scholarly journals Paleosols can promote root growth of the recent vegetation – a case study from the sandy soil-sediment sequence Rakt, the Netherlands

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1273-1308
Author(s):  
M. I. Gocke ◽  
F. Kessler ◽  
J. M. van Mourik ◽  
B. Jansen ◽  
G. L. B. Wiesenberg
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Soil Parent Material ◽  
Oak Trees

Abstract. Soil studies commonly comprise the uppermost meter for tracing e.g. soil development. However, the maximum rooting depth of various plants significantly exceeds this depth. We hypothesized that deeper parts of the soil, soil parent material and especially paleosols provide beneficial conditions in terms of e.g. nutrient contents, thus supporting their utilization and exploitation by deep roots. We aimed to decipher the different phases of soil formation in Dutch drift- and coversands. The study site is located at Bedafse Bergen (SE Netherlands) in a 200 year old oak stand. A recent Podzol developed on driftsand covering a Plaggic Anthrosol that established in a relict Podzol on Late Glacial eolian coversand. Root-free soil and sediment samples, collected in 10–15 cm depth increments, were subjected to a multi-proxy physical and geochemical approach. The Plaggic Anthrosol revealed low bulk density and high phosphorous and organic carbon contents, whereas the relict Podzol was characterized by high iron and aluminum contents. Frequencies of fine (≤ 2 mm) and medium roots (2–5 mm) were determined on horizontal levels and the profile wall for a detailed pseudo-three-dimensional insight. On horizontal levels, living roots maximized in the uppermost part of the relict Podzol with ca. 4450 and 220 m-2, significantly exceeding topsoil root abundances. Roots of oak trees thus benefited from the favorable growth conditions in the nutrient-rich Plaggic Anthrosol, whereas increased compactness and high aluminum contents of the relict Podzol caused a strong decrease of roots. The approach demonstrated the benefit of comprehensive root investigation to support and explain pedogenic investigations of soil profiles, as fine roots can be significantly underestimated when quantified at the profile wall. The possible rooting of soil parent material and paleosols long after their burial confirmed recent studies on the potential influence of rooting to overprint sediment-(paleo)soil sequences of various ages, sedimentary and climatic settings. Potential consequences of deep rooting for terrestrial deep carbon stocks, located to a relevant part in paleosols, remain largely unknown and require further investigation.

scholarly journals Paleosols can promote root growth of recent vegetation – a case study from the sandy soil–sediment sequence Rakt, the Netherlands

SOIL ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina I. Gocke ◽  
Fabian Kessler ◽  
Jan M. van Mourik ◽  
Boris Jansen ◽  
Guido L. B. Wiesenberg
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Soil Parent Material ◽  
Oak Trees

Abstract. Soil studies commonly comprise the uppermost meter for tracing, e.g., soil development. However, the maximum rooting depth of various plants significantly exceeds this depth. We hypothesized that deeper parts of the soil, soil parent material and especially paleosols provide beneficial conditions in terms of, e.g., nutrient contents, thus supporting their utilization and exploitation by deep roots. We aimed to decipher the different phases of soil formation in Dutch drift sands and cover sands. The study site is located at Bedafse Bergen (southeastern Netherlands) in a 200-year-old oak stand. A recent Podzol developed on drift sand covering a Plaggic Anthrosol that was piled up on a relict Podzol on Late Glacial eolian cover sand. Root-free soil and sediment samples, collected in 10–15 cm depth increments, were subjected to a multi-proxy physical and geochemical approach. The Plaggic Anthrosol revealed low bulk density and high phosphorous and organic carbon contents, whereas the relict Podzol was characterized by high iron and aluminum contents. Frequencies of fine (diameter  ≤  2 mm) and medium roots (2–5 mm) were determined on horizontal levels and the profile wall for a detailed pseudo-three-dimensional insight. On horizontal levels, living roots were most abundant in the uppermost part of the relict Podzol with ca. 4450 and 220 m−2, significantly exceeding topsoil root abundances. Roots of oak trees thus benefited from the favorable growth conditions in the nutrient-rich Plaggic Anthrosol, whereas increased compactness and high aluminum contents of the relict Podzol caused a strong decrease of roots. The approach demonstrated the benefit of comprehensive root investigation to support interpretation of soil profiles, as fine roots can be significantly underestimated when quantified at the profile wall. The possible rooting of soil parent material and paleosols long after their burial confirmed recent studies on the potential influence of rooting to overprint sediment–(paleo)soil sequences of various ages, sedimentary and climatic settings. Potential consequences of deep rooting for terrestrial deep carbon stocks, located to a relevant part in paleosols, remain largely unknown and require further investigation.

scholarly journals Some aspects of a multidimensional analysis of the evolution of ecological-geochemical soil state

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. M. Dmytruk
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Saturation Index ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
Soil Parent Material ◽  
Mobile Forms ◽  
Normal Soil ◽  
Last Stage

Soil saturation index and its calculating are demonstrating multicollinear correlations between ecological-geochemical soil state and environmental circumstances. There are wood ecosystems on the research area with Phaeozem, Luvisol, Retisol and Fluvisol. We have also studied the buried soil. Their burials occurred as a result of natural processes (about 5000 BP) and as a result of human impact (about 1000 BP). Age of separate genetic horizons (from 360±50 to 1870±160 ВР) indicates soils genesis during the last stage of the Holocene – Subatlantic. In our opinion the dynamics of the climate during last stage of the Holocene is the main cause of the complex structure of the soil cover on quite small area (5 km2). Second reason is difficult geomorphological environment (rough topography). On the basis of factor analysis proved efficiency of soil saturation index by trace elements: analytical work only with the indicated index reveals an unambiguous reduce the number of determining factors (up to two) and, thus, the proportion of the variance, which is determined by two factors is 100 %. While the using in the analysis of the total content, or a mobile forms of trace elements, or of some and the others together as a combined using of content mobile forms and their mobility will lead to an increase factor up to four and the simultaneous decrease in the proportion of the variance which is due to these factors to 74–88 %. We did not find decisive influence of any factor on saturation of studied soil types by trace elements. There is always a combination of processes that contribute to the accumulation of trace elements and processes of their migration. There are illuvial and lower transition to soil parent material horizons of the background content of trace elements for all investigated soil except Fluvisol (S-1). Belong to actual places of trace elements accumulation, which is generally quite small are some lower soil horizons both buried soils and lower transition to horizon of soil parent material (in soil R-3). Thus, the upper parts of the soils which were formed during the last centuries (780 years of age to today dated) are characterized by dissipation of most of trace elements. The genetic features of Fluvisol (S-1) have confirmed very high correlation. These features are the result of the genesis of this soil under the influence both soil and sedimentation processes. This is well illustrated in the analysis of the structure of the soil profile, which have characterized by stratification (during soil formation has not resulted in the development of any diagnostic subsurface horizon) genetic horizons and the presence of buried after the accumulation of alluvial material as a humus, as a transitional horizons. Perhaps, it is partly confirmed by the radiocarbon analysis, this soil should be regarded as younger age, which obviously explains persistent inflow of fresh materials. All other soils including the buried ones were formed under various elementary soil formation processes. These processes have replacing each other in time did not stop, and the normal evolution of the soil profile took place to bottom, in contrast to the fluvisol which evolution was to upper as have happened by the fresh alluvial and probably deluvial sedimentation. Recognizing of the «normal» soil genesis process as a basis for the formation of zonal soils in the Holocene, we are interpreting Factor 1, conducted by the context of factor analysis, as the environmental conditions for such soil formation. The results of factor analysis regarding to ecological-geochemical soil state Factor 1 should be considered as the basic parameters of soils (soil organic matter, pH, indicators of soil absorbing complex, mineralogical composition and particle size distribution). Under this condition Factor 2 is associated with the processes (fluvial, sedimentation, erosion) denudation, or transfer and accumulation of different material that would cause disturbance "normal" soil genesis. For that reason ecological-geochemical soil state is determined by soil formation factors for a specific time stage and dominant conditions for some processes.

Contributions to the Knowledge of Sandy Soils from Oltenia Plain

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 192-200
Author(s):  
Anca-Luiza Stanila ◽  
Catalin Cristian Simota ◽  
Mihail Dumitru
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Physical Geography ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Wind Characteristic ◽  
The One ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Highlighting the sandy soil of Oltenia Plain calls for a better knowledge of their variability their correlation with major natural factors from each physical geography. Pedogenetic processes specific sandy soils are strongly influenced by nature parent material. This leads, on the one hand, climate aridity of the soil due to strong heating and accumulation of small water reserves, consequences emphasizing the moisture deficit in the development of the vegetation and favoring weak deflation, and on the other hand, an increase in mineralization organic matter. Relief under wind characteristic sandy land, soil formation and distribution has some particularly of flat land with the land formed on the loess. The dune ridges are less evolved soils, profile underdeveloped and poorly supplied with nutrients compared to those on the slopes of the dunes and the interdune, whose physical and chemical properties are more favorable to plant growth.Both Romanati Plain and the Blahnita (Mehedinti) Plain and Bailesti Plain, sand wind shaped covering a finer material, loamy sand and even loess (containing up to 26% clay), also rippled with negative effects in terms of overall drainage. Depending on the pedogenetic physical and geographical factors that have contributed to soil cover, in the researched were identified following classes of soils: protisols, cernisols, cambisols, luvisols, hidrisols and antrosols.Obtaining appropriate agricultural production requires some land improvement works (especially fitting for irrigation) and agropedoameliorative works. Particular attention should be paid to preventing and combating wind erosion.

scholarly journals Research on heavy metal level and co-occurrence network in typical ecological fragile area

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiwei Zhao ◽  
Liangmin Gao ◽  
Fugeng Zha ◽  
Xiaoqing Chen ◽  
Xiaofang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Soil Parent Material ◽  
Sampling Points

AbstractDue to the special sensitivity of typical ecologically fragile areas, a series of human life, mining, and other activities have a greater impact on the environment. In this study, three coal mines in Ordos City on the Loess Plateau were selected as the study area, and the pollution levels of heavy metals in the area were studied by measuring As, Hg, Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb in the soil of 131 sampling points. Combined with the concept of “co-occurrence network” in biology, the level of heavy metals in soil was studied using geostatistics and remote sensing databases. The results showed that the concentrations of Hg, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb in more than half of the sampling points were higher than the local environmental background value, but did not exceed the risk control value specified by China, indicating that human factors have a greater influence, while Cd and As elements are mainly affected Soil parent material and human factors influence. Heavy metal elements have nothing to do with clay and silt but have an obvious correlation with gravel. Cd, Pb, As and Ni, Cd, Cr are all positively correlated, and different heavy metals are in space The distribution also reflects the autocorrelation, mainly concentrated in the northeast of the TS mining area and the middle of the PS mining area.

The influence of forest site on rate and extent of soil compaction and profile disturbance of skid trails during ground-based harvesting

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1196-1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
J R Williamson ◽  
W A Neilsen
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Soil Parent Material ◽  
Wet Forests

Soil compaction has been considered a principal form of damage associated with logging, restricting root growth and reducing productivity. The rate and extent of soil compaction on skid trails was measured at six field locations covering a range of dry and wet forests. Data was collected for up to 21 passes of a laden logging machine. A similar extent of compaction, averaging 0.17 g·cm-3 increase in total soil bulk density (BD), was recorded for all field sites despite substantial site and soil differences. On average, 62% of the compaction in the top 10 cm of the soil occurred after only one pass of a laden logging machine. The environment under which soils had formed played a major role in determining the BD of the undisturbed soil. Compaction was strongly related to the original BD, forest type, and soil parent material. Soil strengths obtained in the field fell below levels found to restrict root growth. However, reduction in macropores, and the effect of that on aeration and drainage could reduce tree growth. On the wettest soils logged, machine forces displaced topsoils rather than causing compaction in situ. Recommended logging methods and implications for the development of sustainability indices are discussed.

Three-Dimensional Compatible Sacrificial Nanoimprint Lithography for Tuning the Wettability of Thermoplastic Materials

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Molla Hasan ◽  
Imrhankhan Shajahan ◽  
Manesh Gopinadhan ◽  
Jittisa Ketkaew ◽  
Aaron Anesgart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nanoimprint Lithography ◽  
Characteristic Length ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Thermoplastic Elastomer ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Surface Wetting ◽  
Chemical Surface ◽  
Patterned Surface ◽  
Elastomeric Material ◽  
Hydrophilicity And Hydrophobicity

We report the tuning of surface wetting through sacrificial nanoimprint lithography (SNIL). In this process, grown ZnO nanomaterials are transferred by imprint into a metallic glass (MG) and an elastomeric material, and then etched to impart controlled surface roughness. This process increases the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of both surfaces, the Pt57.5Cu14.7Ni5.3P22.5 MG and thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), respectively. The growth conditions of the ZnO change the characteristic length scale of the roughness, which in turn alters the properties of the patterned surface. The novelty of this approach includes reusability of templates and that it is able to create superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic surfaces in a manner compatible with the fabrication of macroscopic three-dimensional (3D) parts. Because the wettability is achieved by only modifying topography, without using any chemical surface modifiers, the prepared surfaces are relatively more durable.

scholarly journals Safety of building constructed on hillside slope

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-139
Author(s):  
S. V. Yushchube ◽  
I. I. Podshivalov ◽  
A. S. Larionov
Keyword(s):  
Pile Foundation ◽  
Strain State ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Structural Safety ◽  
Construction Site ◽  
Geological Surveys ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Supporting Structures

The paper focuses on the pile foundation and footing of the building constructed on a hillside slope and consisting of four three-dimensional blocks. The building is arranged such that to protect the first block constructed on the footslope from the negative technogenic influence of the latter via the embedment of three supporting blocks into the hillside slope. The first three-dimensional block is a three-storey brick building, while the other three are the spatial supporting structures made of insitu reinforced concrete. All the blocks locate at different position levels. The resulting embedded part of the structure matches the class KS-3 construction site safety. It is thus necessary to assess the structural safety of the building constructed in difficult engineering and geological conditions. The MicroFe software is used for finite element dimensional calculations of the pile foundation and footing strength, stability and oscillation after studying the engineering-geological surveys, the analysis of the soil formation, composition and physicalmechanical properties, the piling field. Also, the theoretical model is proposed for the footingfoundation–building system. The obtained results allow assessing the stress-strain state of the pile foundation and footing with the lateral support to the hillside slope of soil.

scholarly journals Fertilizing of young rubber in the Cameroons.

1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-178
Author(s):  
H.N. Hasselo
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
First Year ◽  
Second Year ◽  
One Year ◽  
Shallow Soils

The growth response to (NH4)2SO4, phosphate rock and KC1, given in all combinations at increasing annual rates of up to 24 oz/tree until the seventh year after planting, was measured by the girth increase of Hevea in three soils formed from the same parent material but possessing different nutrient status and depths to the root-impeding layers. Despite poor nutrient supply in the soil, lack of rooting depth had a greater effect on growth than had nutrient availability; while abundant nutrient supply reduced the unproductive period by half a year, this reduction was at least one year in shallow soils. Annual fluctuations in yield were reduced by balanced application of small amounts of fertilizers. Fertilized trees, opened up at 18-inch girth, yielded 430 lb/acre in the first year whether given balanced fertilizer or not; in the second year, trees given balanced fertilizer yielded 700 lb as compared with 580 lb without fertilizer. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Influence of soil factors on the microbiome of Rendzic Leptosols chronosequence in the Crimean Peninsula

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasiia Kimeklis ◽  
Grigory Gladkov ◽  
Aleksei Zverev ◽  
Arina Kichko ◽  
Evgeny Andronov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Formation ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Reactive Component ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
Limestone Bedrock

<p>Pedogenesis depends on multiple factors, such as climate, vegetation, topography, parent material. Some of these factors are zonal, meaning they are determined by climate zone. But some factors are intrazonal, meaning that it has the same impact on soil formation in different climate zones. One example is parent material. The other peculiar feature of a parent material is that it determines the rates of pedogenesis. In this regard, Rendzic Leptosols – are intrazonal slowly developing soils formed on a limestone bedrock. In this study we approached the dynamics of microbiome formation in a chronosequence of these soils collected in Crimean Peninsula using analysis of 16S rRNA gene libraries and quantitative PCR. The chronosequence included benchmark soil, 700 year-old soil from the ancient city of Eski-Kermen, 70 year-old soil from WWII trenches and 50 year-old soil from the open quarry screenings. Our research demonstrated that soil type on a limestone rock is the driving force behind microbiome shaping, without any apparent influence of its age. Dominant phyla for all soil sites were Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Thaumarchaeota, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia and Firmicutes. Alpha diversity was similar across sites and tended to be higher in topsoil. Beta diversity showed that microbiomes diverged according to the soil site and the soil horizon. CCA analysis, in combination with PERMANOVA, linked differences in microbiomes to the nutrients associated with the soil horizon, and our analysis showed that the reactive component of the soil microbiome shifted simultaneously in both soil horizons between different soil sites.</p><p>The work was supported by the grant of the Russian Scientific Foundation, project 17-16-01030.</p>

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