scholarly journals Corrosion of Stainless Steel and its Prevention through Surface Modification for Biomedical Application: A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-66
Author(s):  
Srikant Tiwar ◽  
S. B. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Bone Fracture ◽  
Nickel Alloys ◽  
Biomedical Application ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Aged People ◽  
Artificial Materials

Living habits of the young as well as old age people is changing with the advancement of technology. The number of accidents of young age group is increasing due to faster life causing bone fracture whereas bone fracture or misalignment of joints is common amongst the old aged people. Various natural and artificial materials such as (Stainless steel (SS), titanium alloys, cobalt alloys, nickel alloys etc.) are used as biomaterials to replace the damaged body parts. Among the various biomaterials, stainless steel is widely used due to its ease of processing, shaping, low cost and availability. However, its behavior is quite different in human body condition and faces several problems such as wear, lack of biocompatibility, corrosion, etc. Corrosion is reported to be a serious concern related to biomaterials especially stainless steel as it releases toxic elements which are harmful to human body and causes several others serious problems. This paper presents a critical review on the corrosion behavior of stainless steel biomaterial, others problem/issues associated with the stainless steel and surface modifications techniques/methods to improve the corrosion resistance, wear resistance, biocompatibility and overall life of such implants.

scholarly journals Identifying human body states by using a flexible integrated sensor

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Jin ◽  
Guoning Chen ◽  
Kete Lao ◽  
Songhui Li ◽  
Yong Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Integrated Sensor ◽  
Flexible Sensors

Abstract Flexible sensors are required to be lightweight, compatible with the skin, sufficiently sensitive, and easily integrated to extract various kinds of body vital signs during continuous healthcare monitoring in daily life. For this, a simple and low-cost flexible temperature and force sensor that uses only two carbon fiber beams as the sensing layer is reported in this work. This simple, flexible sensor can not only monitor skin temperature changes in real time but can also extract most pulse waves, including venous waves, from most parts of the human body. A pulse diagnostic glove containing three such flexible sensors was designed to simulate pulse diagnostic methods used in traditional Chinese medicine. Wearable equipment was also designed in which four flexible sensors were fixed onto different body parts (neck, chest, armpit, and fingertip) to simultaneously monitor body temperature, carotid pulse, fingertip artery pulse, and respiratory rate. Four important physiological indicators—body temperature (BT), blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate (RR)—were extracted by the wearable equipment and analyzed to identify exercise, excited, tired, angry, and frightened body states.

scholarly journals Reviewing the Analeptic Activity of Calcium Citrate Malate

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharat Kwatra ◽  
Chelsea Rumao ◽  
Hiya Abrol ◽  
Ishika Gulati ◽  
Pankaj Pradeep ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Bone Fracture ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Acidic Environment ◽  
Calcium Citrate ◽  
Food Fortification ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Calcium Retention ◽  
Aged People

Calcium Citrate Malate’s (CCM) health benefits were patented over three decades ago. It is involved in calcium retention, in children and adolescents. In adulthood, it is seen to promote the maintenance of bone health. In conjunction with vitamin D, CCM also decreases the risk of bone fracture in aged people and ensures that postmenopausal women’s health is made better. CCM, unlike other supplements, does not need to be taken along with a meal and is seen to deliver benefits to individuals of any age group. CCM is usually used when the person has achlorhydria where the gastric acid secretion is reduced and there is an absence of an acidic environment (required by calcium carbonate). Calcium citrate Malate possesses outstanding bioavailability properties and is a useful extension to the calcium available presently, either for direct supplementation or for food fortification.

scholarly journals LOW-COST 3D DEVICES AND LASER SCANNERS COMPARISON FOR THE APPLICATION IN ORTHOPEDIC CENTRES

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-2 ◽  
pp. 953-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Redaelli ◽  
S. Gonizzi Barsanti ◽  
P. Fraschini ◽  
E. Biffi ◽  
G. Colombo
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Laser Scanners ◽  
Good Starting Point ◽  
Structure Sensor ◽  
Test Objects

Low-cost 3D sensors are nowadays widely diffused and many different solutions are available on the market. Some of these devices were developed for entertaining purposes, but are used also for acquisition and processing of different 3D data with the aim of documentation, research and study. Given the fact that these sensors were not developed for this purpose, it is necessary to evaluate their use in the capturing process. This paper shows a preliminary research comparing the Kinect 1 and 2 by Microsoft, the Structure Sensor by Occipital and the O&P Scan by Rodin4D in a medical scenario (i.e. human body scans). In particular, these sensors were compared to Minolta Vivid 9i, chosen as reference because of its higher accuracy. Different test objects were analysed: a calibrated flat plane, for the evaluation of the systematic distance error for each device, and three different parts of a mannequin, used as samples of human body parts. The results showed that the use of a certified flat plane is a good starting point in characterizing the sensors, but a complete analysis with objects similar to the ones of the real context of application is required. For example, the Kinect 2 presented the best results among the low-cost sensors on the flat plane, while the Structure Sensor was more reliable on the mannequin parts.

scholarly journals Marker-Based Movement Analysis of Human Body Parts in Therapeutic Procedure

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 3312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hassan Khan ◽  
Martin Zöller ◽  
Muhammad Shahid Farid ◽  
Marcin Grzegorzek
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Motion Tracking ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Motion Information ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Execution Speed ◽  
Motion Tracking System

Movement analysis of human body parts is momentous in several applications including clinical diagnosis and rehabilitation programs. The objective of this research is to present a low-cost 3D visual tracking system to analyze the movement of various body parts during therapeutic procedures. Specifically, a marker based motion tracking system is proposed in this paper to capture the movement information in home-based rehabilitation. Different color markers are attached to the desired joints’ locations and they are detected and tracked in the video to encode their motion information. The availability of this motion information of different body parts during the therapy can be exploited to achieve more accurate results with better clinical insight, which in turn can help improve the therapeutic decision making. The proposed framework is an automated and inexpensive motion tracking system with execution speed close to real time. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated on a dataset of 10 patients using two challenging matrices that measure the average accuracy by estimating the joints’ locations and rotations. The experimental evaluation and its comparison with the existing state-of-the-art techniques reveals the efficiency of the proposed method.

scholarly journals Human Body Parts Proximity Measurement Using Distributed Tactile Robotic Skin

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2138
Author(s):  
Jan Klimaszewski ◽  
Michał Władziński
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Cooperative Robots ◽  
Time Operation ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Real Time Operation

Safety in human–machine cooperation is the current challenge in robotics. Safe human–robot interaction requires the development of sensors that detect human presence in the robot’s workspace. Detection of this presence should occur before the physical collision of the robot with the human. Human to robot proximity detection should be very fast, allowing machine elements deceleration to velocities safe for human–machine collision. The paper presents a new, low-cost design of distributed robotic skin, which allows real-time measurements of the human body parts proximity. The main advantages of the proposed solution are low cost of its implementation based on comb electrodes matrix and real-time operation due to fast and simple electronic design. The main contribution is the new idea of measuring the distance to human body parts by measuring the operating frequency of a rectangular signal generator, which depends on the capacity of the open capacitor. This capacitor is formed between the comb electrodes matrix and a reference plate located next to the matrix. The capacitance of the open capacitor changes if a human body part is in vicinity. The application of the developed device can be very wide. For example, in the field of cooperative robots, it can lead to the improvement of human–machine interfaces and increased safety of human–machine cooperation. The proposed construction can help to meet the increasing requirements for cooperative robots.

scholarly journals Comparison of geometrical accuracy of active devices for 3D orthopaedic reconstructions

2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 319-342
Author(s):  
Davide Felice Redaelli ◽  
Sara Gonizzi Barsanti ◽  
Emilia Biffi ◽  
Fabio Alexander Storm ◽  
Giorgio Colombo
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Handheld Devices ◽  
Test Field ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Active Devices ◽  
Standard Quality ◽  
Structure Sensor ◽  
Speed Accuracy

AbstractThe use of 3D digitizing tools is becoming the base for subject-specific products, such as the orthopaedic production process of orthoses and prostheses. This paper aims at comparing the metrological behaviour of low-cost devices (Kinect 1 and 2 by Microsoft, Structure Sensor by Occipital) and high-resolution active sensors (O&P Scan by Rodin4D, NextEngine Ultra HD, Konica Minolta Vivid 9i, GOM ATOS II 400 and Artec Leo) for the survey of human body parts. A calibrated flat plane and a test-field composed of eight calibrated spheres of different radii and placed at different heights were used to evaluate the standard quality parameters (flatness, probing errors in form and size and the standard deviation) for each device as recommended by the VDI/VDE 2634 guidelines. Subsequently, three different parts of a mannequin were surveyed as samples of human body parts. The results demonstrated the higher accuracy of fixed devices with respect to handheld ones, among which Artec Leo and Structure Sensor provided a satisfying level of accuracy for the orthopaedic application. Moreover, the handheld devices enabled performing a fast reconstruction of the mannequin parts in about 20 s, which is acceptable for a person that has to remain as still as possible. For this reason, the Structure Sensor was further tested with five motion approaches which identified that smooth motion provides the lowest deviation and higher reliability. The work demonstrated the appropriateness of handheld devices for the orthopaedic application requirements in terms of speed, accuracy and costs.

Opening up a New Field of Modern Medical Research 1

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoguang Li
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acupuncture Point ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Special Effect ◽  
Special Knowledge ◽  
Opening Up

Modern medicine tells us that the human body is an organism composed of heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, stomach, brain, nerves, muscles, bones, blood vessels, blood and so on, while traditional Chinese medicine believes that besides these tissues and organs, the human body still has another part of the structure, traditional Chinese medicine calls them Jing Luo and Shu Xue. Jing Luo means the longitudinal line of the human body and the accompanying net, translated into English Meridians and Collaterals. Shu Xue means holes distributed on Jing Luo and outside Jing Luo, because stimulating Shu Xue's position by acupuncture, massage and other methods can cure diseases, so Shu Xue is translated into English acupuncture point, abbreviated as acupoint or point. Meridians and acupoints are the special knowledge of human body structure in traditional Chinese medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine not only draws the distribution map of the meridians and acupoints in the human body, but also has been using them to treat diseases for thousands of years. There are hundreds of these acupoints, stimulating each one by acupuncture, massage or other methods will have a special effect on the human body and can treat various diseases. But what effect does stimulating every acupoint have on the human body so that it can treat various diseases? The discussion of traditional Chinese medicine is vague and incomprehensible, and can not be proved by experiments. According to the author's research for more than 30 years, this paper makes a clear and accurate exposition of the effects on the human body and diseases that can be treated with acupoint massage. These statements can be proved by experiments, so they are believed to be reliable. It is hoped that meridians, acupoints and massage therapy can be incorporated into modern medicine and become a part of modern medicine after being proved by others through experiments. Massaging acupoints can not only treat many diseases that are difficult to be treated with drugs, but also have simple methods and low cost.

CARLSON ALLOY NITRONIC 60

Alloy Digest ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Nickel Alloys ◽  
High Temperature Oxidation ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Corrosion And Wear ◽  
Temperature Oxidation ◽  
High Nickel ◽  
Temperature Impact

Abstract CARLSON ALLOY NITRONIC 60 is a galling- and wear-resistant austenitic stainless steel that provides a significantly lower-cost alternative to cobalt-bearing and high-nickel alloys. Corrosion resistance is superior to 304 in most media. Approximately twice the yield strength of 340 and 316. Possesses excellent high-temperature oxidation resistance and low-temperature impact resistance. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion and wear resistance as well as forming. Filing Code: SS-1029. Producer or source: G.O. Carlson Inc.

UNS S41003

Alloy Digest ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Martensitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Bend Strength

Abstract UNS S41003 is a low-cost utilitarian martensitic stainless steel to be used for highway and other applications. It is used in the tempered condition at several strength levels. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, tensile properties, and shear and bend strength It also includes information on forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: SS-815. Producer or source: Bethlehem Lukens Plate.

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