CALCULATION OF AIR QUALITY INDEX AND ASSESSMENT OF ITS INFORMATIVENESS FOR RUSSIA BASED ON MONITORING DATA FOR MOSCOW

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-65
Author(s):  
I.N. KUZNETSOVA ◽  
◽  
YU. V. TKACHEVA ◽  
I. YU. SHALYGINA ◽  
E.A. LEZINA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Quality Indices ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
Air Quality Assessment ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Eu

An overview of methods for calculating air quality indices (AQIs) widely used abroad to provide the population with information on air quality is presented. Foreign AQIs are used in available mobile applications, in interactive global display of air quality, including the territory of the Russian Federation. In Russia, AQI has not yet been used to inform the population. Taking into account the principles of grading the classes of foreign indices, a scheme for calculating the Russian variant of the index AQI-R using Russian air quality standards is proposed. The comparison of AQI based on the European Union scheme (AQI-EU) and AQI-R calculated from observations in Moscow showed that according to the EU scheme, the air quality assessment is stricter and more often indicates poor air quality. The differences in the estimates are associated with excessive requirements for the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 in the AQI-EU. For the development and adoption of the national AQI, it is necessary to take into account Russian priorities in assessing air quality and regional features of air pollution.

Comparative study of air quality indices in the European Union towards adopting a common air quality index

2020 ◽  
pp. 0958305X2092184
Author(s):  
Zissis Karavas ◽  
Vayos Karayannis ◽  
Konstantinos Moustakas
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Air Quality Index ◽  
The Other ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Quality Indices ◽  
Positive Correlation

This study aims to compare air quality indices applied in European Union countries towards adopting a common air quality index. The urban European cities Rome, Madrid, Paris, London, Berlin, Warsaw, Stockholm, and Oslo were selected. Using the EEA AirBase air quality database, time series data for the major atmospheric pollutants (CO, NO2, SO2, O3, PM10, and PM2.5) were recovered for each city, for most recent years available. Daily averages, maximum hourly values and maximum 8-h averages were calculated for each pollutant. The air quality indices selected were BelAQI, DAQx, DAQI, AtmoIndex, AQIH, and CAQI. The daily value of each air quality indices and the corresponding dominant atmospheric pollutant were determined for each city. A two-stage normalization procedure was applied on air quality indices in a 0–1 range, to allow their direct comparison without altering their structure. All air quality indices exhibited air quality rates over 64% for all cities, thus below the European Union air quality standard. The dominant pollutant was NO2 for both BelAQI and DAQx; O3 for both DAQI and AQIH (with an exception for Warsaw where SO2 was the dominant pollutant). For CAQI, NO2 prevails in Berlin, London, Warsaw, Stockholm, and Oslo, while O3 prevails in Rome, Madrid, and Paris. The dominant pollutant for AtmoIndex was NO2 in Berlin, Warsaw, and Stockholm; O3 in Madrid, Paris, London, and Oslo; PM10 in Rome. A very strong positive statistical correlation ( p < 0.01) was found for all cities between BelAQI and CAQI, and also between CAQI and DAQx. A strong positive statistical correlation ( p < 0.01) was found for all cities between BelAQI and DAQx. A moderate positive correlation was shown between the following pairs of indices: AtmoIndex-DAQI, AtmoIndex-AQIH, DAQI-AQIH, BelAQI-AQIH, and AQIH-CAQI. On the contrary, a weak positive correlation was noticed between the following pairs of indices: BelAQI-DAQI, BelAQI-AtmoIndex, DAQX-DAQI, DAQx-AQIH, DAQI-CAQI, and CAQI-AtmoIndex. After the normalization process that enables the direct comparison of the air quality indices, the main results are the BelAQI presents the largest normalized median (range 0.33–0.5) implying the worst air quality compared to the other air quality indices. The CAQI has a median value of 0.33, the DAQx of 0.25, while the AtmoIndex a median value range of 0.125–0.375, and the DAQI and AQIH of 0.165–0.33. Concluding, the AQIH can be proposed as a common European Union air quality index because: firstly, its calculation comprises all significant atmospheric pollutants including PM2.5, thereby being harmonized with the Directive 2008/50/EC, and, secondly, AQIH does not display extremely low or high (normalized) values compared to the other air quality indices.

scholarly journals Achieving Air Quality Standards in the European Union

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 643-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeger Degraeve ◽  
Gert Jan Koopman
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Air Quality Standards

TRENDS IN THE FORMATION OF POLAND'S ENERGY POLICY IN THE FUEL AND ENERGY SECTOR OF THE EU COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Mihail V. Rybin ◽  
◽  
Alexander A. Stepanov ◽  
Nadezhda V. Morozova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Energy Policy ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Regional Programs ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Fuel And Energy Sector

The article reveals and analyzes conceptual approaches to the formation of strategic directions of energy policy of the European Union and Poland in the first decades of the XXI century. A critical assess-ment is given from the point of view of international cooperation in the field of energy between the Russian Federation, Poland and the EU as a whole and, in particular, European, national and regional programs for the transformation of the fuel and energy sector in the conditions of decarbonization and transition to green energy.

scholarly journals Differences between the European and Eurasian Good Pharmacovigilance Practices

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-84
Author(s):  
A. V. Matveev ◽  
A. E. Krasheninnikov ◽  
E. A. Matveeva ◽  
B. K. Romanov
Keyword(s):  
Marketing Authorisation ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Current Version ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Expert Analysis ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
Systems Effectiveness ◽  
The Eu

Good pharmacovigilance practices (GVP) of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) were prepared based on the GVP of the European Medicines Agency that have been in force in the European Union (EU) since 2012. The EAEU GVP have been in force in the Russian Federation and the other EAEU member states since 2016. It is important to identify potential differences between the current regulations in order to harmonise requirements for the pharmacovigilance systems in the EU and EAEU. The aim of the study was to analyse and compare GVP requirements in the EU and EAEU. The analysis helped to identify differences in the structure and contents of GVP sections, the definitions of terms (EU GVP definitions are more detailed and supported by examples, subsections, and references to other documents). Moreover, supplements and annexes to the EU GVP contain figures, templates, examples, algorithms, and tables, which are missing in the EAEU GVP. Expert analysis of these differences as applied to assessment of the pharmacovigilance systems’ effectiveness, and practical activities of marketing authorisation holders, medicine developers, and regulatory authorities, demonstrated that the two GVPs are sufficiently harmonised and have very few differences. However, the number of differences between the documents increases, as changes are made to the EU GVP. A more comprehensive harmonisation of the EAEU GVP with the current version of the EU GVP will make it possible to develop and use uniform pharmacovigilance documents in the EU and EAEU, and will facilitate the introduction of EAEU medicines into the global pharmaceutical market.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL AND ROLE OF UNDERSERVED FOREIGN MARKETS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE’S TRADE WITH THE EU

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-71
Author(s):  
O. Shnyrkov ◽  
D. Pliushch
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
International Partnership ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Eu

The article identifies the volume of underserved markets for the development of Ukraine's foreign trade with the EU. The Ukraine's export potential on the EU underserved market is analyzed. It is established that the intensification of trade relations between the Ukraine and EU is a mutually beneficial process, and export potential of Ukraine in the EU market for goods whose exports to the Russian Federation have decreased is of particular importance. The main foreign markets of Ukraine for the export of agricultural and industrial goods from Ukraine have been identified. The main commodity groups of underserved markets to the EU have been identified, the exports of which to the Russian Federation have decreased the most. According to the results of the study, it has been concluded that the underserved markets of the European Union play an important role in the development of Ukraine's trade: first, they allow reorientation of exports of Ukrainian goods, the import of which is prohibited into the customs territory of the Russian Federation, to EU markets; secondly, they help to identify directions for the modernization of Ukrainian production in accordance with the unmet needs of the European goods market. It is concluded that the process of deepening mutual trade in underserved markets in a free trade area is mutually beneficial for Ukraine and the European Union, as trading partners can benefit from increased trade flows, and establishing international partnership between the parties can bring additional benefits in the long run.

scholarly journals Exploring the potential for “urban air quality transition management” in the EU – lessons from the City of Aachen (Germany)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Szabo-Müller
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Urban Air Quality ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Transition Management ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Science Field ◽  
The City ◽  
The Eu

AbstractAir pollution is one of the most important global sustainability and health challenges. In response to this, the European Union (EU) initiated with its Directive 2008/50/EC a new era of (urban) air quality management (UAQM) and introduced air quality plans and short term action plans as major formal planning instruments. However, these efforts still fail to achieve their target. Independently, sustainability transitions research emerged as a major science field, suggesting urban transition management (UTM) as an effective governance and planning approach for steering transformative urban change. Hence, the overall query this paper puts forward is, whether UAQM could be enhanced by UTM? This leads to an empirical and a conceptual question: 1) How transformative is current UAQM, i.e. how does it contribute to a transition process? 2) How could UAQM and UTM be combined to create an ‘urban air quality transition management’? Drawing on a conceptual discussion of both frameworks, an explorative case study of UAQM in the EU and the City of Aachen (Germany) reveals that UAQM and UTM seem to have many similarities at a superficial level, but differ significantly in detail. They are mostly complementary because each approach has its own strengths and weaknesses, so that neither of them could achieve the targeted transition alone. Future research should therefore focus on comparative transformative research in ‘urban air quality transition management labs’ to develop integrated approaches. Policy should both legally facilitate such experiments and deliver sufficient funding for enhanced UAQM in general.

Air quality assessment in a heavily polluted urban Mediterranean environment through air quality indices

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 259-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A. Kassomenos ◽  
A. Kelessis ◽  
M. Petrakakis ◽  
N. Zoumakis ◽  
Th. Christidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Quality Indices ◽  
Mediterranean Environment ◽  
Air Quality Assessment

scholarly journals Development of legislation on environmental insurance: experience of the European Union and Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
Vladimir S. Sinenko ◽  
Evgeniy E. Tonkov ◽  
Sergey A. Belousov ◽  
Irina S. Iskevich ◽  
Angelina V. Petergova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Environmental Responsibility ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Natural Resource Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Priority Direction ◽  
Resource Policy ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Eu

This article analyzes the development of the environmental insurance legislation of the European Union and the Russian Federation. The advantages of this mechanism in matters of compensation for harm caused to the environment due to environmental offenses are determined. The analysis of Directive No. 2004/35 / CE of the European Parliament and the Council of the EU on environmental responsibility, aimed at preventing environmental damage and eliminating its consequences. A comparison of Russian legislation with the norms of environmental insurance adopted in the European Union is carried out. The conclusion is formulated that environmental insurance should become a priority direction of the state natural resource policy.

scholarly journals New Hydrogen Strategies of Germany and the EU and Prospects for Cooperation with Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-76
Author(s):  
Vladislav Belov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
German Economy ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Potential Partner ◽  
European Union Commission ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Council Presidency ◽  
The Eu

In June 2020, Germany adopted a national hydrogen strategy. A month later, when Germany assumed the EU Council presidency, the European Union Commission presented a similar document. Both strategies acknowledge the need to import hydrogen to meet the demand of the EU countries as an essential prerequisite for the transition to a climate-neutral economy. In parallel, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted the Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2035, which sets the goal of turning our country into one of the global players in the world hydrogen market. Despite Russia's obvious competitive advantages in this relatively new segment of the energy market, Berlin and Brussels do not mention it as a potential partner. The article provides an assessment of the main provisions of these strategic documents. The author explores the prospects and possibilities of Germany and the EU cooperating with the Russian Federation in the production and supply of hydrogen, analyzes the content of the position documents of the German-Russian Chamber of Commerce and the Eastern Committee of the German Economy on these issues, draws conclusions and formulates recommendations for interested parties.

scholarly journals The Russia-EU perspective: national security and counterterrorism from a different angle

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
Milka Malfait
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
The Political ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Political Distrust ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Eu

Introduction: Statistics have proven that both the European Union (“EU”) and the Russian Federation (“Russia”) suffer from terrorism in its current form. Intensifying partnerships to combat terrorism would be a good idea. This essay envisages to illustrate a common base for cooperation in the fight against terrorism despite of some general differences in policy and structure between the EU and Russia.Materials and methods: The methodological basis of the research has both an analytical and descriptive nature. As for the analytical nature, sta­tistical, qualitative and comparative analyses were used while researching political phenomena and processes in the sphere of national security and coun­terterrorism. The author also applied the inductive method. The materials observed include the distinct approaches of Russia and the EU in terms of threats to national security including terrorism.Results: The author reveals there are four fundamental issues which ask for more attention in the EU-Russia dialogue on Freedom, Justice and Security and particularly with regard to the fight against terrorism. Firstly, statistics prove that Europe (EU and Russia) are impacted by modern terrorism, yet not by the same cases of terrorism. Secondly, Russia’s experience in counterterrorism is crucial. Thirdly, the scale ‘freedom’ and ‘human rights’ versus ‘security’ has not the same ratio in the EU and in Russia. Fourthly, the concept sovereignty is differently interpreted by the EU, the EU Member States and Russia. Despite all the differences in views, it is clear that the EU could learn a lot from Russia, as one of the key States with considerable experience in the fight against terrorism. Although the EU and Russia face different forms and problems and the roots of Western European terrorism sometimes have a slightly different origin, this does not negate the fact that they could foster cooperation.Discussion and conclusion: The governmental approaches of the EU and Russia on national security were discussed as well as the common grounds for cooperation, namely the threat of terrorism. It is proved that both systems have different features and are not always compatible with each other. The following recommendation of setting up an anti-terrorism working group was provided as well as the advice to eliminate the political distrust.

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