topt values for anammox were 9 and 26 °C at the polar and temperate sites, respectively. The results demonstrate adaptation of denitrifying communities to in situ temperatures in permeable marine sediments across a wide range of temperatures, whereas marine anammox bacteria may be predominately psychrophilic to psychrotolerant. To our knowledge, we provide the first rates of denitrification and anammox from permeable sediments of a polar permanently cold ecosystem. The adaptation of microbial communities to in situ temperatures suggests that the relationship between temperature and rates of N removal is highly dependent on community structure.

scholarly journals Experimental investigations of CO2 seepage behaviorin naturally fractured coal under hydro-thermal-mechanical conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (6 Part B) ◽  
pp. 4651-4658
Author(s):  
Teng Teng ◽  
Xiaoyan Zhu ◽  
Yu-Ming Wang ◽  
Chao-Yang Ren
Keyword(s):  
Gas Flow ◽  
Confining Pressure ◽  
Gas Pressure ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Permeability Evolution ◽  
Coal Permeability ◽  
Naturally Fractured ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Fractured Coal ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Gas-flow in coal or rock is hypersensitive to the changes of temperature, confin?ing pressure and gas pressure. This paper implemented a series of experiments to observe the seepage behavior, especially the permeability evolution of CO2 in naturally fractured coal sample under coupled hydro-thermal-mechanical conditions. The experimental results show that coal permeability increases exponentially with the increasing gas pressure, and tends to be linear when the confining pressure is high. Coal permeability decreases exponentially with the increasing confining pressure. Coal permeability decreases with the increasing temperature generally, but it may bounce up when the temperature rises to high. The results provide reference for the projects of coal gas extraction and carbon dioxide geological sequestration.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document